Les amputations d’un membre supérieur sont non seulement dévastatrices pour le bien-être physique, psychologique et social des patients, mais elles comportent également des répercussions financières importantes pour l’individu et le système de santé. Les allotransplantations de tissus composites vascularisés ont été proposées en tant que solution permettant de rétablir la forme et la fonction au détriment d’une immunosuppression à vie et d’un taux élevé de rejet chronique. Les prothèses myoélectriques combinent l’expertise chirurgicale avec les avancées technologiques pour réhabiliter les fonctions motrices d’un moignon amputé, mais elles demeurent limitées par un taux élevé d’abandon et des coûts importants. Dans les systèmes de santé avec des ressources limitées, les dirigeants ont la tâche complexe de partager équitablement l’allocation de ressources entre plusieurs maladies et interventions. Dans le domaine de l’économie de la santé, les analyses de type coût-bénéfice ont été développées pour répondre à ces questions. Les mesures d’utilité doivent incorporer l’impact que le traitement suscite sur l’espérance de vie et la qualité de vie. Ces utilités sont ensuite rapportées en fonction du coût, ce qui permet aux dirigeants de la santé de déterminer dans quels traitements il serait préférable d’investir les ressources. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un modèle pour étudier les coûts-utilité des allotransplantations de la main et des prothèses myoélectriques. Pour commencer, une étude pilote a été effectuée sur les amputations du pouce traitées avec des lambeaux libres de l’orteil, ce qui nous a permis de confirmer la faisabilité des questionnaires d’utilité conçus. Par la suite, les utilités ont été mesurées dans une population d’amputés du membre supérieur, de patients réimplantés proximalement et de contrôles en santé. Les résultats démontrent que 1) les patients réimplantés rapportent la meilleure utilité avec les prothèses myoélectriques, 2) les amputés unilatéraux préfèrent significativement les prothèses myoélectriques également, et 3) aucune différence n’a été recelée entre les deux traitements chez les amputés bilatéraux. Au final, une analyse des coûts-bénéfices a été effectuée dans le contexte du système de santé canadien, démontrant que le traitement des patients amputés unilatéralement avec des prothèses myoélectriques permettrait de sauver davantage de coûts, alors que l’écart en épargnes monétaires se rétrécit pour les amputés bilatéraux traités avec une allotransplantation ou une prothèse. Avec les résultats rapportés dans cette thèse, nous pouvons proposer une mise à jour des indications de traitements pour les patients avec une amputation du membre supérieur. Basé sur l’analyse de type coût-utilité, nous concluons que les amputés unilatéraux sont de meilleurs candidats pour des prothèses myoélectriques, alors que les deux traitements sont encore adéquats pour les amputations bilatérales. / Amputations of the upper extremity are not only devastating for the patient’s physical, psychological and social well-being, but they also yield significant financial repercussions to the individual and the healthcare system. Vascularized composite allotransplantations of the upper extremity were proposed as a solution to restore form and function, albeit to the detriment of lifelong immunosuppression and high rates of chronic rejection. New-generation myoelectric prostheses combine surgical prowess with technological refinements to rehabilitate motor functions of the amputated stump, but remain plagued by high rates of abandonment and significant costs. In healthcare systems wherein resources are limited, financial regulators have the difficult task of proposing an equitable divide of resource allocations between a multitude of diseases and interventions. In the field of health economics, cost-benefit analyses were developed to assist in this decision-making process. Utility outcome measures need to encompass the impact that a treatment elicits on life expectancy and quality of life. Comparison of utilities of different interventions as a function of cost further indicates which route healthcare regulators should partake. In this thesis, we propose a model to study cost-utilities of hand allotransplantation and myoelectric prostheses. To begin, a pilot study was performed on thumb amputations treated with free toe flaps, which allowed to confirm the feasibility of the utility questionnaires that we developed. Afterwards, utilities and quality adjusted life years were measured in a population of upper extremity amputees, proximally replanted patients and healthy controls. Findings demonstrated that 1) replanted patients reported the highest utility outcomes for myoelectric prostheses, 2) unilateral amputees significantly preferred myoelectric prostheses as well, and 3) no significant preference between both interventions was obtained in patients with bilateral amputations. Finally, a cost-benefit analysis was performed in the context of the Canadian healthcare system, demonstrating that significant savings can be achieved with treatment of unilateral amputations with myoelectric prostheses, whereas the gap in cost savings between both treatment groups becomes less significant in bilateral amputees. With the findings reported in this thesis, we can propose an update of the indications for treatment in patients with upper extremity amputations. From the perspective of cost-utility analyses, we conclude that unilateral amputees are better candidates for myoelectric prostheses, and that both treatments can still be offered in cases of bilateral amputations.

Globally, approximately 1.2 million people die each year due to traffic accidents. Upper extremity injuries account for 18% to 25% of all car accident injuries. In order to be able to analyze these crash-related injuries, Human body models(HBMs) are used as a complement to FE simulations. An example of a HBM is the THUMS SAFER that is based on a 50 percentile American male. The aim of this study was to improve the upper extremity of the THUMS SAFER with respect to Autoliv's requirements to better predict fractures. In addition, this was validated against the Forman experiment(Forman, et al., The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, vol. 77, 2014) where human cadavers of the upper extremity were axially impacted to replicate a car collision. This was done by generating the upper extremity geometry with segmentation of medical images of a right human hand in combination with the complete STL-geometry of the forearm from the Piper project. The STL-geometry of the segmented human hand and Piper forearm was integrated and a complete STL-geometry of the upper extremity was obtained. Based on the complete STL-geometry, the FE-arm HEX 4.0 was built with modelling of bones, ligaments, soft tissue and skin with corresponding material choice in accordance with Autoliv's requirements. The model HEX 4.0 was improved considering an increased mesh density from an average of 94% to 98%. HEX 4.0 was also validated against the data from the Forman experiment for experiments 5, 6 and 15. It showed a good correlation with the acceleration curves between the simulated and experimental values for the three experiments. The reaction force in the elbow was compared for experiment 15, where the simulated value 5.7 kN divided by a factor of 1.4 from 4 kN for the experiment. Furthermore, the fi rst principal strains that occurred in HEX 4.0 were analysed by 17 ms were the highest acceleration was achieved for experiments 5 and 6. Both experiments were shown to be close to the failure threshold of bones. However, the highest value e5=9.8E-03 occurred in the radius for experiment 5, while e6=9.3E-03 in a ligament for experiment 6. In addition, the failure threshold for experiment 15 exceeded 5 ms in lunate, schapoid and triquetrum. This indication of fractures is in good agreement with the experimental results where the corresponding bones resulted in fractures in experiment 15. HEX 4.0 was an improved upper extremity of the THUMS SAFER considering an increased mesh density. It is also capable of indicating fractures and corresponding positions in the form of analyzes of occurring stresses and strains. Nevertheless, improvements and further validation of HEX 4.0 has been proposed in the future work section. / Globalt, dör varje år ungefär 1.2 miljoner personer på grund av trafi kolyckor. Skador på övre extremitet utgör 18% till 25% av alla skador inom bilolyckor. För att kunna analysera dessa krockrelaterade skador används humanmodeller(HBM) som komplement för FE-simuleringar. Ett exempel på en HBM är THUMS SAFER som är baserad på en "50 percentile" amerikans man. Målet med denna studie är att förbättra över extremiten av THUMS SAFER med avseende på Autolivs krav för att bättre kunna förutspå frakturer. Dessutom validerades detta mot Forman experiment(Forman, et al., The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, vol. 77, 2014) där övre extremitet av människokadaver blev axiellt påverkade för att replikera en bilkollsion. Detta gjordes genom att generera STL-geometrin av en övre extremitet med segmentering av medicinska bilder av en höger människohand i kombination med färdig STL-geometri av underarmen från Piper projektet. STL-geometrin av den segmenterande människohanden och Piper underarmen integrerades och en komplett STL-geometri av övre extremiteten erhölls. Baserad på den kompletta STL-geometrin byggdes FE-armen HEX 4.0 med modellering av ben, ligament, mjukvävnad samt hud med motsvarande materialval i enighet med Autolivs krav. Modellen HEX 4.0 förbättrades i form av en ökad mesh densitet från medelvärdet 94% till 98%. Den validerades även gentemot data från Forman experimentet för experiment 5, 6 och 15. Det påvisade en god korrelation på accelerations kurvorna mellan de simulerade och experimentella värdena för de tre experimenten. Reaktionskraften i armbågen jämfördes för experiment 15 där den simulerade värdet 5.7 kN skiljde sig med en faktor 1.4 från 4 kN för experimentet. Ytterligare analyserades första huvudtöjningarna som uppkom i HEX 4.0 vid 17 ms, då den högsta accelerationen uppnådes för experiment 5 och 6. Det visades att båda experimenten låg nära gränsen för benfraktur, däremot uppkom det högsta värdet e5=9.8E-03 i radius för experiment 5, samt e6=9.3E-03 i ett ligament för experiment 6. Dessutom överskred gränsen för benfrakturer för experiment 15 efter 5 ms i lunate, schapoid och triquetrum. Denna indikation av frakturer stämmer väl med resultatet av experimentet där motsvarande benen resulterades i frakturer i experiment 15. HEX 4.0 är en förbättrad övre extremitet av THUMS SAFER i form av förbättrad meshdensitet. Den är även kapabel att indikera frakturer och motsvarande position i form av analyser på förekommande spänningar och töjningar. Förbättringar och ytterligare validering av HEX 4.0 föreslås för framtida arbete.

Problématique. L'utilisation d'un chien d'assistance à la mobilité (CAM) représente une option novatrice pour préserver l’intégrité des membres supérieurs (MSs) chez les utilisateurs de fauteuil roulant manuel (FRM). Aucune étude biomécanique n’a quantifié les effets du CAM sur les efforts aux MSs lors de la montée d’un plan incliné. Objectif. Cette étude quasi-expérimentale vise à comparer les efforts aux MSs lors de la montée d’un plan incliné avec et sans l’assistance d’un CAM. Méthodologie. Dix participants avec une lésion de la moelle épinière (LME) qui utilisent un FRM et possèdent un CAM ont monté un plan incliné à trois reprises avec et sans l’assistance du CAM. Les forces appliquées sur les cerceaux, mesurées avec des roues instrumentées, et les mouvements du FRM et des MSs, enregistrés avec un système d'analyse du mouvement, ont permis de mesurer les efforts mécaniques aux MSs. Simultanément, l'activité électromyographique (EMG) des muscles grand pectoral, deltoïde antérieur, biceps et triceps a été enregistrée et normalisée avec sa valeur maximale pour mesurer les efforts musculaires aux MSs. Résultats. En général, le CAM réduit significativement les valeurs moyennes et maximales de la force totale appliquée aux cerceaux et de sa composante tangentielle, des moments nets de flexion, de rotation interne et d’adduction aux épaules et des taux d’utilisation musculaire du deltoïde antérieur, du biceps et du triceps. Conclusion. L’assistance d’un CAM réduit les efforts aux MSs lors de la montée d’un plan incliné chez les utilisateurs d’un FRM ayant une LME. / Problematic. The use of a mobility assistance dog (ADMob) represents an innovative option to preserve upper limb (U/Ls) integrity in manual wheelchair (MWC) user population. No biomechanical studies have quantified the effects of ADMob on U/Ls efforts when climbing an incline. Objective. This quasi-experimental study compares the U/Ls efforts when climbing an incline with and without the assistance of an ADMob for MWC traction. Methodology. Ten participants with spinal cord injury (SCI) using a MWC and owning an ADMob climbed an incline 3 times with and without the use of an ADMob. The forces applied to the handrims, captured with instrumented wheel and movements of the MWC and the U/Ls, recorded with a three-dimensional motion analysis system, were used to measure the U/Ls mechanical efforts. Simultaneously, the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the pectoralis major muscle, anterior deltoid, biceps and triceps were recorded during the tasks and normalized with its maximum value to measure the U/Ls muscular efforts. Results. Typically, ADMob significantly reduces the mean and peak values of the total force applied to the rings and the tangential component, the mean and peak values of flexion, internal rotation and adduction net joint moments at the shoulder and the mean and peak values of muscular utilization ratio of anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, biceps and triceps. Conclusion. The assistance of an ADMob for MWC traction when climbing an incline reduces the effort to U/Ls among MWC users with a SCI.

A arteriografia é um exame radiológico invasivo que permite ver as características da luz das artérias tronculares e de pequenos ramos musculares e colaterais, tornando possível constatar alterações parietais mínimas através da injeção intravascular de meio de contraste. Apesar do grande desenvolvimento tecnológico que experimentou nas últimas décadas, tem limitações para definir a extensão da obstrução e o leito arterial pósobstrução na Doença Arterial Oclusiva de Membros Inferiores (DAO). Alguns estudos já analisaram a arteriografia quanto à visibilização do leito distal em pacientes com DAO femoropoplítea, porém nenhum estudou a extensão do segmento ocluído no território aortoilíaco utilizando a arteriografia intra-operatória com injeção distal de contraste como teste padrão. Este estudo clínico, prospectivo, conduzido no Serviço de Cirurgia Vascular do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, foi desenvolvido para avaliar a arteriografia pré-operatória em sua capacidade de detectar a real extensão das oclusões arteriais, e o leito arterial distal a estas. A Ecografia com Doppler colorido também foi avaliada nesses mesmos aspectos. A extensão da oclusão foi definida como sendo a distância entre o ponto de oclusão e o ponto de reenchimento (PR) da luz arterial, e o leito distal (LD) definido como o conjunto de todas as artérias que mantêm continuidade com este ponto de reenchimento. Todos os pacientes incluídos foram submetidos, em mesmo intervalo determinado de tempo, a uma Arteriografia com injeção de meio de contraste Proximal à obstrução (AP), uma Ecografia com Doppler colorido (Eco-Doppler) e ao padrão-ouro para diagnóstico do PR e LD, que é a Arteriografia com injeção de contraste Distal à obstrução (AD). Foram estudados 47 membros inferiores, de 33 pacientes. Trinta e quatro casos de doença aortoilíaca e 13 casos de doença arterial infrainguinal femoropoplítea. A AP detectou o verdadeiro PR em apenas 53,2% de toda a amostra, revelando uma reprodutibilidade ruim em relação à AD (k = 0,44, P < 0,001). Ao passo que o Eco-Doppler foi capaz de identificar o PR em 74,5% das vezes, revelando uma boa reprodutibilidade comparada ao teste padrão (k = 0,68, P < 0,001). Na visibilização do leito distal, a AP e o Eco-Doppler identificaram, respectivamente, 125 e 167 das 183 artérias vistas à AD. Esta diferença foi estatisticamente significativa (P = 0,001). Na análise da relação entre as variáveis estudadas e os resultados, o único fator significativamente associado com a discordância entre os métodos foi a localização anatômica da doença arterial. Com estes dados, concluí-se que a arteriografia préoperatória não identifica corretamente o PR e o LD em um número significativo de casos de DAO aortoilíaca. A Ecografia demonstrou neste estudo, uma concordância significativa com arteriografia intraoperatória, tanto na DAO aortoilíaca, quanto na femoropoplítea. / Arteriography is an invasive method of imaging the vascular system that allows assessment of the intraluminal characteristics of the arteries. It detects minimal arterial wall changes with intravascular injections of contrast agents. Dispite significant advances in lasts decades, some pitfalls remain in determining the extension of arterial occlusions and the run-off vessels in cases of arterial occlusive disease in the lower extremities (LEAOD). Some authors have already studied the extension of the disease, by arteriography, in patients with femoropopliteal disease; nevertheless, none of them has so far used the Intraoperative Distal Prebypass Arteriography (IDA) as the goldstandard in patients with disease in the aortoiliac territory. This study is a clinical, prospective trial, developed by the Division of Vascular Surgery at the University of Sao Paulo to analyse the pre-operative arteriography (POA) in its capacity of showing the true extension of the arterial occlusion and the run-off vessels in LEAOD. The Duplex Ultrasound Arterial Mapping (DUAM) was also tested in the same situations. Extension of the arterial occlusion was defined as the length between the point where the contrast agent leaves the main vessel, and the point where the contrast come back to it, in the arterial system, the later called Refilling Point (RP). Run-off was defined as the sum of the distal arteries continuous with the RP. All of the patients included in this study were subjected in a determined time interval to a POA, a DUAM and a IDA. Forty seven lower extremities were studied in 33 patients (34 with aortoiliac, and 13 with femoropopliteal disease). POA detected the true RP in 53% of the instances, with a bad reprodutibility of the gold-standard (k = 0,44, P > 0,001). The DUAM detected the RP 74,5%, with a good results reprodutibliity (k = 0,68, P < 0,001). In the assessment of run-off vessels POA and DUAM have detected, respectively, 125 and 167 of the 183 arteries showed in IDA. This disagreement between POA and DUAM was estastistically significant (P = 0,001). The only clinical characteristic associated with the results was the anatomical location of the arterial disease. We concluded that the POA does not identify the true RP and the run-off vessels in the aortoiliac LEAOD. The DUAM showed a good agreement with the IDA, and so it can be considered a good choice to assess the RP and the run-off in aortoiliac and femoropopliteal LEAOD.

A arteriografia é um exame radiológico invasivo que permite ver as características da luz das artérias tronculares e de pequenos ramos musculares e colaterais, tornando possível constatar alterações parietais mínimas através da injeção intravascular de meio de contraste. Apesar do grande desenvolvimento tecnológico que experimentou nas últimas décadas, tem limitações para definir a extensão da obstrução e o leito arterial pósobstrução na Doença Arterial Oclusiva de Membros Inferiores (DAO). Alguns estudos já analisaram a arteriografia quanto à visibilização do leito distal em pacientes com DAO femoropoplítea, porém nenhum estudou a extensão do segmento ocluído no território aortoilíaco utilizando a arteriografia intra-operatória com injeção distal de contraste como teste padrão. Este estudo clínico, prospectivo, conduzido no Serviço de Cirurgia Vascular do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, foi desenvolvido para avaliar a arteriografia pré-operatória em sua capacidade de detectar a real extensão das oclusões arteriais, e o leito arterial distal a estas. A Ecografia com Doppler colorido também foi avaliada nesses mesmos aspectos. A extensão da oclusão foi definida como sendo a distância entre o ponto de oclusão e o ponto de reenchimento (PR) da luz arterial, e o leito distal (LD) definido como o conjunto de todas as artérias que mantêm continuidade com este ponto de reenchimento. Todos os pacientes incluídos foram submetidos, em mesmo intervalo determinado de tempo, a uma Arteriografia com injeção de meio de contraste Proximal à obstrução (AP), uma Ecografia com Doppler colorido (Eco-Doppler) e ao padrão-ouro para diagnóstico do PR e LD, que é a Arteriografia com injeção de contraste Distal à obstrução (AD). Foram estudados 47 membros inferiores, de 33 pacientes. Trinta e quatro casos de doença aortoilíaca e 13 casos de doença arterial infrainguinal femoropoplítea. A AP detectou o verdadeiro PR em apenas 53,2% de toda a amostra, revelando uma reprodutibilidade ruim em relação à AD (k = 0,44, P < 0,001). Ao passo que o Eco-Doppler foi capaz de identificar o PR em 74,5% das vezes, revelando uma boa reprodutibilidade comparada ao teste padrão (k = 0,68, P < 0,001). Na visibilização do leito distal, a AP e o Eco-Doppler identificaram, respectivamente, 125 e 167 das 183 artérias vistas à AD. Esta diferença foi estatisticamente significativa (P = 0,001). Na análise da relação entre as variáveis estudadas e os resultados, o único fator significativamente associado com a discordância entre os métodos foi a localização anatômica da doença arterial. Com estes dados, concluí-se que a arteriografia préoperatória não identifica corretamente o PR e o LD em um número significativo de casos de DAO aortoilíaca. A Ecografia demonstrou neste estudo, uma concordância significativa com arteriografia intraoperatória, tanto na DAO aortoilíaca, quanto na femoropoplítea. / Arteriography is an invasive method of imaging the vascular system that allows assessment of the intraluminal characteristics of the arteries. It detects minimal arterial wall changes with intravascular injections of contrast agents. Dispite significant advances in lasts decades, some pitfalls remain in determining the extension of arterial occlusions and the run-off vessels in cases of arterial occlusive disease in the lower extremities (LEAOD). Some authors have already studied the extension of the disease, by arteriography, in patients with femoropopliteal disease; nevertheless, none of them has so far used the Intraoperative Distal Prebypass Arteriography (IDA) as the goldstandard in patients with disease in the aortoiliac territory. This study is a clinical, prospective trial, developed by the Division of Vascular Surgery at the University of Sao Paulo to analyse the pre-operative arteriography (POA) in its capacity of showing the true extension of the arterial occlusion and the run-off vessels in LEAOD. The Duplex Ultrasound Arterial Mapping (DUAM) was also tested in the same situations. Extension of the arterial occlusion was defined as the length between the point where the contrast agent leaves the main vessel, and the point where the contrast come back to it, in the arterial system, the later called Refilling Point (RP). Run-off was defined as the sum of the distal arteries continuous with the RP. All of the patients included in this study were subjected in a determined time interval to a POA, a DUAM and a IDA. Forty seven lower extremities were studied in 33 patients (34 with aortoiliac, and 13 with femoropopliteal disease). POA detected the true RP in 53% of the instances, with a bad reprodutibility of the gold-standard (k = 0,44, P > 0,001). The DUAM detected the RP 74,5%, with a good results reprodutibliity (k = 0,68, P < 0,001). In the assessment of run-off vessels POA and DUAM have detected, respectively, 125 and 167 of the 183 arteries showed in IDA. This disagreement between POA and DUAM was estastistically significant (P = 0,001). The only clinical characteristic associated with the results was the anatomical location of the arterial disease. We concluded that the POA does not identify the true RP and the run-off vessels in the aortoiliac LEAOD. The DUAM showed a good agreement with the IDA, and so it can be considered a good choice to assess the RP and the run-off in aortoiliac and femoropopliteal LEAOD.

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