This paper presents new empirical evidence on the determinants of corruption, focussing on the role of globalization and inequality. The estimates for a panel of 102 countries over the period 1995-2005 point to three main results: i) Detection technologies, reflected in a high level of development, human capital, and political rights reduce corruption, whereas natural resource rents increase corruption. ii) Globalization (in terms of both trade and financial openness) has a negative effect on corruption, which is more pronounced in developing countries. iii) Inequality increases corruption, and once the role of inequality is accounted for, the impact of globalization on corruption is halved. In line with recent theory, this suggests that globalization - besides reducing corruption through enhanced competition - affects corruption also by reducing inequality. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

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Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis focuses on the work of a social movement based in Cairo that dedicated itself to the addressing and reducing sexual harassment, or taḥarush in the streets. Based on a year and five months of fieldwork, this thesis elaborated upon the genesis of the movement, its ethos, and the methods it deployed to tackle taḥarush. It is argued that the movement deployed methods which encouraged members of Egyptian society to revisit and rework their ethical standpoints with reference to taḥarush, and as such public behaviour. In this way, members of Egyptian society were asked to become more aware of their roles within society itself. Firstly, such methods had to be tested by movement members themselves. The movement became known for two main activities: raising awareness and patrols. Both methods serve as ways by which the movement reshaped both people and the public spaces they occupied. Spaces are defined by the people who pass through them, and by acting on a given space, people can change how it is perceived. The movement designated itself a safe space, encouraging members to ponder ideas from society with the goal of changing society ‘for the better'. What my research revealed was that lack of consensus regarding definitions embedded in movement ethos contributed to conflict between members and discontinuity between ethos and its enactment. Government pressures required changes to the structure and internal functioning of the movement, and in addition to the initial ethical project regarding taḥarush, members found themselves learning to embody and perform roles associated with employed positions. The turmoil experienced both within in and outside of the movement is put back into the context of Egypt post 2011, to tease out the sense of temporality embedded in their struggle to survive the political climate of the time.

This paper examines the synchronization of business cycles across the G7 countries during US recessions since the 1870's. Using a dynamic measure of business cycle synchronization, results depend on the globalisation period under consideration. On average, US recessions have significantly positive effects on business cycle co-movements only in the period following the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates, while strongly decoupling effects among the G7 economies are documented during recessions that occurred under the classical Gold Standard. During the 2007-2009 recession, business cycles co-movements increased to unprecedented levels. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

This thesis is an ethnography of how places like mountain pastures (jailoos), hydro-electric dams and holy sites (mazars) matter in striving for a good life. Based on eighteen months of fieldwork in the Toktogul valley of Kyrgyzstan, this study contributes to theoretical questions in the anthropology of post-socialism, time, space, work and enjoyment. I use the term ‘moral geography’ to emphasize a spatial imaginary that is centred on ideas of ‘the good life’, both ethical and happy. This perspective captures an understanding of jailoos which connects food, health, wealth and beauty. In comparing attitudes towards a Soviet and post-Soviet dam, I reveal changes in the nature of the state, property and collective labour. People in Toktogul hold agentive places like mazars and non-personalized places like dams and jailoos apart, implying not one overarching philosophy of nature, but a world in which types of places have different gradations of object-ness and personhood. I show how people use forms of commemoration as a means of establishing connections between people, claims on land and aspirations of ‘becoming cultured’. I demonstrate how people draw on repertoires of epic or Soviet heroism and mobility in conceiving their life story and agency in shaping events. Different times and places such as ‘eternal’ jailoos and Soviet dams are often collapsed as people derive personal authority from connections to them. Analysing accounts of collectivization and privatization I argue that the Soviet period is often treated as a ‘second tradition’ used to judge the present. People also strive for ‘the good life’ through working practices that are closely linked to the Soviet experience, and yet differ from Marxist definitions of labour. The pervasively high value of work is fed from different, formally conflicting sources of moral authority such as Socialism, Islam and neo-liberal ideals of ‘entrepreneurship’. I discuss how parties, poetry and song bring together jakshylyk (goodness) as enjoyment and virtue. I show how song and poetry act as moral guides, how arman yearning is purposely enjoyed in Kyrgyz music and how it relates to nostalgia and nature imagery. The concept of ‘moral geography’ allows me to investigate how people strive for well-being, an investigation that is just as important as focusing on problem-solving and avoiding pain. It also allows an analysis of place and time that holds material interactions, moral ideals, economic and political dimensions in mind.

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Introduction:Uveitis in an ocular inflammation affecting mostly people of working age. Uveitis is responsible for severe visual impairment despite of expanding new therapeutics. The animal models of uveitis were established, because the wide clinical variability of uveitis limits the studies in human medicine. The goal our project was to establish a reproducible model of experimental autoimmune uveitis in Czech Republic, and further on this model to observe the frequency of CD3+ and F4/80+ cells in retina, to assess the influence of microbial environment on intensity of intraocular inflammation and to test the therapeutical possibilities. Material and methods: The C57BL/6J mice were immunized by retinal antigen (IRBP 1-20, interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein), enhanced by complete Freund's adjuvant and pertussis toxin and mild posterior autoimmune uveitis was induced. The mice were bred in conventional and germ-free (gnotobiotic) conditions. The uveitis intensity was evaluated in vivo biomicroscopically and post mortem histologically on hematoxylin eosin stained sections according to the standard protocol. The histological eye specimen were analyzed also by imunohistochemisty and by flow cytometry. Each experiment was performed for 35 days. The conventional mice with uveitis were treated...

Introduction:Uveitis in an ocular inflammation affecting mostly people of working age. Uveitis is responsible for severe visual impairment despite of expanding new therapeutics. The animal models of uveitis were established, because the wide clinical variability of uveitis limits the studies in human medicine. The goal our project was to establish a reproducible model of experimental autoimmune uveitis in Czech Republic, and further on this model to observe the frequency of CD3+ and F4/80+ cells in retina, to assess the influence of microbial environment on intensity of intraocular inflammation and to test the therapeutical possibilities. Material and methods: The C57BL/6J mice were immunized by retinal antigen (IRBP 1-20, interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein), enhanced by complete Freund's adjuvant and pertussis toxin and mild posterior autoimmune uveitis was induced. The mice were bred in conventional and germ-free (gnotobiotic) conditions. The uveitis intensity was evaluated in vivo biomicroscopically and post mortem histologically on hematoxylin eosin stained sections according to the standard protocol. The histological eye specimen were analyzed also by imunohistochemisty and by flow cytometry. Each experiment was performed for 35 days. The conventional mice with uveitis were treated...

Organische Farbstoffe mit einem konjugierten pi-Elektronen System zeigen überwiegend ein halbleitendes Verhalten. Daher sind sie potentielle Materialien für elektronische und optoelektronische Anwendungen. Erste Anwendungen in Flachbildschirmen sind bereits in (noch) geringen Mengen auf dem Markt. Die kontrollierte Dotierung anorganischer Halbleiter bereitete die Basis für den Durchbruch der bekannten Halbleitertechnologie. Die Kontrolle des Leitungstypes und der Lage des Fermi-Niveaus erlaubte es, stabile pn-Übergänge herzustellen. LEDs können daher mit Betriebsspannungen nahe dem thermodynamischen Limit betrieben werden (ca. 2.5V für eine Emission im grünen Spektralbereich). Im Gegensatz dazu bestehen organische Leuchtdioden (OLEDs) typischerweise aus einer Folge intrinsischer Schichten. Diese weisen eine ineffiziente Injektion aus Kontakten und eine relative geringe Leitfähigkeit auf, welche mit hohen ohmschen Verlusten verbunden ist. Andererseits besitzen organische Materialien einige technologische Vorteile, wie geringe Herstellungskosten, große Vielfalt der chemischen Verbindungen und die Möglichkeit sie auf flexible große Substrate aufzubringen. Sie unterscheiden sich ebenso in einigen fundamentalen physikalischen Parametern wie Brechungsindex, Dielektrizitätskonstante, Absorptionskoeffizient und Stokes-Verschiebung der Emissionswellenlänge gegenüber der Absorption. Das Konzept der Dotierung wurde für organische Halbleiter bisher kaum untersucht und angewandt. Unser Ziel ist die Erniedrigung der Betriebsspannung herkömmlicher OLEDs durch den Einsatz der gezielten Dotierung der Transportschichten mit organischen Molekülen. Um die verbesserte Injektion aus der Anode in die dotierte Löchertransportschicht zu verstehen, wurden UPS/XPS Messungen durchgeführt (ultraviolette und Röntgen-Photoelektronenspektroskopie). Messungen wurden an mit F4-TCNQ dotiertem Zink-Phthalocyanin auf ITO und Gold-Kontakten durchgeführt. Die Schlussfolgerungen aus den Experimenten ist, das (i) die Fermi-Energie sich durch Dotierung dem Transportniveau (also dem HOMO im Falle der vorliegenden p-Dotierung) annähert, (ii) die Diffusionspannung an der Grenzfläche durch Dotierung entsprechend verändert wird, und (iii) die Verarmungszone am Kontakt zum ITO sehr dünn wird. Der Kontakt aus organischem Material und leitfähigem Substrat verhält sich also ganz analog zum Fall der Dotierung anorganischer Halbleiter. Es entsteht ein stark dotierter Schottky-Kontakt dessen schmale Verarmungszone leicht durchtunnelt werden kann (quasi-ohmscher Kontakt). Die Leistungseffizienz von OLEDs mit dotierten Transportschichten konnte sukzessive erhöht werden, vom einfachen 2-Schicht Design mit dotiertem Phthalocyanine als Löchertransportschicht, über einen 3-Schicht-Aufbau mit einer Elektronen-Blockschicht bis zu OLEDs mit dotierten 'wide-gap' Löchertransport-Materialien, mit und ohne zusätzlicher Schicht zur Verbesserung der Elektroneninjektion. Sehr effiziente OLEDs mit immer noch niedriger Betriebsspannung wurden durch die Dotierung der Emissionsschicht mit Molekülen erhöhter Photolumineszenzquantenausbeute (Laser-Farbstoffe) erreicht. Eine optimierte LED-Struktur weist eine Betriebsspannung von 3.2-3.2V für eine Lichtemission von 100cd/m2 auf. Diese Resultate entsprechen den zur Zeit niedrigsten Betriebsspannungen für OLEDs mit ausschließlich im Vakuum aufgedampften Schichten. Die Stromeffizienz liegt bei ca. 10cd/A, was einer Leistungseffizienz bei 100cd/m2 von 10lm/W entspricht. Diese hohe Leistungseffizienz war nur möglich durch die Verwendung einer Blockschicht zwischen der dotierten Transportschicht und der Lichtemissions-Schicht. Im Rahmen der Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Dotierung die Betriebsspannungen von OLEDs senken kann und damit die Leistungseffizienz erhöht wird. Zusammen mit einer sehr dünnen Blockschicht konnte einen niedrige Betriebsspannung bei gleichzeitig hoher Effizienz erreicht werden (Blockschicht-Konzept). / Organic dyes with a conjugated pi-electron system usually exhibit semiconducting behavior. Hence, they are potential materials for electronic and optoelectronic devices. Nowadays, some applications are already commercial on small scales. Controlled doping of inorganic semiconductors was the key step for today's inorganic semiconductor technology. The control of the conduction type and Fermi-level is crucial for the realization of stable pn-junctions. This allows for optimized light emitting diode (LED) structures with operating voltages close to the optical limit (around 2.5V for a green emitting LED). Despite that, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) generally consist of a series of intrinsic layers based on organic molecules. These intrinsic organic charge transport layers suffer from non-ideal injection and noticeable ohmic losses. However, organic materials feature some technological advantages for device applications like low cost, an almost unlimited variety of materials, and possible preparation on large and flexible substrates. They also differ in some basic physical parameters, like the index of refraction in the visible wavelength region, the absorption coefficient and the Stokes-shift of the emission wavelength. Doping of organic semiconductors has only been scarcely addressed. Our aim is the lowering of the operating voltages of OLEDs by the use of doped organic charge transport layers. The present work is focused mainly on the p-type doping of weakly donor-type molecules with strong acceptor molecules by co-evaporation of the two types of molecules in a vacuum system. In order to understand the improved hole injection from a contact material into a p-type doped organic layer, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS/XPS) was carried out. The experimental results of the UPS/XPS measurements on F4-TCNQ doped zinc-phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and their interpretation is given. Measurements were done on the typical transparent anode material for OLEDs, indium-tin-oxide (ITO) and on gold. The conclusion from these experiments is that (i) the Fermi-energy comes closer to the transport energy (the HOMO for p-type doping), (ii) the built-in potential is changed accordingly, and (iii) the depletion layer becomes very thin because of the high space charge density in the doped layer. The junction between a doped organic layer and the conductive substrate behaves rather similar to a heavily doped Schottky junction, known from inorganic semicondcutor physics. This behavior favors charge injection from the contact into the organic semiconductor due to tunneling through a very small Schottky barrier (quasi-ohmic contact). The performance of OLEDs with doped charge transport layers improves successively from a simple two-layer design with doped phthalocyanine as hole transport layer over a three-layer design with an electron blocking layer until OLEDs with doped amorphous wide gap materials, with and without additional electron injection enhancement and electron blocking layers. Based on the experience with the first OLEDs featuring doped hole transport layers, an ideal device concept which is based on realistic material parameters is proposed (blocking layer concept). Very high efficient OLEDs with still low operating voltage have been prepared by using an additional emitter dopant molecule with very high photoluminescence quantum yield in the recombination zone of a conventional OLED. An OLED with an operating voltage of 3.2-3.2V for a brightness of 100cd/m2 could be demonstrated. These results represent the lowest ever reported operating voltage for LEDs consisting of exclusively vacuum sublimed molecular layers. The current efficiency for this device is above 10cd/A, hence, the power efficiency at 100cd/m2 is about 10lm/W. This high power efficiency could be achieved by the use of a blocking layer between the transport and the emission layer.