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Examensarbetet som omfattar 22,5 högskolepoäng har utförs som den slutliga delen avhögskoleingenjörsprogrammet i byggteknik, inriktning husbyggnad vid KarlstadsUniversitet.  Hållbarhet är ett viktigt ämne som berör företag av alla slag. Ingen bransch kan undvika attfundera över hur de kan främja hållbarhet. Frågan om hur varje bransch kan göra detta äralltid viktig. Genom regeringens förslag och överenskommelser står det klart attkoldioxidutsläppen ska halveras till 2030. Det är dock inte klart hur koldioxidutsläppen skahalveras.  Grön betong är en typ av miljövänlig betong där en del av cementen ersätts av masugnsslaggeller flygaska som har tagits fram av Cementa och Swecem. De två vanligaste typerna avcement som används i grön betong är Merit och Anläggningscement FA. Merit kommer frånSwecem medan Anläggningscement AF kommer från Cementa. Målet med denna typ avbetong är att minska byggbranschens koldioxidutsläpp. Rapporten syftar till att ge läsarna en överblick över de olika typer av cement som användsvid tillverkning av grön betong och dess miljökonsekvenser. Rapporten bygger på en mängdlitteraturforskning och dialog med experter från Swecem och Cementa för att få en bättreförståelse för fenomenet grön betong. Den tar också hänsyn till hur deras produkt bidrar tillhållbarhet. En labundersökning gjordes för att jämföra halterna av tungmetaller i olika typerav cement, speciellt grön betong kontra konventionell betong. S1 titan detektorn används föratt mäta och samla in data, detektorn använder röntgenfluorescens (XRF) som mätmetod. Studien fann att både produkterna Merit och Anläggningscement AF innehöll lägretungmetaller än Naturvårdsverkets gränsvärde. Grön restbetong kan återvinnas på sammasätt som en vanlig betong till ballast eller vägfyllnadsmaterial. Grön restbetong innehållerendast tungmetaller som finns i själva cementen. Grön rivningsbetong som innehåller avfallsåsom brandskydd, värmeisolering, skumplast, elinstallationer, fogmassor och rör kanpotentiellt innehålla högre halter av tungmetaller och kan leda till potentiell lakning avfarliga ämnen till naturen. / The degree project, which includes 22.5 higher education credits, has been carried out as the final part of the higher education engineering program in construction technology, majoring in building construction at Karlstad University. Sustainability is an important topic that affects companies of all kinds. No industry can avoid thinking about how they can promote sustainability. The question of how each industry can do this is always important. Through the government's proposals and agreements, it is clear that carbon dioxide emissions are to be halved by 2030. However, it is not clear how carbon dioxide emissions are to be halved. Green concrete is a type of environmentally friendly concrete where part of the cement is replaced by blast furnace slag or fly ash that has been produced by Cementa and Swecem. The two most common types of cement used in green concrete are Merit and Anläggningscement FA. Merit comes from Swecem, while Construction cement AF comes from Cementa. The goal of this type of concrete is to reduce the construction industry's carbon dioxide emissions. The report aims to give readers an overview of the different types of cement used in the production of green concrete and its environmental consequences. The report is based on a lot of literature research and dialogue with experts from Swecem and Cement to gain a better understanding of the phenomenon of green concrete. It also takes into account how its product contributes to sustainability. A lab study compared the levels of heavy metals in different types of cement, especially green concrete versus conventional concrete. The S1 titanium detector is used to measure and collect data, the detector uses X-ray fluorescence(XRF) as the measurement method. The study found that both the products Merit and Anläggningscement AF contained lower heavy metals than the Environmental Protection Agency's limit value. Residual green concrete can be recycled in the same way as ordinary concrete for aggregate or road-filling material. Residual green concrete only contains heavy metals found in the cement itself. Green demolition concrete that contains waste such as fire protection, thermal insulation, foam plastic, electrical installations, grouts, and pipes can potentially contain higher levels of heavy metals and can lead to the potential leaching of hazardous substances into nature.

The building industry makes up a considerable fraction of world&amp / #8217 / s energy consumption. The adverse effects of a growing energy demand such as depletion in fossil fuel reserves and natural resources hassled the building industry to a search for new technologies that result in less energy consumption together with the maximum utilization of natural resources. Energy- and ecology-conscious European countries incorporated the well-being of occupants while conducting research on innovative technologies. In view of the fact that double-skin fa&ccedil / ades offer a healthy and comfortable milieu for the occupants and use natural resources hence consume less energy they became a promising invention for all concerns. The analysis of the performance of the double-skin fa&ccedil / ades and energy consumption is inconclusive at this time. However, based upon thermal performance analysis have been done so far, a double-skin fa&ccedil / ade perform better and provide some energy reduction, particularly on the heating side cycle, from a standard double glazed unit wall. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between double-skin fa&ccedil / ades and building management systems in intelligent office buildings as they relate to energy efficiency issues thus to find out whether or not the integration of these systems into intelligent buildings provides optimization in energy performance and comfort conditions. The building for the case study, which is an intelligent office building incorporating a double-skin fa&ccedil / ade was selected as one that promises high comfort conditions for the occupants with low energy consumption. The working principles of integrated fa&ccedil / ade systems, together with their advantages and disadvantages were investigated by means of the case study. It was concluded that due to their high initial costs, these systems offer no real advantages for today. However with the inevitable exhaustion of fossil fuels that is foreseen for the future, these systems would become an innovative solution in terms of energy conservation.

Submitted by Priscila Nascimento (pnascimento@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2013-03-19T16:07:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana_Carolina.pdf: 2560132 bytes, checksum: 663a398860ff953a4b1de21a209ee151 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-03-19T16:07:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana_Carolina.pdf: 2560132 bytes, checksum: 663a398860ff953a4b1de21a209ee151 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / O desenvolvimento de uma vacina para malária é considerado atualmente uma prioridade em saúde pública pelo impacto socioeconômico e morbidade da doença com 250 milhões de novos casos por ano. A vacina de febre amarela é considerada uma das vacinas mais bem sucedidas por sua imunogenicidade duradora obtida após uma única dose. Frente a elucidação das respostas polivalentes dirigidas ao vírus vacinal 17D, a utilização do mesmo como vetor de expressão para antígenos heterólogos têm sido encorajada. Tendo em vista que febre amarela e malária compartilham grandes zonas endêmicas nos continentes americano e africano, a construção de uma vacina para malária baseada no vetor de febre amarela 17D se tornou uma abordagem interessante. Foram construídos dois vírus recombinantes contendo a proteína heteróloga MSP-119de P. falciparum (FA17D/MSP-119fal) e P. vivax (FA17D/MSP-119vivax) entre os genes E/NS1 de FA. Esta proteína é constituída de um fragmento de 19 kDa obtido após o processamento proteolítico da proteína de superfície do merozoíta 1 (MSP-1) durante a invasão do eritrócito e é descrita como alvo de anticorpos protetores em animais e pessoas imunes. Os vírus recombinantes foram caracterizados in vitro quanto à capacidade proliferativa em células Vero, estabilidade genética e expressão da proteína heteróloga por microscopia confocal de imunofluorescência e western blotting. A imunização de camundongos BALB/c e primatas não-humanos da espécie Saimiri sciureus foi usada para avaliar as construções quanto à imunogenicidade. Ambos os vírus foram capazes de induzir a produção de anticorpos neutralizantes contra a FA, porém em menores títulos do que os induzidos pelo vírus vacinal 17DD. A indução de anticorpos específicos para a proteína heteróloga após a imunização com os diferentes vírus recombinantes, também foi demonstrada e resultou em baixos títulos de IgG.em ambos os modelos. Os anticorpos induzidos no modelo com macacos Saimiri reconheceram a proteína nativa do parasita em hemácias infectadas por P. falciparum. No entanto, o desafio realizado neste modelo de primata não-esplenectomizado após a imunização com FA17D/MSP-119fal não gerou resultados conclusivos. Estes resultados sugerem a necessidade de aprimoramento da plataforma de expressão em busca de maior imunogenicidade. / The development of a vaccine for malaria is currently considered a priority in public health due to the socioeconomic impact and morbidity of the disease with 250 million new cases registered every year. The yellow fever vaccine is considered one of the most successful vaccines for its longlasting immunogenicity obtained after a single dose. As a result of the elucidation of the polyvalent responses directed to YF17D vaccine virus, the use of this virus as an expression vector of heterologous antigens has been encouraged. Considering that yellow fever and malaria share the major endemic areas in American and African continents, the construction of a vaccine for malaria based on the yellow fever 17D vector became an interesting approach. Two recombinant viruses containing the heterologous protein MSP-119 from P. falciparum (YF17D/MSP-119fal) and P. vivax (YF17D/MSP-119vivax) inserted between the E/NS1 genes have been constructed. This protein consists of a 19 kDa fragment obtained after proteolytic processing of the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) during invasion of erythrocytes and is described as a target for protective antibodies in animals and immune people. Recombinant viruses were characterized in vitro for their proliferative capacity in Vero cells and genetic stability and expression of heterologous protein were assessed by confocal immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Immunization of BALB/c mice and non-human primate species Saimiri sciureus allowed the evaluation of the constructions in terms of immunogenicity. Both viruses were capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies to YF, but in lower titers than those induced by the vaccine virus 17DD.The induction of specific antibodies for the heterologous protein by the different recombinant viruses was also demonstrated by low levels of IgG in both models. The antibodies induced in this monkey model bound to the native protein in parasite-infected red blood cells by immunofluorescence. The challenge carried out in after immunization of Saimiri monkeys with FA17D/MSP-119fal did not generate conclusive results. These data suggest the need to improve the platform of expression towards higher viral immunogenicity.

Le but de ce travail est de déterminer par méthodes optiques la distribution de taille (pdf) des nanoparticules de suie, agrégats de morphologie fractale. Après des études préliminaires qui utilisent DDSCAT pour valider la théorie RDG-FA et permettent de convertir un rayon de giration en rayon de mobilité, deux diagnostics optiques sont étudiés. Le premier consiste à exploiter une mesure d'extinction spectrale de la lumière. Nous montrons que pour exploiter ce signal, il faut connaître les propriétés optiques des suies, leur préfacteur et dimension fractale, la loi de distribution et le diamètre des sphérules primaires. Le second diagnostic tire parti de la mesure angulaire de la diffusion de la lumière. Nous montrons qu'il est possible de déterminer la pdf à l'aide de la mesure de diffusion à trois angles. Il faut supposer la loi de distribution et la dimension fractale. Cette deuxième approche, in-situ, est plus appropriée que la première pour déterminer optiquement la pdf des suies. / The objective of this thesis is to determine by optical methods the soot size distribution. Soot are fractal-like morphology nanoparticles aggregates. After preliminary studies which used DDSCAT to validate the RDG-FA theory and allow converting gyration radius to mobility radius, two optical approaches are considered. The first one is based on a measure of spectral light extinction by soot. To exploit this signal, the knowledge of soot optical properties, fractal prefactor, type of law distribution, fractal dimension and primary spheres diameters are needed. The second one exploits the measure of angular scattering by particles. It is possible to determine the size distribution by using scattering measurement at only three angles. However, it's necessary to assume the type of law distribution and the fractal dimension. This second approach is more appropriate than the first one to determine optically the size distribution of soot and hold the interest to be in-situ.

O trabalho desenvolvido teve como foco dois sistemas químicos integrados: células solares sensibilizadas por corantes, Dye-Cells®, e fotossensores baseados em compostos de rênio(I). Novos compostos de rutênio(II) foram preparados, caracterizados e investigados como corantes sensibilizadores. Os resultados obtidos com as células solares sensibilizadas pelo cis-[(H3BCN)2Ru(dcbH2)2], H3BCN- = cianoboroidreto, dcbH2 = ácido-4,4\'-dicarboxílico-2,2\'-bipiridina, são: Jsc = 8,0 mA.cm-2, Voc = 0,66 V, Pmax = 2,7 mA.cm-2 e ff = 0,51. Esse dispositivo atingiu eficiência de conversão de fótons incidentes em corrente de até 23%. Os compostos cis-[Ru(dobH2)2(L)2]0/2+, dobH2 = ácido-4,4\'diidroxâmico-2,2\'-bipiridina e L = Cl-, H2O ou NCS-, foram preparados usando o ácido hidroxâmico como um novo grupo de ancoramento. Os desempenhos das células solares são: cis-[(Cl)2Ru(dobH2)2]: Jsc = 4,6 mA.cm-2, Voc = 0,60 V, Pmax = 1,4 mW.cm-2, ff = 0,51; cis-[Ru(dobH2)2(H2O)2]2+: Jsc = 4,4 mA.cm-2, Voc = 0,61 V, Pmax = 1,6 mW.cm-2, ff = 0,59; cis-[(SCN)2Ru(dobH2)2]: Jsc = 4,6 mA.cm-2, Voc = 0,71 V, Pmax = 1,5 mW.cm-2, ff = 0,46. A similaridade dos valores de Jsc sugere que o grupo de ancoramento pode estar limitando o processo de injeção de carga na banda de condução do semicondutor. Frutos distintos dos já investigados são utilizados como fontes de antocianinas empregadas como sensibilizadores. Esses corantes naturais são capazes de adsorver à superfície do semicondutor e realizar a conversão de luz em eletricidade. Foram determinados eficiência de conversão de fóton incidente em corrente de até 19% e valores de Jsc = 7,2 mA.cm-2, Voc = 0,65 V, Pmax = 2,0 mW.cm-2 e ff = 0,55. O segundo sistema químico integrado investigado baseia-se em fotossensores com fac-[Re(CO)3(NN)(stpy)]+, NN = 2,2\'-bipiridina, bpy, 4,4\'-dimetil-2,2\'-bipiridina, Me2bpy, ou dipirido[3,2-a:2\',3\'-c]fenazina, dppz, stpy = trans ou cis-4-estirilpiridina. A reação de isomerização trans-cis do ligante coordenado pode ser acompanhada de duas formas distintas por espectrofotometria e por ressonância magnética nuclear, 1H RMN. Os rendimentos quânticos aparentes, Φap, determinados para irradiação em 404 nm, por espectrofotometria, são: fac-[Re(CO)3(bpy)(trans-stpy)]+ Φap = 0,19 ± 0,02; fac-[Re(CO)3(Me2bpy)(trans-stpy)]+ Φap = 0,18 ± 0,02; fac-[Re(CO)3(dppz)(trans-stpy)]+ Φap = 0,30 ± 0,03. Enquanto os valores reais determinados por 1H RMN, Φreal, são: fac-[Re(CO)3(bpy)(trans-stpy)]+ Φreal = 0,48 ± 0,03; fac-[Re(CO)3(Me2bpy)(trans-stpy)]+ Φreal = 0,31 ± 0,07; fac-[Re(CO)3(dppz)(trans-stpy)]+ Φreal = 0,48 ± 0,06. Os valores determinados por 1H RMN são reais uma vez que os sinais do produto e do reagente são detectados em regiões distintas, o que não acontece no acompanhamento por espectrofotometria. A isomerização trans-cis do composto fac-[Re(CO)3(bpy)(trans-stpy)]+ também é observada em poli(metacrilato) de metila, que foi o meio rígido utilizado visando o desenvolvimento de dispositivos. O isômero fac-[Re(CO)3(bpy)(cis-stpy)]+ é luminescente e a sua emissão é investigada em diferentes meios analisando os deslocamentos hipsocrômicos com o aumento da rigidez do meio. / The focus of this work is on two chemical integrated systems: dye-sensitized solar cells, Dye-Cells®, and photosensors based on rhenium(I) compounds. Novel ruthenium(II) compounds were synthesized, characterized and investigated as dye-sensitizers. The results of solar cells sensitized by cis-[(H3BCN)2Ru(dcbH2)2], H3BCN- = cyanoborohydride, dcbH2 = acid-4,4\'-dicarboxylic-2,2\'-bipyridine, are: Jsc = 8.0 mA.cm-2, Voc = 0.66 V, Pmax = 2.7 mA.cm-2 and ff = 0.51. Incident photon-to-current efficiency of up to 23% is achieved by this device. The cis-[Ru(dobH2)2(L)2]0/2+ compounds, dobH2 = acid-4,4\'-dihydroxamic-2,2\'-bipyridine, L = Cl-, H2O or NCS-, were synthesized using hydroxamic acid as a new anchoring group. The performance of these dye-sensitized solar cells are: cis-[(Cl)2Ru(dobH2)2]: Jsc = 4.6 mA.cm-2, Voc = 0.60 V, Pmax = 1.4 mW.cm-2, ff = 0.51; cis-[Ru(dobH2)2(H2O)2]2+: Jsc = 4.4 mA.cm-2, Voc = 0.61 V, Pmax = 1.6 mW.cm-2, ff = 0.59; cis-[(SCN)2Ru(dobH2)2]: Jsc = 4.6 mA.cm-2, Voc = 0.71 V, Pmax = 1.5 mW.cm-2, ff = 0.46. The similarity between Jsc values suggests that the anchoring group is limiting the electron injection into the semiconductor conducting band. Anthocyanins of several fruits were employed as sensitizers. These natural dyes are capable of adsorbing onto the semiconductor surface and promote the light-to-electricity conversion. Incident photon-to-current efficiency of up to 19% and values Jsc = 7.2 mA.cm-2, Voc = 0.65 V, Pmax = 2.0 mW.cm-2, ff = 0.55 were determined. The second chemical integrated system investigated is based on photosensors using fac-[Re(CO)3(NN)(stpy)]+, NN = 2,2\'-bipyridine, bpy, 4,4\'-dimethyl-2,2\'-bipyridine, Me2 bpy, or dipyrido[3,2-a:2\',3\'-c]phenazine, dppz, stpy = trans or cis-4-styrylpyridine. The trans-cis isomerization of the coordinated ligand is followed by two distinct ways, spectrophotometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, 1H NMR. The apparent quantum yields, fiap, determined for irradiation at 404 nm by spectrophotometry are: fac-[Re(CO)3(bpy)(trans-stpy)]+ Φap = 0.19 ± 0.02; fac-[Re(CO)3(Me2bpy)(trans-stpy)]+ Φap = 0.18 ± 0.02; fac-[Re(CO)3(dppz)(trans-stpy)]+ Φap = 0.30 ± 0.03. The real values, Φreal, determined by 1H NMR, are: fac-[Re(CO)3(bpy)(trans-stpy)]+ Φreal = 0.48 ± 0.03; fac-[Re(CO)3(Me2bpy)(trans-stpy)]+ Φreal = 0.31 ± 0.07; fac-[Re(CO)3(dppz)(trans-stpy)]+ Φreal = 0.48 ± 0.06. The values determined by 1H NMR are real since the signals of the product and of the reactant are detected in distinct regions, which does not occur for the spectrophotometric method. The trans-cis isomerization of the compound fac-[Re(CO)3(bpy)(trans-stpy)]+ is also observed in poly(methyl)methacrilate, which was the rigid medium employed aiming the development of devices. The fac-[Re(CO)3(bpy)(cis-stpy)]+ isomer is luminescent and its emission is investigated in different media analyzing the hypsochromic shifts increasing the rigidity of the medium.

<p> <p>&nbsp / </p> <p align="left">&nbsp / </p> <p>&nbsp / </p> </p> <p align="left">The aim of this study was to produce useful composite materials from fly ash, a major waste product of coal combustion from power plants. Polyaniline-fly ash (PANI-FA) composites were prepared by in situ polymerisation of aniline in the presence of Fly Ash (FA) by two slightly different methods. In one case polystyrene sulphonic acid (PSSA) was used as a stabilizer and in another case the starting materials (aniline and FA) were aged before oxidation. The aging procedure formed nanotubes that have cross-sectional diameters of 50-110 nm. The other procedure produced nanotubes with a diameter of 100-500 nm and the length of up to 10&mu / m. The presence of metal oxides and silica in FA were responsible for the formation of nanorods in PANI-PSSA-FA.. The formation of the composites was confirmed by UV-Vis and FTIR. The UV-Vis showed maximum absorbance at 330-360 nm ( due to &pi / -&pi / * transition of benzoid rings) and 600-650 nm(due to charge transfer excitons of quinoid rings), which are characteristics of emaraldine base. The electrochemical analysis of the composites showed that the composites were conductive and electroactive. The Cyclic Voltammetry of PANI-PSSA-FA showed three redox couples which are characteristics of sulphonated PANI. The morphology of the composites was studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and showed that our methods gave composites with improved homogeneity as compared to other reported methods. Thermo Gravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the presence of FA in the composites improves the thermal stability of the composites by up to 100 0C.<br /> &nbsp / </p>

Trois essais cliniques ARISTOTLE, RE-LY et ROCKET-AF, sont réalisés sur les quatre nouveaux anticoagulants oraux qui sont l’Apixaban, le Dabigatran 110mg, Dabigatran 150mg et le Rivaroxaban, afin d’améliorer la prise en charge de la fibrillation auriculaire (FA). Ils ne permettent pas de déterminer la meilleure option thérapeutique. L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer une approche d’aide multicritère à la décision pour la problématique du choix thérapeutique appliquée au cas de la FA afin d’évaluer ces quatre options thérapeutiques médicamenteuses. La méthodologie d’aide multicritère développée, PROMETHEE-GAIA appliquée à la FA permet de comparer ces quatre nouveaux anticoagulants (l’Apixaban, le Dabigatran 110mg, Dabigatran 150mg et le Rivaroxaban) en se basant sur les cinq critères essentiels élaborés selon un processus de concertation cadrée, qui sont l’efficacité, la sécurité, la fonction rénale, l’observance et le prix. Les résultats de l’évaluation de ces quatre nouveaux anticoagulants est un classement de ces options thérapeutiques par leur ordre de performance dans la prise en charge des patients de la FA selon ces cinq critères en considération.

Immigration to Sweden has increased since Second World War. The immigra-tion pattern has also shifted from labor immigration to refugee immigration. The relative labor market performance of immigrants began to worsen at the end of 1970s. The employment rate among foreign born persons is considera-bly lower than it is among Swedish born persons.Integration of foreign born persons in the areas of education, income and em-ployment varies among FA-regions in Sweden. FA-region means functional analysis region, where you can live and work without having time-wasting trips.The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the relationship between labor market participation of immigrants and segregation on the regional level.Three indices (Dissimilarity, Isolation and Gini) of segregation are used in or-der to investigate the relationship between segregation and employment level among immigrants. The results show that there exists a negative relationship between these variables. In FA-regions of metropolitan regions in spite of high segregation rate the relationship between segregation and employment rate is slightly weaker, than it is among FA-regions of large city regions. The main conclusion of this study is the regional perspective, the necessity of making this kind of analysis on regional level, not country level.

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