Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo numérico sobre escoamentos incompressíveis, não isotérmicos, bi e tridimensionais nos regimes laminar e turbulento através da Simulação de Grandes Escalas e da utilização do Método de Elementos Finitos. Para tornar isso possível, é implementada a equação da energia e os termos de forças de campo (empuxo) em um algoritmo numérico desenvolvido em FORTRAN, já existente, que simula escoamentos incompressíveis, isotérmicos, tridimensionais, nos regimes laminar e turbulento. O código desenvolvido abrange escoamentos onde as formas básicas de troca térmica ocorrem por difusão e advecção. No que tange a natureza da convecção térmica é possível analisar escoamentos com convecção forçada, mista ou natural. O método numérico empregado é o de elementos finitos (FEM) e a discretização espacial das equações que governam o fenômeno (continuidade, conservação da quantidade de movimento e conservação da energia) é realizada através do método de Galerkin. Para a análise dos termos temporais nos escoamentos transientes aplica-se o esquema temporal explícito de Taylor-Galerkin. O elemento finito utilizado é o hexaedro isoparamétrico de oito nós. É empregado o método da pseudo-compressibilidade com o objetivo de manter os termos derivados da pressão na equação da continuidade, pois essa ausência gera uma dificuldade adicional na discretização das equações. Para a abordagem da turbulência é empregada a simulação de grandes escalas (LES) com modelagem sub-malha clássica de Smagorinsky para a viscosidade e a difusividade turbulenta. Visando a melhoria no tempo de processamento foi utilizada integração explícita das matrizes dos elementos e a técnica de processamento paralelo OpenMP. São apresentados resultados para escoamentos com vários números de Reynolds, Prandtl e de Grashoff dos campos de velocidade, pressão e temperatura para escoamentos em cavidade bidimensional, nos regimes laminar e turbulento, e para o degrau tri-dimensional no regime laminar. As simulações para escoamentos em cavidades nos regimes laminar e na região de transição são comparados com os resultados de outros autores, se mostrando bastante satisfatórios, tanto no regime transiente como no permanente. Além disso, a inserção das forças de campo no código melhorou os resultados obtidos com o mesmo. As outras simulações são apresentadas como novos casos e tiveram um comportamento qualitativamente satisfatório. / A numerical study about non-isothermal, bi and three-dimensional, incompressible, laminar and turbulent flows is done in this work using Large Eddy Simulation and Finite Element Method. To became this possible, is implemented the energy equation and buoyance forces (in the Navier-Stokes equations) in a numerical algorithm, developed in FORTRAN, already existent, that simulate isothermal, three-dimensional, incompressible, laminar and turbulent flows. The developed code includes flows where the basic forms of heat transfer are diffusion or advection. About the nature of thermal convection it is possible to analyze the forced, mixed or natural convection flows. The numerical method used is the finite element method (FEM) and the spatial discretization of governing equations of phenomena (mass, conservation of momentum and conservation of energy) is done through Galerkin method. To analyze the time-dependent terms in transient flows is employed a time-explicit Taylor-Galerkin scheme. The finite element used is the isoparametric hexahedral with eight nodes. It is used the pseudo-compressibility method to keep the pressure terms in continuity equation, because without these terms there are additional difficulties to obtain the discretizated equations. Regarding the turbulence approach, it is employed the large eddy simulation (LES) and for subgrid-scales is used the classical Smagorinsky model to turbulent viscosity and diffusivity. To minimize the processing time is used explicit integration of element matrix and the multiprocessing technical OpenMP. Results are presented to a wide range of Reynolds, Prandtl and Grashoff numbers for velocity, pressure and temperature fields to laminar and turbulent, bi-dimensional, lid-driven cavity flow and a laminar three-dimensional backward-facing step. Simulations of lid-driven cavity flows in laminar and transitional regimes is compared with others authors results, presenting good agreement, in both transient and permanent regimes. Besides that, the implementation of buoyance forces in the present code improved the results obtained by it. The others simulations are presented like new cases and had qualitatively good behavior.

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com objetivo de analisar, comparar e validar, pelos métodos de simulação numérica e experimental, o comportamento do processo de perfuração por puncionamento para o aço AISI4140. Esse estudo será a base para a fabricação de eixos vazados em aerogeradores de energia como, em substituição a eixos maciços usualmente obtidos por fundição. O processo de perfuração por puncionamento é relativamente simples quando comparado com processos de perfuração mais elaborados, como cortes à laser, eletroerosão, usinagem, etc. No desenvolvimento e otimização do processo de perfuração para aplicação nos referidos eixos, surge, como auxílio, o processo de perfuração por puncionamento assistido por simulação computacional pelo Método dos Elementos Finitos - FEM. Neste estudo os corpos de prova, os punções e todo ferramental do processo de perfuração em si, foram modelados computacionalmente no “software” “Simufact.Forming 12.0”, avaliando-se as melhores formas e geometrias dos punções para o processo de puncionamento. Na simulação numérica foi utilizado o aço presente na biblioteca do referido “software” que corresponde ao aço AISI4140. Os resultados presentes na análise do processo computacional de perfuração por puncinamento mostraram que os punções de geometria estreita são os que apresentaram as menores forças para perfuração dos corpos de prova quando comparados às outras geometrias (denominadas de inclinada e pontuda). Para os estudos experimentais, o ferramental proposto foi confeccionado e montado para a devida comparação com os resultados obtidos a partir da simulação computacional. Os experimentos práticos bem como as simulações computacionais, foram montados para corpos de prova cilíndricos a 1100 ºC sendo perfurados por punções a uma velocidade de 3,7 mm/s. De acordo com os dados de força e deslocamento medidos pelo equipamento de aquisição de dados, pela célula de carga e pelo transdutor potenciométrico (LVDT), pôde-se realizar uma análise e estimativa das forças máximas que cada punção exerceu sobre as peças puncionadas. Os resultados das simulações computacionais demonstraram uma variação de 14% a 23% maiores das forças máximas de puncionamento, quando comparadas com as experimentais. Este resultado mostra que o “software” de simulação computacional pode prever, com boa aproximação, a força máxima de perfuração por puncionamento dos punções com diferentes formas e geometrias. O processo de perfuração por puncionamento pode ser considerado uma forma alternativa de perfuração para confecção de furos em corpos cilíndricos que, posteriormente, serão usados para manufatura de eixos vazados pelo processo de forjamento em matriz aberta. / This work was developed in order to analyze, compare and validate the methods of numerical and experimental simulation, the behavior of punching a punching process for AISI4140 steel. This study will be the basis for the manufacture of hollow shafts in wind turbine energy as a substitute for solid shafts usually obtained by casting. The puncturing by puncturing process is relatively simple compared to more elaborate drilling processes such as laser cutting, spark erosion, machining, etc. The development and optimization of the drilling process for use in these axes, emerges as an aid, the drilling process by punching assisted by computer simulation by Finite Element Method - FEM. In this study the samples, the punches and tooling throughout the drilling process itself, were computationally modeled on the "software" "Simufact.Forming 12.0", evaluating the best ways and geometries of the punches for the punching process. In numerical simulation was used this steel in the library of that "software" which is the AISI4140 steel. The results presented in the analysis of the computational process of drilling by puncinamento shown that close geometry punctures are those who had the lowest forces for drilling of the specimens when compared to other geometries (called inclined and pointed). For experimental studies, the proposed tooling was made and assembled for due comparison with the results obtained from computer simulation. Practical experiments and computer simulations were assembled cylindrical specimens at 1100 ° C being pierced by a punch of 3.7 mm / s. According to the data of force and displacement measured by the data acquisition equipment, the load cell and the potentiometric transducer (LVDT), it was possible to conduct an analysis and estimate of the maximum forces exerted on each punch punched parts. The results of computer simulations have demonstrated a variation of 14% to 23% higher maximum puncture forces of, when compared with the experimental. This result shows that the "software" of computer simulation can predict with good approximation, the maximum force of drilling by punching the punches of different shapes and geometries. The punching process for punching can be considered an alternative form of drill for making holes in cylindrical objects, which subsequently will be used to manufacture hollow shafts by forging process in an open array.

The aim of this master’s thesis was to create a component model of a door handle stiffener used by the Volkswagen concern, which can be used for crash computations. Also to tune its parameters the way, its behavior corresponds the most to the real part’s. In the theoretical part the current regulations of the Euro NCAP are presented, concerning the testing and evaluation of the passive safety of new vehicles. Attention is focused on the evaluation of the side impact barrier tests, where the effect of the door handle stiffener’s damage is reflected the most. Shown are the reasons for the effort to simulate the real behavior of the stiffener, the factors, which initialized the born of the studied problem. The practical part starts with the creation of the FEM mesh of the part based on its 3D CAD model, also describes the requirements for the mesh quality, as well as the used tools and methods. Further on investigated are the characters of real damages of the door handle area during side impacts, based on which the component tests are proposed for the validation of the simulation model. Experimental research consists of the stiffener’s testing for simple bend and twist loads, three specimens each. After the execution of the tests the results get compared with the corresponding simulations. Modifications are made on the model according to the acquired results: refinement of the FEM mesh, new material model usage with failure for shell elements and definition of real material characteristics for the used thermoplastics. The latest obtained simulation dependencies are compared with the measured values again, the results are evaluated at last.

Prédire l’évolution de la perméabilité avec la fissuration constitue un objectif primordial afin d’évaluer les conséquences d’un chargement mécanique sur la durabilité et l’étanchéité des structures. À l’issu de ce travail, un modèle d’évolution du tenseur de perméabilité est proposé. Ce modèle, qui est intégré dans le cadre de la poromécanique et de la théorie de l’endommagement,permet de prédire l’évolution anisotrope du tenseur de perméabilité en fonction de la fissuration. L’originalité de ce travail réside dans la prise en compte des ouvertures de fissure et des tailles anisotropes de l’élément fini durant la construction du tenseur de perméabilité. Ceci permet au débit total d’être indépendant du choix du maillage. Ce modèle est ensuite utilisé pour simuler le débit de fuite dans un tirant en béton armé ainsi que le creusement et la consolidation poroviscoplastique d’une galerie souterraine destinée au stockage profond de déchets radioactifs. Pour cette dernière application, la prise en compte de l’anisotropie induite par la fissuration sur le tenseur de Biot est considérée via une loi issue de l’homogénéisation. Les résultats fournis par ce modèle sont confrontés aux mesures expérimentales in situ. / Cracking in structures significantly affects their durability, water transfer and ultimately their safety. This structural disorder provides a preferential path for the penetration of fluids and contributes significantly to the deterioration of structures. This work provides a macroscopic model intended to predict the change of permeability with respect to cracking. The proposed development is implemented within an orthotropic damage model. It assumes an initially isotropic permeability tensor which becomes anisotropic with damage. The objectivity of the hydraulic response with respect to the finite element mesh is ensured by considering the crack localization problem when building the permeability tensor. The model was used to simulate the flow rate through a reinforced concrete element subjected to tensile loading, as well as to simulate the excavation and the poro-visco-plastic consolidation of an underground gallery designed to store radioactive waste. For the latter application, the induced anisotropy of Biot’s tensor was taken into account using the results provided by the homogenization theory. The simulation results were compared with experimental measurements.

Bones are the principal structural components of a skeleton; they provide the body with unique roles, such as its shape maintenance, protection of internal organs and transmission of muscle forces among body segments. Their structural integrity is vital for the quality of life. Unfortunately, bones can only sustain loads until a certain limit, beyond which it fails. Usually, the reasons for bone fracture are traumatic falls, sports injuries, and engagement in transport or industrial accidents. The stresses imposed on a bone in such activities can be far higher than those produced during normal daily activities and lead to fracture. Understanding deformation and fracture behaviours of bone is necessary for prevention and diagnosis of traumas. Even though, in principle, studying bone's deformation and fracture behaviour is of immense benefit, it is not possible to engage volunteers in in-vivo investigations. Therefore, by developing adequate numerical models to predict and describe its deformation and fracture behaviours, a detailed study of reasons for, and ways to prevent or treat bone fracture could be implemented. Those models cannot be formulated without a set of experimental material data. To date, a full set of bone's material data is not implemented in the material data-base of commercial finiteelement (FE) software. Additionally, no complete set of data for the same bone can be found in the literature. Hence, a set of cortical bone's material data was experimentally measured, and then introduced into the finite-element software. A programme of experiments was conducted to characterise mechanical properties of the cortical bone tissue and to gain a basic understanding of the spatial variability of those properties and their link to the underlying microstructure. So, several types of experiments were performed in order to quantify mechanical properties of the studied bone tissue at macro- and microscales under quasi-static and dynamic loading regimes for different cortex positions called anterior, posterior, medial and lateral. Those experiments included: (1) uniaxial tension and creep tests to obtain its elastic, plastic and viscoelastic properties; (2) nanoindentation tests to characterise its microstructural elastic-plastic properties; (3) Izod tests to investigate its fracture properties under impact bending loading; (4) tensile-impact tests to characterise its impact strength and fracture force when exposed to a longitudinal loading regime. All the experiments were performed for different cortex positions and different directions (along the bone axis and perpendicular to it) when possible. Based on the results of those experiments, a number of finite-element models were developed in order to analyse its deformation and fracture using the extended finiteelement method (X-FEM) at different length scales and under various loading conditions. Those models included: (1) two-dimensional (2D) FE models to simulate its fracture and deformation at microscale level under quasi-static tensile loading. Additionally, the effect of the underlying microstructure on crack propagation paths was investigated; (2) 2D and three-dimensional (3D) FE models to simulate its fracture and deformation at macroscale level for the Izod impact test setup. In addition, the applicability of different constitutive material models was examined; (3) 3D FE models to simulate its fracture and deformation at macroscale level for tensile-impact loading conditions. The developed models provided high-quality results, and most importantly, they adequately reflected the experimental data. The main outcome of this thesis is a comprehensive experimental analysis and numerical simulations of the deformation and fracture of the cortical bone tissue at different length scales in response to quasi-static and dynamic loading. Recommendations on further research developments are also suggested.

Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo numérico sobre escoamentos incompressíveis, não isotérmicos, bi e tridimensionais nos regimes laminar e turbulento através da Simulação de Grandes Escalas e da utilização do Método de Elementos Finitos. Para tornar isso possível, é implementada a equação da energia e os termos de forças de campo (empuxo) em um algoritmo numérico desenvolvido em FORTRAN, já existente, que simula escoamentos incompressíveis, isotérmicos, tridimensionais, nos regimes laminar e turbulento. O código desenvolvido abrange escoamentos onde as formas básicas de troca térmica ocorrem por difusão e advecção. No que tange a natureza da convecção térmica é possível analisar escoamentos com convecção forçada, mista ou natural. O método numérico empregado é o de elementos finitos (FEM) e a discretização espacial das equações que governam o fenômeno (continuidade, conservação da quantidade de movimento e conservação da energia) é realizada através do método de Galerkin. Para a análise dos termos temporais nos escoamentos transientes aplica-se o esquema temporal explícito de Taylor-Galerkin. O elemento finito utilizado é o hexaedro isoparamétrico de oito nós. É empregado o método da pseudo-compressibilidade com o objetivo de manter os termos derivados da pressão na equação da continuidade, pois essa ausência gera uma dificuldade adicional na discretização das equações. Para a abordagem da turbulência é empregada a simulação de grandes escalas (LES) com modelagem sub-malha clássica de Smagorinsky para a viscosidade e a difusividade turbulenta. Visando a melhoria no tempo de processamento foi utilizada integração explícita das matrizes dos elementos e a técnica de processamento paralelo OpenMP. São apresentados resultados para escoamentos com vários números de Reynolds, Prandtl e de Grashoff dos campos de velocidade, pressão e temperatura para escoamentos em cavidade bidimensional, nos regimes laminar e turbulento, e para o degrau tri-dimensional no regime laminar. As simulações para escoamentos em cavidades nos regimes laminar e na região de transição são comparados com os resultados de outros autores, se mostrando bastante satisfatórios, tanto no regime transiente como no permanente. Além disso, a inserção das forças de campo no código melhorou os resultados obtidos com o mesmo. As outras simulações são apresentadas como novos casos e tiveram um comportamento qualitativamente satisfatório. / A numerical study about non-isothermal, bi and three-dimensional, incompressible, laminar and turbulent flows is done in this work using Large Eddy Simulation and Finite Element Method. To became this possible, is implemented the energy equation and buoyance forces (in the Navier-Stokes equations) in a numerical algorithm, developed in FORTRAN, already existent, that simulate isothermal, three-dimensional, incompressible, laminar and turbulent flows. The developed code includes flows where the basic forms of heat transfer are diffusion or advection. About the nature of thermal convection it is possible to analyze the forced, mixed or natural convection flows. The numerical method used is the finite element method (FEM) and the spatial discretization of governing equations of phenomena (mass, conservation of momentum and conservation of energy) is done through Galerkin method. To analyze the time-dependent terms in transient flows is employed a time-explicit Taylor-Galerkin scheme. The finite element used is the isoparametric hexahedral with eight nodes. It is used the pseudo-compressibility method to keep the pressure terms in continuity equation, because without these terms there are additional difficulties to obtain the discretizated equations. Regarding the turbulence approach, it is employed the large eddy simulation (LES) and for subgrid-scales is used the classical Smagorinsky model to turbulent viscosity and diffusivity. To minimize the processing time is used explicit integration of element matrix and the multiprocessing technical OpenMP. Results are presented to a wide range of Reynolds, Prandtl and Grashoff numbers for velocity, pressure and temperature fields to laminar and turbulent, bi-dimensional, lid-driven cavity flow and a laminar three-dimensional backward-facing step. Simulations of lid-driven cavity flows in laminar and transitional regimes is compared with others authors results, presenting good agreement, in both transient and permanent regimes. Besides that, the implementation of buoyance forces in the present code improved the results obtained by it. The others simulations are presented like new cases and had qualitatively good behavior.

Ångström Laboratory at Uppsala University has been researching and developed a wave energy converter, WEC, since 2006. The WEC is based on a linear generator that is grounded on the seabed, in the generator the translator is linked with a large buoy on the sea surface via a wire. When the buoy follows the wave motion up and down, the translator also follows the same path, which generates energy. Thus using the energy of the waves to extract electricity.  However, for the WEC to operate at an optimal level the wire need to be at a specific length, thus the WEC needs to be compensated against the tide. Therefore, a system for tensioning and unloading the wire connecting the buoy with the translator has been developed. The system is equipped with a battery that needs to be charged, this thesis is a part of the development of a small WEC that can deliver energy for the battery. The task is to develop and construct a smaller WEC which is to be placed on the big buoy to generate energy without affecting the larger WEC´s functionality.  The purpose of the project is to design a CAD model for a small WEC based on a theoretically tested model by Camilla Tumlin. In order to provide a basis for the design of the small WEC a preliminary study of different WEC´s from a number of manufacturers was carried out, as well as an analysis of the wave pattern at the planned location for the WEC.  Concepts for the WEC's main parts were developed and evaluated using Concept Selection Matrices in addition to discussions with the supervisor and clients. Some of the details were developed in collaboration with manufacturers. The thesis resulted in a design proposal for the WEC. CAD files and drawings were given to the client for manufacturing of a prototype.  The design solution meets all product requirements, apart from the weight of the moving parts. However, the requirement for the weight was approved by the client. Further development can investigate whether the weight can be reduced. The next step of the project is to produce a prototype of the WEC, the prototype can then be performance tested in order to assure its functionality.

Syftet med studien är att studera vilken syn sju elever i årskurs fyra och fem har på konkret material i matematikundervisningen. Metoden som användes för att samla in data var sju semistrukturerade elevintervjuer. Resultatet visar att elevernas syn på användning av konkret material är att det ska ge dem ett visuellt stöd för konkretisering av abstrakt matematik där siffror och symboler dominerar. Resultatet visar även att eleverna tycker att konkret material ska ingå i undervisningen. Slutsatser som kan dras från den här studien stämmer överens med det teoretiska ramverk som används i tolkning av data, om eleverna lär sig med hjälp av modeller eller om elever använder sina kunskaper till att konstruera modeller. En konsekvens av denna studie kan vara att lärare behöver utveckla sin ämnesdidaktiska kompetens så att undervisningen harmonierar med centralt innehåll för årskurs fyra till sex i den rådande läroplanen för skolan.

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O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com objetivo de analisar, comparar e validar, pelos métodos de simulação numérica e experimental, o comportamento do processo de perfuração por puncionamento para o aço AISI4140. Esse estudo será a base para a fabricação de eixos vazados em aerogeradores de energia como, em substituição a eixos maciços usualmente obtidos por fundição. O processo de perfuração por puncionamento é relativamente simples quando comparado com processos de perfuração mais elaborados, como cortes à laser, eletroerosão, usinagem, etc. No desenvolvimento e otimização do processo de perfuração para aplicação nos referidos eixos, surge, como auxílio, o processo de perfuração por puncionamento assistido por simulação computacional pelo Método dos Elementos Finitos - FEM. Neste estudo os corpos de prova, os punções e todo ferramental do processo de perfuração em si, foram modelados computacionalmente no “software” “Simufact.Forming 12.0”, avaliando-se as melhores formas e geometrias dos punções para o processo de puncionamento. Na simulação numérica foi utilizado o aço presente na biblioteca do referido “software” que corresponde ao aço AISI4140. Os resultados presentes na análise do processo computacional de perfuração por puncinamento mostraram que os punções de geometria estreita são os que apresentaram as menores forças para perfuração dos corpos de prova quando comparados às outras geometrias (denominadas de inclinada e pontuda). Para os estudos experimentais, o ferramental proposto foi confeccionado e montado para a devida comparação com os resultados obtidos a partir da simulação computacional. Os experimentos práticos bem como as simulações computacionais, foram montados para corpos de prova cilíndricos a 1100 ºC sendo perfurados por punções a uma velocidade de 3,7 mm/s. De acordo com os dados de força e deslocamento medidos pelo equipamento de aquisição de dados, pela célula de carga e pelo transdutor potenciométrico (LVDT), pôde-se realizar uma análise e estimativa das forças máximas que cada punção exerceu sobre as peças puncionadas. Os resultados das simulações computacionais demonstraram uma variação de 14% a 23% maiores das forças máximas de puncionamento, quando comparadas com as experimentais. Este resultado mostra que o “software” de simulação computacional pode prever, com boa aproximação, a força máxima de perfuração por puncionamento dos punções com diferentes formas e geometrias. O processo de perfuração por puncionamento pode ser considerado uma forma alternativa de perfuração para confecção de furos em corpos cilíndricos que, posteriormente, serão usados para manufatura de eixos vazados pelo processo de forjamento em matriz aberta. / This work was developed in order to analyze, compare and validate the methods of numerical and experimental simulation, the behavior of punching a punching process for AISI4140 steel. This study will be the basis for the manufacture of hollow shafts in wind turbine energy as a substitute for solid shafts usually obtained by casting. The puncturing by puncturing process is relatively simple compared to more elaborate drilling processes such as laser cutting, spark erosion, machining, etc. The development and optimization of the drilling process for use in these axes, emerges as an aid, the drilling process by punching assisted by computer simulation by Finite Element Method - FEM. In this study the samples, the punches and tooling throughout the drilling process itself, were computationally modeled on the "software" "Simufact.Forming 12.0", evaluating the best ways and geometries of the punches for the punching process. In numerical simulation was used this steel in the library of that "software" which is the AISI4140 steel. The results presented in the analysis of the computational process of drilling by puncinamento shown that close geometry punctures are those who had the lowest forces for drilling of the specimens when compared to other geometries (called inclined and pointed). For experimental studies, the proposed tooling was made and assembled for due comparison with the results obtained from computer simulation. Practical experiments and computer simulations were assembled cylindrical specimens at 1100 ° C being pierced by a punch of 3.7 mm / s. According to the data of force and displacement measured by the data acquisition equipment, the load cell and the potentiometric transducer (LVDT), it was possible to conduct an analysis and estimate of the maximum forces exerted on each punch punched parts. The results of computer simulations have demonstrated a variation of 14% to 23% higher maximum puncture forces of, when compared with the experimental. This result shows that the "software" of computer simulation can predict with good approximation, the maximum force of drilling by punching the punches of different shapes and geometries. The punching process for punching can be considered an alternative form of drill for making holes in cylindrical objects, which subsequently will be used to manufacture hollow shafts by forging process in an open array.