A presença de ovos de helmintos é um dos principais problemas do reúso de esgotos tratados na irrigação agrícola e no reúso urbano não potável. Isso porque pode haver contaminação dos trabalhadores que manipulam a água de reúso e da população consumidora. Os ovos de helmintos não são removidos com eficiência por meio de operações e processos unitários convencionais. Esses processos não possibilitam a remoção de ovos de helmintos a níveis estabelecidos pelas diretrizes da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para o reúso. Avaliar a filtração até a gravidade, como unidade complementar de tratamento, para a remoção de ovos de helmintos é o objetivo desta pesquisa. Como os efluentes de estações de tratamento de esgotos locais apresentam concentrações muito variáveis de ovos de helmintos, foi utilizada uma solução sintética de ovos padronizados Ascaris suum. A solução sintética preparada com o uso dos ovos padronizados foi usada na determinação dos parâmetros de operação do processo de filtração. Após esses ensaios, foram realizados testes em escala piloto com esgoto tratado, objetivando o estudo da influência da matéria orgânica, dos sólidos e de outros interferentes do processo. Os experimentos com solução sintética foram desenvolvidos nos laboratórios do Centro Internacional de Referência em Reúso de Água (CIRRA), da Escola Politécnica da USP. As experiências com esgoto tratado foram realizadas na ETE do ABC, da SABESP. Os resultados mostraram que as três colunas de filtração foram muito eficientes na remoção dos ovos de helmintos, produzindo um efluente com concentração final inferior a 1 ovo/l. Além disso, a filtração possibilitou a remoção de sólidos suspensos totais, turbidez, cor e material orgânico particulado, resultando em um efluente com grande potencial para ser reusado na irrigação agrícola, bem como no reúso urbano não potável. / Helminth eggs are one of the major problems regarding the reuse of treated sewage in agriculture and non-potable urban irrigation since both workers who handle the effluent and the consumer population might become contaminated. Helminth eggs are not efficiently removed by conventional unit operations and processes, which do not allow the removal of helminth eggs at levels established by the World Health Organization guidelines. The objective of this research is to assess the gravity filtration as an additional unit of treatment for the removal of helminth eggs. Since local effluent sewage treatment stations have highly variable concentrations of helminth eggs, a synthetic solution of standardized Ascaris suum was used. The synthetic solution prepared with standardized eggs was used to determine the operating parameters of the filtration process. Following the trials, pilot scale tests with treated sewage were conducted aimed at evaluating the influence of organic materials, solids, among other materials which might interfere in the process. Experiments with synthetic solution were performed in the laboratory of the International Center of Water Reuse - CIRRA, at the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo. Experiments with treated sewage were performed at ETE - ABC, SABESP. The results showed that the three filtration columns were very efficient in removing helminth eggs, which resulted in an effluent with a final concentration of < 1 egg/L. In addition, the filtration allowed the removal of total suspended solids, turbidity, color, and particulate organic material, resulting in an effluent with great potential to be reused in irrigation as well as in non-potable urban reuse.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A biomassa lÃquida residual de processos agrÃcolas e agroindustriais em geral representa um recurso renovÃvel em quantidade expressiva sem uma destinaÃÃo econÃmica e ambientalmente sustentÃvel Como exemplo a soluÃÃo quanto aos estoques de glicerina resultante da transesterificaÃÃo de Ãleos vegetais para obtenÃÃo do biodiesel tem sido postergada pela carÃncia de alternativas de engenharia apropriadas ao aproveitamento adequado dessa biomassa Por essa razÃo foi iniciado o desenvolvimento de um reator de gaseificaÃÃo destinado à biomassa lÃquida pela via da oxidaÃÃo parcial onde à empregada uma tecnologia de combustÃo nÃo convencional a CombustÃo de FiltraÃÃo como base de projeto para a concepÃÃo do reator em que a biomassa de referÃncia utilizada foi o glicerol (C3H8O3) Este trabalho eminentemente experimental foi realizado com a construÃÃo de um protÃtipo de reator de gaseificaÃÃo em escala de laboratÃrio em que seu queimador à preenchido completamente por esferas cerÃmicas de alumina (Al2O3) formando assim uma matriz porosa inerte que fica parcialmente imersa no glicerol na sua extremidade inferior e que envolve um trocador de calor instalado na parte superior do reator O processo à investigado no sentido de identificar algumas caracterÃsticas fundamentais de projeto tais como: limite de operaÃÃo do reator em termos de misturas arcombustÃvel; presenÃa de fenÃmenos de instabilidade; velocidade de propagaÃÃo da onda de combustÃo; e influÃncia dos principais parÃmetros de operaÃÃo, razÃo de equivalÃncia taxa de consumo de combustÃvel e vazÃes de ar e Ãgua na reaÃÃo Embora toda a experimentaÃÃo tenha se restringido a ensaiar o gaseificador para produÃÃo de gÃs de sÃntese pelo mÃtodo da oxidaÃÃo parcial a investigaÃÃo teÃrica foi mais abrangente englobando a reforma autotÃrmica Os experimentos respaldados por instrumentos de monitoramento e anÃlise cromatogrÃfica foram apoiados por um estudo teÃrico a partir de um modelo analÃtico simplificado com base na reaÃÃo global de oxidaÃÃo parcial associada à reaÃÃo de deslocamento ÃguaâgÃs Resultados experimentais demonstraram a viabilidade do processo constatando estabilidade operacional em ampla faixa de razÃo de equivalÃncia e eficiÃncia de conversÃo (>20%) do glicerol em gÃs de sÃntese mantendo extraÃÃo de energia da reaÃÃo / The residual liquid biomass from agricultural and agroindustrial processes in general way represents a renewable resource in significant amount without an economically and environmentally sustainable destination For instance the solution concerning glycerin stocks remaining from the vegetable oil transesterification for obtaining biodiesel has been postponed due to the lack of engineering alternatives appropriate to the proper utilization of this biomass Therefore the development of a liquid biomass gasification reactor based on partial oxidation has been initiated where a non conventional combustion technology has been employed Filtration Combustion as a design basis for the reactor conception in which the reference biomass used was glycerol This work eminently experimental was carried out to build a gasification reactor prototype in laboratory scale in which its burner is completely filled by ceramic spheres of alumina (Al2O3) thus forming a inert porous matrix which is partially immersed in glycerol at its bottom end and which involves a heat exchanger installed at the top of the reactor The process is investigated to identify some key design features such as: reactor operation limit in terms of fuel-air mixtures; occurrence of instability phenomena; combustion wave propagation velocity; and influence of the main operation parameters equivalence ratio fuel consumption rate and air and water flow rates into the reaction Although all experimentation has been restricted to test the gasifier for the production of synthesis gas by partial oxidation method theoretical investigation was broader comprising the autothermal reforming The experiments supported by monitoring instruments and chromatographic analysis were supported by a theoretical study based on a simplified analytical model considering the global reaction of partial oxidation associated with water-gas shift reaction Experimental results have demonstrated the feasibility of the process providing operational stability over a wide range of equivalence ratio and conversion efficiency (>20%) of glycerol to syngas while maintaining energy extraction from reaction

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Using Natural Gas or Biogas in natura, containing high hydrogen (H2S) sulfide concentrations, to apply in conventional combustion processes, can cause several damages to equipment. This is due to the fact that it is a very corrosive gas that can form a sulfur acid reaction with water from combustion. In addition, using these fuels without pretreatment can cause instability on reaction, even under flame risk deletion, which implies in efficiency and oxide carbon (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission levels. Therefore, this study refers to the experimental method of non-conventional combustion process application, the porous media combustion, also known as filtration combustion, to deal with these special fuels, impossible to use in known thermal systems. A burner all filled with alumina spheres (Al2O3) was the equipment used for these experiments. This inert porous media fills even the heat exchangers located on the ends of the burner. The equivalent ratio, flow velocity and gas composition influence in the process, are experimental analyzed. Preliminary results have suggested that when using an ultra-lean air-fuel mixture, the reaction can remain steady with a good H2S conversion and low CO and NOx emissions. / O uso do gÃs natural ou biogÃs in natura, contendo elevadas concentraÃÃes de sulfeto de hidrogÃnio (H2S), para aplicaÃÃo em processos de combustÃo convencionais, pode acarretar em diversos danos aos equipamentos, devido esse gÃs ser bastante corrosivo e, tambÃm, por formar Ãcido sulfÃrico ao reagir com a Ãgua resultante da combustÃo. AlÃm do que, a utilizaÃÃo dos citados combustÃveis sem um tratamento prÃvio pode ocasionar instabilidade da reaÃÃo, inclusive sob risco de apagamento da chama, o que implica na eficiÃncia e nos nÃveis de emissÃo de monÃxido de carbono (CO) e Ãxido de nitrogÃnio (NOx). Portanto, o presente trabalho refere-se ao estudo experimental da aplicaÃÃo de um processo de combustÃo nÃo-convencional, a combustÃo em meios porosos, tambÃm conhecida como combustÃo de filtraÃÃo (CF), para lidar com esses combustÃveis especiais, impossÃvel para os sistemas tÃrmicos conhecidos. O equipamento utilizado nos experimentos à um queimador, preenchido totalmente por esferas de alumina (Al2O3), em que esse meio poroso inerte envolve inclusive os trocadores de calor localizados nas extremidades do queimador. A influÃncia da razÃo de equivalÃncia, velocidade de escoamento e composiÃÃo do gÃs sob o processo à analisada experimentalmente. Os resultados sugerem que, mesmo utilizando uma mistura ar-combustÃvel ultra pobre, a reaÃÃo pode se manter estÃvel, apresentando boa conversÃo do H2S e baixas emissÃes de NOx.

Submitted by Maria Aparecida (cidazen@gmail.com) on 2017-09-05T13:28:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane Sousa.pdf: 1146877 bytes, checksum: 1ad12b0de7d3ec703fd7018518eaf404 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-05T13:28:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane Sousa.pdf: 1146877 bytes, checksum: 1ad12b0de7d3ec703fd7018518eaf404 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-13 / CAPES / Many of the adaptive filters are based on the Mean Squared Error (Mean Square Error - MSE). The development of these filters guarantees us to recover only second-order information of the signals to be filtered, ie not can fully recover information from Gaussian signals. However, the natural or artificial signals are not necessarily Gaussian. In this way, the use of high order statistics as a way of extracting more information of signals, has been shown to be of great value in adaptive systems [7] [8] [9]. In this work, we present the development of an adaptive algorithm based on nonlinear functions inspired by the deduction of the Recursive Lest algorithm Square (RLS) [1]. Such development is based on the use of high order to obtain more information on the signals involved in the process, with the goal of improving the performance of an adaptive filter. We will call this new nonlinear recursive algorithm - RNL. We deduce equations, based on a nonlinear function, to obtain convergence criteria. We also study covariance of the steady-state weight vector and we determine equations that calculate the mismatch and the learning time of the adaptive process of the RNL algorithm. We present the non - linear recursive algorithm, which uses the function "n = MP j = 1 nP i = 1nnnii [ei] 2jo, where M and n are positive integers. Were made simulations with this algorithm to validate the presented theory and study the convergence behavior of the RNL algorithm. The result showed that the RNL algorithm has a rapid convergence for the same mismatch when compared with the RLS algorithm. / Muitos dos flltros adaptativos s~ao baseados no método do Erro quadrático médio (Mean Square Error - MSE). O desenvolvimento desses flltros nos garante recuperar apenas informações de segunda ordem dos sinais a serem flltrados, ou seja, não consegue recuperar totalmente informações de sinais Gaussianos. No entanto, os sinais naturais ou artiflciais não são necessariamente gaussianos. Desta forma, a utilização de estatística de alta ordem, como uma forma de extrair mais informações dos sinais, tem se demonstrado de grande valia em sistemas adaptativos [7][8][9]. Neste trabalho, nós apresentamos o desenvolvimento de um algoritmo adaptativo baseado em funções não lineares inspirado na dedução do algoritmo Recursive Lest Square (RLS) [1]. Tal desenvolvimento baseia-se na utilização de estatísticas de alta ordem para a obtenção de mais informações dos sinais envolvidos no processo, com o objetivo de melhorar a performance de um flltro adaptativo. Chamaremos esse novo algoritmo de Recursivo não Linear - RNL. Deduzimos equações, baseadas em uma função não linear, para a obtenção de critérios que garantam a convergência. Também fazemos um estudo da covariância do vetor peso em regime estacionário e determinamos equações que calculem o desajuste e o tempo de aprendizagem do processo adaptativo do algoritmo RNL. Apresentamos o algoritmo n~ao linear recursivo, que utiliza como critério a função "n = MP j=1 nP i =1n‚n¡i [ei]2jo, sendo M e n inteiros positivos. Foram feitas simulações com este algoritmo para validar a teoria apresentada e estudamos o comportamento da convergência do algoritmo RNL. O resultado mostrou que o algoritmo RNL possui uma rápida convergência para o mesmo desajuste quando comparado com o algoritmo RLS.

Thesis (Master of Engineering in Chemical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Globally, water is considered an essential resource as it sustains human, animal and plant life. Water is not only essential for all forms of life but imperative for economic growth. The world’s population is increasing at a disquieting rate, which will result in an increased demand for fresh water and food security. The agricultural industry is the main consumer of global freshwater and utilises fertilisers in order to meet food demands. The demand for water in South Africa (SA) has increased considerably due to the rapid expansion of the agricultural industry, and of the municipal and industrial sectors. Agricultural developments in SA are affected greatly as the country is facing a current drought crisis as a result of low rainfall and large water demands. With an abundance of saline water globally, desalinisation will be a major contributor to solving the global freshwater crisis. With limited fresh water resources accompanied by the agricultural industry as a major consumer, alternative measures are required to desalinate water specifically for agricultural use. Forward osmosis (FO) is a membrane technology that gained interest over the past decade because it has several advantages over pressure-driven membrane processes such as reverse osmosis (RO). FO technology is based on the natural osmotic process which is driven by a concentration gradient between two solutions separated by a semi-permeable membrane. Naturally, water will permeate through the membrane from a solution of low solute concentration or low osmotic pressure (OP) known as a feed solution (FS) to a solution of a higher concentration or higher OP also known as a draw solution (DS). Whilst various research studies have contributed to several advances in FO, several process limitations such as reverse solute flux (RSF), concentration polarisation (CP) and membrane fouling remain problematic, hindering FO for large-scale applications. Further investigation is therefore warranted and crucial in order to understand how to mitigate these limitations to develop/improve future processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate a fertiliser-drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) system by investigating the effects of membrane orientation, system flow rate, DS concentration, and membrane fouling on an FDFO systems performance and energy consumption. The FS used was synthetic brackish water with a sodium chloride (NaCl) content of 5 g/L whereas a potassium chloride (KCl) synthetic fertiliser was used as a DS. The membrane utilised was a cellulose triacetate (CTA) membrane and was tested in forward osmosis mode (FO mode) and pressure retarded osmosis mode (PRO mode) whilst the system flow rate was adjusted between 100, 200 and 400 mL/min. Additionally, the DS concentration was altered from 0.5, 1 and 2 M KCl, respectively. Experiments were performed using a bench scale FO setup which comprised of an i) FO membrane cell, ii) a double head variable peristaltic pump for transporting FS and DS’s respectively, iii) a digital scale to measure the mass of the DS, iv) a magnetic stirrer to agitate the FS, v) two reservoirs for the FS and DS, respectively, vi) a digital multiparameter meter to determine FS electrical conductivity (EC) and vii) a digital electrical multimeter to measure system energy consumption. Each experiment comprised of seven steps i) pre-FDFO membrane control, ii) membrane cleaning, iii) FDFO experiment, iv) post-FDFO membrane control, v) membrane cleaning, vi) membrane damage dye identification and vii) membrane cleaning. Pre- and post-FDFO membrane control experiments operated for 5 h whilst each membrane cleaning procedure operated for 30 min. The FDFO experiment operated for 24 h whilst the membrane damage dye identification operated until a minimum of 10 mL water was recovered. The process parameter which largely contributed to a beneficial system performance and specific energy consumption (SEC) was the increase in DS concentration. Water fluxes increased approximately threefold from a DS concentration increase from 0.5 to 1 M, followed by an additional 30 to 50 % rise in water flux at a DS concentration increase 1 to 2 M. SEC decreased by 58 and 53 % for FO and PRO modes, respectively, with a DS concentration increase from 0.5 to 1 M. An additional 35 and 37 % SEC reduction for FO and PRO modes was obtained for a DS concentration increase from 1 to 2 M. Altering the membrane from FO to PRO did not contribute to a beneficial system performance nor did it improve SEC. However, at a DS concentration of 0,5 M, the PRO mode obtained a 5.3 % greater water recovery compared to the FO mode. Conversely, at a DS concentration of 1 and 2 M, the FO mode achieved 5.4 and 7.0 % greater water recoveries compared to the PRO mode. The increase in flow rate also did not increase system performance significantly, however, a fluctuation in system SEC was observed. Throughout the study, no membrane fouling was observed, however, possible minute traces of membrane fouling could be observed from the membrane surface electron microscope (SEM) images. Additionally, minor changes in post- FDFO membrane control water recovery results were noticed which support the possible occurrence of membrane fouling during the FDFO experiment.

Neste trabalho avaliou-se a eficácia de dois sistemas sequenciais de tratamento de esgoto sanitário envolvendo processo biológico anaeróbio (em escala piloto) com processos físico-químicos de flotação (escala de laboratório), microfiltração tangencial (escala industrial) e osmose reversa (escala industrial). Foram realizadas cinco baterias de ensaios (primeira etapa de estudos) utilizando um sistema seqüencial composto por: reator anaeróbio biológico, flotação por ar dissolvido, filtração em areia, filtração em cartucho de 5 &#956m, filtração em papel de filtro de 1,2 &#956m/filtração em cerâmica microporosa e filtração em membrana de nanofiltração. Numa segunda etapa de estudos foi realizada uma bateria de ensaios utilizando um sistema seqüencial composto por: reator anaeróbio biológico, flotação por ar dissolvido, microfiltração tangencial e osmose reversa. Todos os efluentes gerados pelos dois sistemas de tratamento foram avaliados, e a possibilidade de reuso (agrícola e industrial) dos mesmos foi investigada, os efluentes da filtração em areia, filtração em cartucho, filtração de papel de filtro/filtração em cerâmica e nanofiltração (primeira etapa de estudos) apresentaram características compatíveis com a água necessária para a maioria dos processos industriais. Por outro lado, os efluentes da microfiltração tangencial e da osmose reversa (segunda etapa de estudos) se mostraram como uma boa alternativa para reuso agrícola e também para reuso industrial(principalmente o efluente da osmose reversa). / This work evaluates the efficiency of two sequence systems of treatment of sewage involving anaerobic biologycal and physical-chemical processes. Five sets of experiments were done in the first stage of the study, using a sequence system formed with: anaerobic biologycal reactor, dissolved - air flotation, sand filtration, cartridge filtration (5 &#956m), filter paper filtration (1,2 &#956m)/ceramic filtration and nanofiltration. Another set of experiments was carried out using a different sequence system formed with: anaerobic biologycal reactor, dissolvid-air flotation, crossflow microfiltration and reverse osmosis. Every effluent resulted from the two treatment systems was evaluated and the reuse possibility (agricultural and industrial) was invetigated. The sand filtration, cartridge filtration, filter paper filtration/ceramic filtration and nanofiltration effluents (of the first step of studies) showed compatible characteristics with irrigation water but they were not compatible with water used in the majority industrial processes. On the other hand the crossflow microfiltration and reverse osmosis effluents (of the second step of studies) can be said as a good alternative to agricultural reuse and industrial reuse as well (mainly the reverse osmosis effluent).

Within this supporting paper, the artist discusses Generative Response, her Master of Fine Arts exhibition. This paper is a narrative of the artist's development, philosophies, and methodologies. Further, it illustrates how her work and development have been affected by studies in humanity, social activism, human responsibility, and environmental consciousness. Generative Response communicated the artist's ideology of process as metaphor for living life, involving the viewer in an "unfinished dialogue" wherein works of art undergo processes translating their role as part of a generative cycle. Generative Response was composed of seven sculptural components called "stations" depicting the processes of growth, habitation, consumption, erosion, and filtration. Each station operated as a micro-ecology that embodied these processes by using water literally and/or metaphorically as an agent of change. Materials included water from a local creek, found objects, glass, ceramics, copper, live organisms, and unique clay water filters.

TDA mapper is an algorithm used to visualize and analyze big data. TDA mapper is applied to a dataset, X, equipped with a filter function f from X to R. The output of the algorithm is an abstract graph (or simplicial complex). The abstract graph captures topological and geometric information of the underlying space of X. One of the interests in TDA mapper is to study whether or not a mapper graph is stable. That is, if a dataset X is perturbed by a small value, and denote the perturbed dataset by X∂, we would like to compare the TDA mapper graph of X to the TDA mapper graph of X∂. Given a topological space X, if the cover of the image of f satisfies certain conditions, Tamal Dey, Facundo Memoli, and Yusu Wang proved that the TDA mapper is stable. That is, the mapper graph of X differs from the mapper graph of X∂ by a small value measured via homology. The goal of this thesis is three-fold. The first is to introduce a modified TDA mapper algorithm. The fundamental difference between TDA mapper and the modified version is the modified version avoids the use of filter function. In comparing the mapper graph outputs, the proposed modified mapper is shown to capture more geometric and topological features. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the modified mapper. Tamal Dey, Facundo Memoli, and Yusu Wang showed that a filtration of covers induce a filtration of simplicial complexes, which in turn induces a filtration of homology groups. While Tamal Dey, Facundo Memoli, and Yusu Wang focused on TDA mapper's application to topological space, the second goal of this thesis is to show DBSCAN clustering gives a filtration of covers when TDA mapper is applied to a point cloud. Hence, DBSCAN gives a filtration of mapper graphs (simplicial complexes) and homology groups. More importantly, DBSCAN gives a filtration of covers, mapper graphs, and homology groups in three parameter directions: bin size, epsilon, and Minpts. Hence, there is a multi-dimensional filtration of covers, mapper graphs, and homology groups. We also note that single-linkage clustering is a special case of DBSCAN clustering, so the results proved to be true when DBSCAN is used are also true when single-linkage is used. However, complete-linkage does not give a filtration of covers in the direction of bin, hence no filtration of simpicial complexes and homology groups exist when complete-linkage is applied to cluster a dataset. In general, the results hold for any clustering algorithm that gives a filtration of covers. The third (and last) goal of this thesis is to prove that two multi-dimensional persistence modules (one: with respect to the original dataset, X; two: with respect to the ∂-perturbation of X) are 2∂-interleaved. In other words, the mapper graphs of X and X∂ differ by a small value as measured by homology.

Polluted stormwater, if not treated, can compromise water quality throughout our hydrologic cycle, adversely affecting aquatic ecosystems. Common stormwater pollutants, copper and zinc, have been identified as primary toxicants in multiple freshwater and marine environments. For small-scale generators, stormwater management can be cumbersome and implementation of common BMPs impractical thus catch basins are popular though not the most environmentally conscious and sustainable option. This study aims to characterize the potential of a mobile media filter operation for the treatment and on-site recycling of catch basin stormwater. The removal capacities of various commercially available filter media (e.g. a common perlite; Earthlite™, a medium largely composed of biochars; and Filter33™, a proprietary porous medium) were measured using binary injection solutions modeled after local catch basin stormwater characteristics. The results of filtration experiments, rapid small-scale column tests (RSSCTs), indicate that the transport of metals in Perlite is primarily impacted by nonspecific sorption whereas in Earthlite™ and Filter33™ both nonspecific and specific sorption are present. For all media and experimentation, there was a consistent preferential uptake of copper such that copper displayed delayed arrival and/or greater removal than zinc. Moreover, the observed snow plow effects and concentration plateaus in Earthlite™ and Filter33™ RSSCTs suggest rate limited ion exchange and specific sorption in addition to ion competition. Earthlite™ exhibited an approach velocity dependent removal efficiency in the RSSCTs and pseudo second order uptake behavior for zinc in kinetic batch experiments. At the lab scale equivalent of the proposed field scale flow rate, Filter33™ displayed the greatest average zinc removal of 8.6 mg/g. In all, this research indicates that test parameters (i.e. pH, competitive ions solutions, empty bed contact time, flow rate) based on the natural environment and field scale operation can greatly impact removal efficiency in filter media.

The effects of Electromagnetism on potable water and waste water has been proven in practice but not scientifically proven to the extent that it is accepted by Engineers and Engineering Consultants. The operating principle of magnetic filtration or separation is based on the interaction of electromagnetic fields with the materials under test. Technical water system (TWS) system configuration has been analysed to determine the system characteristics. Three field trials and some laboratory experiments have been reported in this report. Finite element software has been used for the analysis of magnetic field distribution of the TWS system and also for magnetic separation modelling. There is a need to do some more experiments for more convincing and conclusive outcome.