Vienas pagrindinių sėkmingos ūkio plėtros veiksnių yra investicijos. Ūkio augimas ilguoju laikotarpiu įmanomas tik kuriant, stiprinant ir išlaikant mūsų ekonomikos tarptautinį konkurencingumą, Lietuva, būdama mažos ir atviros ekonomikos šalimi, yra priklausoma nuo sėkmingų ekonominių santykių su kitomis bendrosios Europos Sąjungos rinkomis ir trečiosiomis šalimis. Šio magistrinio darbo tikslas – nustatyti ir įvertinti investavimo proceso trukdžius ir numačius priemones, leidžiančias pašalinti kliūtis, kurios trukdo pritraukti tiesiogines vidaus ir užsienio investicijas, skatinti Lietuvos verslo plėtrą ir šalies ekonomikos augimą. Magistriniame darbe atliktas veiksmų, skirtų tiesioginių užsienio investicijų pritraukimui, analizė – tyrimas leido nustatyti, kad Lietuva neišnaudoja savo ekonominio potencialo ir pagal ekonominius rodiklius atsilieka nuo savo kaimynių (ypač nuo Estijos). Galima konstatuoti, kad šiuo metu Lietuvoje yra sudarytos palankios sąlygos investuoti į įvairias pramonės ir verslo sritis. Vis dėlto, stokojama motyvacinių, patrauklumą didinančių veiksnių, užtikrinančių, kad būtų imtasi konkrečių veiksmų. Todėl itin svarbu išryškinti veiksnius, kurie, investuotojų nuomone, apsunkina investicijas ir kelia didesnes ar mažesnes problemas. Aptariant veiksnius, lemiančius Lietuvos patrauklumą investicijoms, atkreiptinas dėmesys, jog teigiama ir neigiama TUI įtakos neatsiejamos, ypač joms veikiant šalies ūkyje, pereinančiame nuo planinio prie rinkos ūkio, nes čia... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Investment is one of the major factors determining successful development of an economy. In the long term, economic growth is achievable only fostering, strengthening and maintaining economic competitiveness on the international scale. Lithuania with its small and open economy is dependent on the successful economic ties with the European Union single market and the third countries. This Master thesis aims at identifying and assessing the impediments to investment process and providing for the measures allowing to remove the obstacles encountered when attracting direct domestic and foreign investment, and to encourage the development of the Lithuanian business and growth of the national economy. The Master thesis includes the analysis research of actions aimed at attracting direct foreign investment, allowing to conclude that Lithuania does not exploit its economic potential and is lagging behind its neighbours (in particular Estonia) according to economic indicators. It is possible to state that at the moment Lithuania has favourable conditions for investment into various areas of industry and business. However, there is a lack of motivation and appeal ensuring concrete actions to be taken. Therefore, it is essential to single out the factors, which frustrate investment and pose more or less serious problems in the opinion of investors. When examining the factors determining Lithuania’s attractiveness for investment, note should be taken of the interrelation between... [to full text]

The North American Free Trade Agreement continues to be a controversial topic, and with the impending implementation of the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement, NAFTA has been a heavily discussed issue during the 2016 presidential campaign. Past research has critically assessed the extent to which NAFTA delivered on promises made by its lobbyists to improve economic welfare and stimulate growth in the North American markets, via trade and investment. These studies explain that NAFTA has helped to boost intra-regional trade and investment flows in North America, but has fallen short on any substantial improvements in welfare and deeper regional economic integration. However, researchers have found evidence for convergence among North American equity markets, and argue that this is generated by NAFTA. Using time series data from 1990 to 2007, this study builds on these conclusions to examine how NAFTA impacted equity markets in the North American region. I look at returns to each major stock index for Mexico, the U.S. and Canada, and find evidence that returns on these indexes improve in the post-NAFTA period for Mexico and the U.S., but not for Canada. Additionally, there is evidence to suggest that exports and FDI are the primary drivers for this improvement in stock returns.

This thesis contributes to academic debate about the question: how much substantive protection should investment treaties (IITs) provide to foreign investment? Chapters 5 and 6 argue that arbitral tribunals have interpreted fair and equitable treatment and indirect expropriation provisions of existing IITs in several different ways. Each of these interpretations is sketched as a model level of protection that could be explicitly adopted by states in the future, either through inclusion in new IITs, or through amendment to existing IITs. In this way, the thesis defines a range of prospective options available to states concerning the level of protection to provide to foreign investment through IITs. The thesis evaluates the relative desirability of these different levels of protection. The thesis argues that different levels of protection should be evaluated according to their likely consequences. The thesis develops a framework for inferring and understanding the likely consequences of adopting different levels of protection. The framework proposes that the consequences of a given level of protection can be understood in terms of its likely effect on: economic efficiency; the distribution of economic costs and benefits; flows of foreign direct investment into host states; the realisation of human rights and environmental conservation in host states; and respect for the rule of law in host states. Within this framework, the thesis provides an assessment and synthesis of existing empirical evidence and explanatory theory so far as they relate to the consequences of IIT protections. It also specifies the normative criteria by which these consequences should be evaluated. Through the application of this framework, the thesis concludes that lower levels of protection of foreign investment are, in general, likely to be more desirable than higher levels of protection.

Este trabalho tem como objeto a análise do investimento estrangeiro em terras no Brasil à luz do Direito Internacional. É abordado inicialmente o histórico do investimento estrangeiro desde a época da chegada dos portugueses no território Brasileiro. Nessa oportunidade, são descritos os instrumentos legais utilizados para inicialmente atrair e, posteriormente, restringir o investimento estrangeiro em terras no Brasil ao longo da história, analisando-se inclusive o momento econômico e histórico pelo qual o País passava. Passa-se então à apreciação do atual estado da legislação nacional sobre a matéria, abordando-se inclusive as interpretações divergentes que resultaram na liberalização e posterior restrição ao investimento estrangeiro. Uma vez esclarecido o panorama e regime jurídico do investimento em terras no Brasil, o trabalho passa a abordar a forma como instrumentos internacionais trataram do assunto, fazendo uma análise de Acordos Bi- e Multilaterais que regulam a matéria e dos impactos para os seus signatários. É identificada a posição do Brasil perante a regulação internacional da matéria, o qual possui apenas um acordo internacional em vigor com Portugal, garantindo aos portugueses as mesmas condições para aquisição de terras no Brasil que aos brasileiros. Ainda quanto ao direito internacional, descreve-se o fenômeno da apropriação de terras (conhecido internacionalmente como land grab, land grabbing ou farmland grab), a discussão em torno do assunto, as áreas atingidas e as pesquisas desenvolvidas pelos organismos internacionais. A partir dessa análise expõe-se das pesquisas realizadas no Brasil e internacionalmente sobre a relação entre o desenvolvimento econômico, social e ambiental e a apropriação de terras por estrangeiros, bem como a posição do Brasil perante a isso. Conclui-se, por fim, que a regulação do investimento estrangeiro em terras no Brasil merece passar por uma reforma que traga mais segurança jurídica suprindo e retirando os espaços existentes para interpretações divergentes. / This thesis serves the purposes of analyzing the foreign investment in land in Brazil in light of International Law. Initially, it describes the history of international investment in Brazil since the arrival of the Portuguese in Brazilian territory. This analysis touches upon the legal framework designed to originally attract and, afterwards, restrict foreign investment in Brazilian land throughout history, taking into account the economic and social moment that the Country was going through. Then, it analyzes the current interpretation of the national laws over the subject, including the contradictory set of understandings of the law, which resulted in the liberalization and subsequent restriction to foreign investment. Once the history and the legal framework of foreign investment in land acquisitions in Brazil are established, this thesis touches upon how international agreements handled the matter with a review of bi and multilateral agreements as well as the impacts for its signatories. In light of these agreements, we study Brazils actions within the international regulation of the issue, as it has only one international agreement in effect with Portugal, in which it confers Portuguese citizen equal treatment as Brazilians when purchasing land in Brazil. Still within international laws, this thesis discusses the phenomenon of land appropriation (known internationally as land grab, land grabbing or farmland grab), the question that it raises, the affected regions and researches developed by international organizations. From this analysis, researches made in Brazil and internationally that touch upon economic, social and environmental development in face of land appropriation by foreigners are presented, while also discussing Brazils understanding of it. In conclusion, Brazils regulation of foreign investment should be reformulated in order to bring more security by filling and removing gaps of divergent interpretations.

La présente recherche porte sur l'étude de l'aménagement de la fiscalité égyptienne en faveur de l'investissement direct étranger et l'adaptation du régime fiscal au contexte de compétitivité mondiale. La compétitivité, notion d'origine privée, semble aujourd'hui être l'objectif à court terme permettant à l'État d'atteindre le degré de croissance économique nécessaire afin de réaliser son objectif à long terme de développement. L'État doit être en mesure d'orienter le capital privé vers les domaines stratégiques dans le cadre d'un plan de développement, notamment dans les pays en développement. En effet, en raison de la faiblesse de l'épargne nationale dans les PED, le capital étranger, notamment celui dirigé vers des projets d'investissement direct, représente un intérêt fondamental. En Egypte, depuis 1952 et jusqu'à 1970, la politique économique nassérienne avait une tendance socialiste et la fiscalité ne constituait pas un outil important d'interventionnisme étatique. En 1971, l'Égypte adopte une idéologie économique libérale et rend ainsi au capital privé étranger et à l'outil fiscal leur importance au sein de la politique économique égyptienne. En effet, l'adhésion de l'Égypte à l'économie de marché, et à un nombre important d'accords internationaux et régionaux, limite le nombre d'outils d'intervention étatique auquel l'État peut avoir recours sans constituer un obstacle à la libre circulation des capitaux, des marchandises et des services. L'idéologie libérale permet à l'interventionnisme fiscal d'avoir un statut important au sein des outils d'interventionnisme étatique. L'orientation de l'IDE vers les domaines stratégiques dépend de la manifestation de la souveraineté fiscale de l'État à travers les législations fiscales. Cette recherche retrace le développement de la fiscalité égyptienne et de la politique d'incitation fiscale des IDE, tout en expliquant l'intérêt et les limites du recours à l'instrument fiscal. La décision d'implantation d'investisseur étranger dans un pays d'accueil ne dépend pas uniquement de l'élément fiscal mais surtout du contexte économique favorable dans ce pays. Ce contexte est influencé par le régime fiscal dans son ensemble mais aussi par le climat social et politique. La politique fiscale égyptienne doit établir un équilibre entre l'objectif de profit du capital privé et l'objectif de développement de l'Égypte. Pour les pays en développement, en plus de l'apport financier, l'IDE trouve son importance dans le transfert de technologie et la création d'emplois, qui permettent d'améliorer le contexte économique et d'attirer davantage l'IDE. Un PED doit planifier sa politique envers les IDE en fixant les objectifs stratégiques qui correspondent aux facteurs d'amélioration du contexte économique. Cette amélioration crée un cercle vertueux en augmentant l'attractivité du pays envers l'IDE. Pour conforter ce raisonnement, le FMI a récemment effectué un revirement idéologique en émettant une réserve au sujet de sa règle fondamentale de la libre circulation des capitaux. Il a déclaré qu'un contrôle des flux de capitaux est nécessaire et que la liberté non conditionnée des flux de capitaux peut présenter des risques notamment pour les pays dont le contexte économique est déjà en difficulté. / This research focuses on the elaboration of Egyptian fiscal policy in favor of Foreign Direct Investment and adaptation of the tax system with global competitiveness. As a notion of private origin, competitiveness seems to be the short-term goal for the country to achieve the level of economic growth needed to achieve its long-term development. A country should be able to direct private capital to strategic sectors under a development plan, especially in developing countries. Due to weaknesses of the domestic resources in developing countries, foreign capital, especially that directed towards direct investment projects, is fundamental. Since 1952 and until 1970, economic policy in Egypt had a socialist Nasserite bias and taxation was not considered as an important tool for state intervention. In 1971, Egypt adopted a liberal economic ideology, thus recognizing the significance of foreign private capital and taxes in the Egyptian economic policy. Egypt hence followed the market economy, and joined a large number of international and regional agreements, which have limited the tools of state intervention without being obstacle to the free movement of capital, goods and services. Such liberal ideology allows the fiscal tools to have an important status in the state's intervention. The orientation of FDI to strategic sectors depends on the fiscal sovereignty of the state through tax laws. This research traces the development of Egyptian taxation and tax incentive policy of FDI, while explaining the benefits and limitations of using fiscal instruments. The decision to relocate foreign investors in a hosting country depends not only on the tax component but also the favorable economic environment in the country. This context is influenced by the tax system as a whole but also the social and political climate. Egyptian tax policy must strike a balance between rendering profit of private capital and the development plans. For developing countries, in addition to financial support, FDI is important in transferring technology and creating employment, which can improve the economic environment and attract more FDI. A developing country should plan its policy towards FDI by establishing strategic objectives that correspond with improving its economic environment. This is an improvement in increasing the country's attractiveness to FDI. Aforementioned position is also illustrated in IMF recent decision to alter its ideology regarding its fundamental rule of free migration of capital. Stating that control of capital flows is necessary and that unconditioned freedom of capital flows may present a risk especially for countries whose economies are already in trouble.

Les IDE sont au cœur de la mondialisation et des rapports Economiques Nord-Sud. La question de leur protection et de leur régulation juridique se pose avec acuité. Devant la rareté des autres sources de financement du développement et d’accès à la technologie, l'IDE constitue une source importante pour combler l'insuffisances des ressources internes. raison pour laquelle, les pays d'Afrique de l'ouest se livrent à une concurrence farouche pour les accueillir. Dans la sous région ouest africaine le droit et la réglementation sont utilisés comme des instruments importants pour mesurer l'attractivité et la sécurité juridiques des pays. Le sujet s'interroge, analyse la dimension sécuritaire(traitement et garantie) a t'elle permise une plus grande promotion et d'accueil des IDE?. Notre sujet tentera d'analyser et situer l'effectivité du régime juridique des investissements étrangers au plan interne( codes des investissements, codes miniers et codes pétroliers). Mais aussi au plan externe( Traité bilatéraux d'investissement TBI,conventions sectoriels de protection arbitrage et garantie). Le dernier axe de ce travail de recherche, est le phénomène de la Communautarisation de la protection avec les tentatives d'harmonisation et d'uniformisation des réglementations nationales en Afrique de l'Ouest. Le dernier aspect, c'est l'institutionnalisation à travers les Organisations Economique Internationales (Banque Mondiale et Banque Africaine de développement BAD) du système juridique de protection en Afrique de l'Ouest. / "The protection of foreign direct investment in developing countries: the example of West Africa"FDI is at the heart of globalization and north-south economic relations. The question of their protection and legal regulation is acute. Faced with the scarcity of other sources of development finance (development aid) and the difficulties of access to technology, FDI is an important resource for filling the insufficiency of internal resources. This is why African countries in general, and those in West Africa in particular, are competing vigorously to receive foreign capital by providing them with an attractive, secure and non-discriminatory legal and institutional framework. Indeed, in the West African subregion, the law is used by States, but also by subregional integration organizations such as ECOWAS as an important instrument for demonstrating economic attractiveness. Thus, the analysis and measurement of the legal and institutional framework for FDI in West Africa will be discussed. In other words, has the security dimension of the investment (reception, processing, guarantee and settlement of disputes etc.) allowed for greater promotion and reception of investments from these countries?The interest of the subject is multiple. Indeed, at the legal and academic level, it allows to know, analyze and situate the entire legal regime of foreign investment at the internal level (investment code, mining code, oil code). At the external level, there is a multitude of conventions - such as bilateral BIT investment treaties -, accession to the relevant international investment conventions, and of course the increasingly visible and visible role of Community law in through the "communitisation of the law of foreign direct investment". The study of this subject shows the deep gap that exists between theory and practice in the FDI legislation of the countries of this part of Africa. If, upstream, the texts are more or less similar to those of the advanced countries, downstream, the execution of the texts by the public administrations makes mediocre the environment and the practice of the businesses. This theme on the legal protection of investments raises other questions and issues such as: the intervention of more and more actors and the instruments negotiated within them (World Bank, ADB, WTO, OECD, ECOWAS and UEMOA). etc.). There are also new issues related to environmental issues, corporate social responsibility and heritage issues. Finally, the problems posed by new types of investment, particularly PPP public-private partnerships, will be studied. The current nature of the research is striking, as there are several issues related to investment protection in countries such as West Africa. It is about the transfer of technology in a new context, the industrialization by the natural resources, the contribution on the development of the host country and the creation of jobs especially in an international context where Africa became again attractive.

Background: In this dissertation I examine the political economy of the post-socialist mortality crisis as experienced in deindustrialising towns in Hungary. I develop and apply a relational political economy of health framework, putting emphasis on the economic institutions of post-socialist dependent capitalism in Hungary, as embedded in the semi-periphery of the global economy, their gendered implications and their cultural construction. Methods: I follow a mixed-method strategy combining quantitative and qualitative analyses. I rely on a novel dataset comprising data on settlement, enterprise, and individual levels. 260 companies and 52 towns were analysed in two waves. I group towns into severely and moderately deindustrialised categories (1989-1995); as well as into dominant state, domestic private and foreign ownership dominated categories (1995-2004). Population surveys in these towns collected data on the vital status and other characteristics of survey respondents' relatives. I assess the relationship between deindustrialisation, dominant ownership and the mortality of individuals by random intercept multilevel discrete-time survival modelling. I also investigate the health implications of the lived experience of economic transformation in four towns with diverging privatisation and deindustrialisation histories through a qualitative thematic analysis of 82 in-depth semi-structured interviews. Findings: Severe deindustrialisation is associated with a significantly larger odds of mortality for men between 1989 and 1995 (OR=1.12; 95%CI=1.00-1.26; p=0.042). On the other hand, prolonged state ownership is related to a significantly lower odds of dying among women, compared to towns dominated by domestic private ownership (OR=0.74; 95%CI=0.62-0.90; p=0.002) or towns dominated by foreign investment (OR=0.79; 95%CI=0.65-0.96; p=0.019) between 1995 and 2004. The multi-sited semi-structured qualitative interviews revealed that companies are central institutions in the cognitive maps of workers and that the fates of these companies affected the health of workers in multiple ways, whereas state involvement was perceived as a cushioning mechanism. Interpretation: Severe deindustrialisation was a crucial factor behind the post-socialist mortality crisis for men, whilst prolonged state ownership was associated with the protection of life chances for women. The indirect economic benefits of foreign investment do not translate automatically into better health. Rapid economic transformations threaten health; they should be avoided where possible, but if this is not possible, strong safety nets should be in place.

Le travail porte sur une nouvelle vision de l’analyse de l’internationalisation de la R&D dans les pays émergents. Nous redéfinissons les liens entre R&D et innovation ou R&D et technologie en mettant de l’avant le postulat que la technologie issue de l’activité de R&D est un facteur de production. Par la suite, la théorie de l’internationalisation est passée aux cribles, afin de trouver des réponses sur l’absence de prédiction de l’internationalisation de la R&D. Notre modèle du comportement de la multinationale est par la suite développé pour montrer comment les avantages O et I seuls suffisent à motiver la décision de la multinationale à internationaliser la R&D dans tout pays. La particularité de l’internationalisation dans les pays émergents est aussi ressortie avec l’absence de complémentarité qui apparaît lors de l’analyse empirique entre l’internationalisation de la R&D et celle des activités productives dans le cas de ces pays. Enfin, nous appliquons le modèle de croissance logistique dans le but de décrire la trajectoire technologique de la Chine et projeter son impact probable sur les unités de R&D des FMNs qui sont de nature exploratoire. / This research report deals with the subjects of the extension of foreign investments into emerging countries. the particularity nowaday is the internationalisation of strategic activity such as R&D. Many inquiries can be rise since, multinational technology activities are not anymore limited to simple adaptation activity. Emerging countries like China are emplementing their own technology trajectories, so as to attract more and more foreign R&D. This has to do with a change in the behavior of the foreign multinational because the conventional model not only cannot predict the internationalisation of R&D into emerging countries, but even when it does so, it assumes that the suitable technology activies into emerging countries are those limited to adapt home technology. I explain foreign multinational behavior by extending HEWITT (1981) model of internationalisation of R&D. I found that most of the R&D going to emerging countries is for development and adaptation. But the question still remains to know why some multinationals are extending their innovative activities into emerging countries and create regional innovation hubs (choosing one country to play the role of main regional innovation hub). I assume that multinational are both technology exploiting and technology explorer, their motivation are more than sharing their technology with emerging countries, but they aim at exploring technology opportunities in other for them to differentiate and innovate and stay a breath of what the competition is doing. In this part the research all the statistics and indicators show that China is playing the leading role with a technology trajectory above those of the three others countries. This seems to explain why China instead of India is the most attractive destination of foreign investment in production and in R&D.

Doctor of Philosophy / This thesis is concerned with the role of the United States investment insurance agency, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), in enforcing property and contract rights on behalf of United States (U.S.) infrastructure investors, pursuant to the deregulation of infrastructure markets across the developing world. Drawing on evidence from two recent high profile breach of regulatory contract disputes between OPIC insured U.S. energy companies and Indonesia and India respectively, the thesis finds that while legalized modes of dispute settlement have proliferated, the ‘rules of the game’— their efficacy in delimiting outcomes—emerge as a function of state power and interests, as states undertake to enforce or resist legal obligations. Second, and contrary to the image of U.S. foreign economic policy-makers as beholden to corporate interests, the thesis finds that the agency’s transformation from ‘aid to trade’ as underpinned the expansion of U.S. infrastructure investors to the developing world during the 1990s was driven by state officials consistent with evolving conceptions of U.S. national interests, central to which was the desire to expand markets for U.S. foreign investors and capital goods exporters. In this regard, the transformation of developing country infrastructure markets and the shift in the modes of resolving investor-state expropriation disputes as but one element of economic globalization and the ‘legalization’ of dispute settlement respectively are revealed as a function of U.S. material interests and power at the point of enforcement. The thesis contends, however, that the changes observed reflect not only U.S. power and interests but a specifically American conception of private property and contract rights so as to reveal OPIC investment insurance as a conduit for the diffusion of shifting property norms concerning regulatory taking (expropriation) from the United States to the world economy at large.

<p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 1990</p>