Orientador: Robinson Antonio Pitelli / Banca: Ricardo Victória Filho / Banca: Silvano Bianco / Resumo: A adoção da tecnologia Roundup-Ready® de controle de plantas daninhas na cultura da soja foi bastante rápida e extensa expondo-a a uma grande diversidade de situações de composição especifica de comunidades infestantes, características edáficas e climáticas e de práticas agrícolas. Em alguns anos, passaram a serem identificadas plantas daninhas com maiores dificuldades de controle pelo glyphosate e que passaram a ser selecionadas e suas importâncias aumentadas nos agroecossistemas. Com o objetivo de estudar o controle de plantas daninhas em soja geneticamente modificada para tolerância ao glyphosate dois ensaios foram conduzidos um a campo e outro em condições de casa de vegetação. O ensaio de campo foi conduzido no Pontal do Paranapanema e foram avaliados os controles de plantas daninhas e seletividade à cultura da soja do glyphosate aplicado isolado e em combinação com diclosulam, cloransulam-methyl, flumioxazin e s-metolachlor. Foram dois grupos de tratamentos: um com aplicação única e outro com aplicação seqüencial de glyphosate. No campo, o experimento obedeceu ao delineamento em blocos ao acaso. Os resultados mostraram que aplicações seqüenciais proporcionaram melhor controle de Commelina benghalensis, mas não incrementaram o de Ipomoea triloba. Os melhores níveis de produtividade foram obtidos nas parcelas tratadas com a combinação de flumioxazin ou s-metolachlor com glyphosate, com ou sem aplicação seqüencial. Um segundo grupo de ensaios foi conduzido em vasos com o objetivo de avaliar a atividade biológica de diferentes doses e formulações do glyphosate em Macroptilium lathyroides, Euphorbia heterophylla e Senna obtusifolia em estádio de desenvolvimento em que regularmente há dificuldade de controle nas condições de campo. Todos os ensaios obedeceram ao delineamento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The adoption of the Roundup-Ready® technology for weed control in soybeans was very quick and extensive. With the geographic expansion, the Roundup-Ready® soybeans met a big diversity of situations of weed composition, spil and climate features, and agronomic practices. After some years, certain weeds were identified as more tolerant to glyphosate and were selected in Roundup-Ready® soybean growing areas. So, two assays were carried out aiming to evaluate the weed control in Roundup-Ready® soybean. The first experiment was conducted under field conditions and the use of glyphosate alone or mixed with diclosulam, cloransulammethyl, flumioxazin, and s-metolachlor were evaluated under two situations: single spraying or followed of a complementary spraying of glyphosate, 14 days after the first one. The complementary application of glyphosate increased the Commelina benghalensis control, but did not change Ipomoea triloba control. The better productivity levels were achieved using the treatments with flumioxazin or s-metolachlor + glyphosate, with or without the complementary applicatrin. The second group of assays was carried under pot conditions out aiming to evaluate the biological activity of different doses and formulations of glyphosate in the control of Macroptilium lathyroides, Euphorbia heterophylla and Senna obtusifolia at growth stage in which some control difficulties were reported, under field conditions. A greenhouse essay was carried out under for each weed in the completely randomized experimental design with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a 3 x 4 factorial design considering three commercial formulations (Roundup Original®, Roundup-Ready® e Roundup Ultra®) and four doses (2,32; 1,68; 1,15 e 0,57 kg.ha-1) of glyphosate. Additionally, a control plot without chemical control was considered. The results showed that the three weeds had differential... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Fosfoetanolamina sintética (Pho-s) é um monoéster análogo à fosfoetanolamina da membrana celular fosforilada artificialmente, com propriedades antiinflamatórias e apoptóticas para vários tipos de células tumorais humanas e murinas. Neste projeto foram avaliados os efeitos antitumorais in vitro da Pho-s e da formulação lipossomal DODAC/Pho-s na linhagem tumoral de leucemia mielóide crônica humana (K-562), em comparação ao modelo resistente a múltiplas drogas K-562 Lucena (MDR+). Os efeitos de citotoxicidade da Pho-s na linhagem tumoral K-562 e K-562 Lucena (MDR+) foram avaliados pela viabilidade celular utilizando o teste da Sulforodamina B, e os valores da IC50% obtidos foram de 43.1 mM e 145.9 mM, respectivamente após 24 horas de tratamento. O tratamento com o carreador DODAC vazio nas células K-562 e K-562 Lucena (MDR+) a IC50% foi de 0,0003mM e 0,008mM respectivamente, e com o tratamento com a formulação lipossomal DODAC/Pho-s a IC50% obtida respectivamente de, 0,56 mM e 0,31 mM. A viabilidade celular foi determinada a exclusão pelo azul de tripan 0,2%, em sistema automatizado Vi-Cell e foram significativas as diminuições da viabilidade celular em comparação ao grupo controle não tratado nas diversas concentrações e em diferentes períodos de tempo de tratamento. As alterações nas distribuições nas populações celulares nas fases do ciclo celular determinadas por citometria de fluxo mostraram aumento do DNA fragmentado (Sub/G1) em 12 e 24 horas de tratamento. Atividade apoptótica das células tumorais pela expressão da Anexina V/PI, no estágio de apoptose inicial, apoptose tardia e necrose foram quantificadas em citometria de fluxo, o tratamento com Pho-s, quando comparado ao grupo controle K-562 (40 e 80 mM) e K-562 Lucena (MDR+) (146 e 292 mM) ocorreu aumento significativo do número de células apoptóticas e em menor percentual o número de células necróticas. O tratamento com a Pho-s em célula leucêmica K-562 e K-562 Lucena (MDR+) tratadas, respectivamente com 40 e 80 mM e 146 e 292 mM mostraram que independente da expressão do fenótipo de resistência há uma redução significativa no potencial elétrico mitocondrial, analisado pelo o ensaio da rodamina-123. Os marcadores de controle e progressão do ciclo celular e da apoptose, mostraram efeitos moduladores da Pho-s dependentes da p53 na expressão da moléculas pró-apoptóticas. Esse conjunto de informações demonstrou os efeitos apoptóticos da Pho-s e da formulação lipossomal nas células tumorais independentemente do perfil molecular de resistência (MDR+), o que possibilita dizer que esse composto possui significativo potencial terapêutico nesse grupo de leucemias / Synthetic phosphoethanolamine (Pho-s) is a monoester analogous to the phosphoethanolamine which composes the membrane of an artificially phosphorylated cell, with anti-inflammatory and apoptotic properties for various types of human and murine tumor cells. In this project, we evaluated in vitro antitumor effects of Pho-s and the DODAC/Pho-s liposomal formulation in the human chronic myeloid leukemia (K-562) tumor line in comparison with the K-562 Lucena (MDR+). The effects of cytotoxicity of Pho-s on K-562 and K-562 Lucena (MDR +) tumor cells lines were evaluated by cell viability using the Sulforhodamine B test, and the IC50% values obtained were 43.1 mM and 145.9 mM after 24 hours of treatment, respectively. Treatment with the empty DODAC carrier on the K-562 and K-562 Lucena (MDR+) at IC50% cells was 0.0003 mM and 0.008 mM, and the treatment with the DODAC/Pho-s liposomal formulation obtained results of 0.56 mM and 0.31 mM, respectively. Cell viability was determined by 0.2% trypan blue exclusion in automated Vi-Cell system and the decreases in cell viability were significant in comparison to the untreated control group at various concentrations and different treatment time periods. Alterations in the distributions of cell populations in the cell cycle phases determined by flow cytometry showed increment of fragmented DNA (Sub/G1) in 12 and 24 hours of treatment. Apoptotic activity of tumor cells by the expression of Annexin V/PI, in the early apoptosis, late apoptosis phase and necrosis stage were quantified in flow cytometry, the treatment with Pho-s, when compared to the control group K-562 (40 and 80 mM) and K-562 Lucena (MDR +) (146 and 292 mM) demonstrated that there was a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells and, in a lower percentage, the number of necrotic cells. Treatments with Pho-s in leukemic cell K-56 with 40 and 80 mM and in K-562 Lucena (MDR+) with 146 and 292 mM showed that independent of the expression of the resistance phenotype there is a significant reduction in the electrical potential of the mitochondrial membrane, analyzed with the rhodamine-123 assay. Control and progression markers of cell cycle and apoptosis showed p53-dependent modulating effects on the expression of pro-apoptotic molecules. This set of information demonstrated the apoptotic effects of Pho-s and liposomal formulation on tumor cells independently of the molecular resistance profile (MDR+), which makes it possible to say that this compound has significant therapeutic potential in this group of leukemias

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-08-23T12:33:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucianne Ramalho do Canto_.pdf: 4128139 bytes, checksum: 331ce28f478404cd8cc2656513be7e7f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-23T12:33:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucianne Ramalho do Canto_.pdf: 4128139 bytes, checksum: 331ce28f478404cd8cc2656513be7e7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-28 / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo a respeito da intensidade de participação do Conselho de Administração na formulação estratégica das grandes empresas brasileiras. O mesmo se justifica, principalmente, por ainda haver muita pluralidade e ausência de conclusão em relação a qual o nível ideal de participação do conselho com a estratégia da organização. Além disso, as atuais crises financeiras e empresariais colocam os conselhos como atores da discussão sobre a responsabilidade com a governança da empresa. Para analisar a intensidade de participação dos conselhos na formulação estratégica, se buscou entender o contexto em que as empresas estão inseridas; as características do órgão que favorecem ou dificultam o envolvimento ativo na formulação da estratégia; e as atividades desempenhadas pelos mesmos na formulação estratégica. Esses objetivos foram cumpridos através da vertente qualitativa de pesquisa, que se utilizou de três diferentes formas de coleta de dados: (1) pesquisa documental, principalmente em atas e documentos do conselho; (2) entrevistas em profundidade com presidentes de conselho, conselheiros e expert do IBGC; e (3) observações em reuniões do conselho de administração das organizações participantes. Como campo de pesquisa foram utilizadas as grandes empresas brasileiras, pertencentes aos níveis 2 e novo mercado. Com o estudo, foi possível observar que as empresas cumprem diferentes intensidades de participação na condução da formulação estratégica. Foram analisados alguns aspectos que podem impactar nessa posição como: composição acionária, estrutura de poder, composição do conselho e práticas realizadas pelo mesmo. Por fim, foi definido o perfil de cada empresa estudada em relação ao seu tipo de “strategising”, relacionando com as evidências encontradas ao estudar a estrutura e características de cada conselho. Foi possível constatar, que os conselhos, em geral, apresentam um alto nível de envolvimento com a estratégia das organizações – mas cada uma com as suas lacunas no que diz respeito à condução do processo de formulação estratégica. / The current essay presents a study about the board of director’s intensity of participation in the strategy formulation of the large Brazilian companies. This study can be justified mainly by the fact that still remains many points of views and a lack of conclusion regarding the ideal involvement level of the board concerning the company’s strategy. In addition, the current financial and corporate crisis leverages the boards as protagonists of the discussion about the responsibility with the company governance. To analyze the participation intensity of the board on the strategy formulation, it was sought to understand the context in which the companies operates, the board of director’s characteristics which reflects positively or create difficulties to its active involvement and how the board engages to the strategy formulation in practical terms. Those objectives were reached through a qualitative research, which has used three different data collection ways: (1) documentary research, mostly in the board of directors minute books and its documents; (2) in-depth interviews with chairmen of the board, advisers and IBGC expert; and (3) observations of board of director meetings. As the research field were considered some of the biggest Brazilian companies, belonging to the levels 2 or “new market”, according to the BM&FBOVESPA definition. Along the study, it was possible to observe that the companies comply with different intensity levels on participating or conducting the strategic formulation. Were analyzed some aspects that could impact on this position, such as shareholding structure, power structure, the composition of the board and their practices. Finally, it was defined the profile of every studied company according to its “strategizing” style, relating to the founded evidences while studying their board of directors structure and characteristics. It was found that the board of directors, generally, shows a high level of involvement with the companies strategies – however each one with their gaps regarding the strategic formulation leading process.

Problemas envolvendo interação entre fluido e estrutura são desafiadores para a engenharia e, ao mesmo tempo em que abrangem dois meios com características físicas distintas, demandam uma descrição matemática para cada um deles que seja compatível, de forma a permitir o acoplamento. Assim, este trabalho apresenta uma formulação em descrição Lagrangeana para análises dinâmicas de sólidos, fluidos incompressíveis e interação fluido-estrutura (IFE). Nos problemas de IFE é comum a estrutura apresentar grandes deslocamentos, o que torna imprescindível considerar o efeito da não-linearidade geométrica. Levando isso em consideração, é empregada uma formulação do método dos elementos finitos (MEF) baseada em posições, cuja aplicação em análises dinâmicas de estruturas em regime de grandes deslocamentos vem se mostrando bastante robusta. Já no âmbito da dinâmica dos fluidos, sabe-se que uma descrição Lagrangeana acaba por eliminar os termos convectivos das equações de Navier-Stokes, dispensando o uso de métodos estabilizantes nessas equações. Por outro lado, a dificuldade é então transferida para o uso de técnicas eficientes de remesh, preservação da qualidade da malha e de identificação do contorno, uma vez que os fluidos podem deformar-se indefinidamente quando submetidos a forças de cisalhamento. Assim, uma combinação do método dos elementos finitos e do método de partículas é utilizada, onde as forças de interação entre as partículas de fluido são calculadas por meio de uma malha de elementos finitos que é renovada para cada passo de tempo. Por meio de técnicas que reconstroem automaticamente o contorno, é possível simular problemas de superfície livre que sofram severas alterações e, até mesmo, uma eventual separação de partículas do domínio inicial, representando, por exemplo, a formação de gotas. Por fim, o sistema de acoplamento entre o fluido e o sólido é simplificado devido a ambos os domínios serem descritos através de um referencial Lagrangeano, não necessitando de métodos para a adaptação da malha do fluido de modo a acompanhar o movimento da estrutura. / Problems involving fluid-structure interaction are challenging for engineering and, while involving two different materials with distinct physical properties, they require a compatible mathematical description for both solid and fluid domain in order to allow the coupling. Thus, this work introduces a formulation, under Lagrangian description, for the solution of solid, incompressible fluid dynamics and fluid-structure interaction (FSI). In FSI problems, the structure usually presents large displacements thus making mandatory a geometric non-linear analysis. Considering it, we adopt a position based formulation of the finite element method (FEM) which has been shown to be very robust when applied to large displacement solid dynamics. For the fluid mechanics problem it is well known that a Lagrangian description eliminates the convective terms from the Navier-Stokes equations and thus, no stabilization technique is required. However, the difficulty is then transferred to the need of efficient re-meshing, mesh quality and external boundary identification techniques, since the fluid presents no resistance to shear stresses and may deform indefinitely. In this sense, we employ a combination of finite element and particle methods in which the particle interaction forces are computed by mean of a finite element mesh which is re-constructed at every time step. Free surface flows are simulated by a boundary recognition technique enabling large domain distortions or even the particles separation from the main domain, representing for instance a water drop. Finally, the fluid-structure coupling is simplified due to the Lagrangian description adopted for both materials, with no need for extra adaptive mesh-moving technique for the fluid computational domain to follow the structure motion.

Neste trabalho apresentamos um estudo assintótico e numérico de escoamentos viscoelásticos com singularidades de tensão. Estas singularidades surgem como consequência de uma mudança abrupta nas condições de contorno, como no caso do stick-slip, ou devido a presença de quinas na geometria do problema, como no escoamento da contração. Para o problema stick-slip definimos o comportamento assintótico do fluido Oldroyd-B sobre um campo de velocidade Newtoniano. Esta análise foi feita com o método assintótico das expansões, que pode ser estendida para outros tipos de fluidos. O estudo assintótico do stick-slip com o modelo Oldroyd-B revelou que as equações deste modelo não estão bem definidas para este problema, pois este fluido estende o valor singular ao longo de toda a superfície livre, gerando resultados sem sentido físico. Além disso, os resultados assintóticos dos problemas stick-slip e da contração 4:1 foram verificados numericamente através da integração das equações constitutivas ao longo de linhas de corrente. Vale destacar que, além da tradicional formulação Cartesiana do tensor (CSF), também utilizamos a formulação natural do tensor (NSF), que tem a vantagem de capturar de modo mais acurado os resultados próximos às singularidades. Além do mais, desenvolvemos um método numérico para resolver as equações de Navier-Stokes combinadas com as equações constitutivas das formulações CSF e NSF para os modelos PTT e Giesekus nos dois problemas estudados. Vale ressaltar que, não há na literatura resultados numéricos, para o caso transiente, com a formulação NSF para os modelos PTT e Giesekus. Por fim, verificamos numericamente o comportamento assintótico das tensões próximo as singularidades, bem como a configuração das camadas limites para os problemas mencionados. / In this work we present an asymptotic and numerical study of viscoelastic flows with stress singularities. These singularities arise as a consequence of an abrupt change in the boundary conditions, as in the case of the stick-slip flow, or due to the presence of corners in the geometry of the problem, as in the contraction flow. For the stick-slip problem, we define the asymptotic behavior of the Oldroyd-B fluid over a Newtonian velocity field. This analysis was done with the method of matched asymptotic expansions, which can be extended to other types of fluids. The asymptotic study of the stick-slip flow for the Oldroyd-B model revealed that the equations of this model are not well defined for this problem, because this fluid extends the singularity throughout the free surface, generating results with no physical meaning. Besides that, the asymptotic results of the stick-slip and 4:1 contraction problems were verified numerically by integrating the constitutive equations along streamlines. It is worth mentioning that we performed asymptotic and numerical studies with the natural stress formulation (NSF) in addition to the Cartesian stress formulation (CSF). The NSF can capture the numerical results in a more accurate manner near singularities. Furthermore, we developed a numerical method to solve the Navier-Stokes equations combined with the constitutive equations of the CSF and NSF formulations for the PTT and Giesekus in the two problems studied. It is worth noting that there is no numerical results, for the transient case, with the NSF formulation for the PTT and Giesekus. Finally, we verified numerically the asymptotic behavior of stresses close to the singularities, as well as the configuration of the boundary layers for the problems mentioned above.

「政策的失敗，比貪污更為嚴重」。面對眾多政府政策訂定所引起之爭議，會令人懷疑政府政策規劃過程是否鬆散。鑑於完善之政策規劃乃施政成功之首要條件，本研究希冀藉用政策規劃之分析架構，探究「公務員基準法」草案之規劃過程，盼能發現其形成之肇因與規劃經過，並分析該法規劃過程之爭論問題，進而提供個人研究心得，做為未來政府規劃類似方案之借鏡。 　　本文第一章「緒論」，說明研究動機與目的、研究範圍，並訂定研究過程架構，說明本文研究各章內容、及研究方法與限制。 　　第二章「國內外公務員法制概況與文獻探討」，除介紹美、英、德、法、日等國家公務員法制之發展、現況與基本內涵及我國公務員法制之發展、現況與檢討外，並引證相關文獻做為本研究論證之支持。 　　第三章「我國公務員基準法草案問題形成分析」，敘述研擬我國基準法草案問題發生、認定與議程建立、及備選方案之探討，俾瞭解政府規劃公務員基準法草案整個過程之背景全貌。 　　第四章「我國公務員基準法草案規劃過程分析」，主要探討的面向包括我國公務員基準法草案規劃之經過、規劃過程中遭遇較爭議之問題、及規劃之主要內涵，俾瞭解政府規劃公務員基準法草案時，所考量的因素和所面臨的難題。 　　第五章「結論」，綜合上述各章之分析結果，提出研究發現與建議，期供我國未來類似公共政策規劃之參考。 　　藉由整過研究過程，筆者歸納主要研究發現與建議如次： 　　一、研究發現 　　（一）公共政策決策屬精英理論模式。 　　（二）似認每個問題僅有一個理想解決方案。 　　（三）規劃欠缺彈性原則及權變觀念。 　　（四）先訂框架扼殺創新方案提議。 　　（五）政策欠缺整體性與前瞻性規畫。 　　（六）政策宣導與溝通工作並未落實。 　　（七）政策方案可行性分析尚未周延。 　　（七）學者專家與政府意見連結不足。 　　二、研究建議 　　（一）先進國家政策制定過程模式之借鏡。 　　（二）強化行政部門政策規劃與分析能力。 　　（三）善用策略加強宣導與溝通協調工作。 　　（四）妥善運用學者專家知識與建議意見。 　　（五）儘速建立完善之人事管理資訊系統。

從原始社會以物易物的交換開始，人為了生活需求就已離不開「消費」，也逐漸產生消費者保護的議題。但由於近代人類大量消費和相關的生產活動，大量的截取自然資源，造成自然環境破壞，反而危害人類的生存環境，促使消費者保護關切到環境保護的課題。 由於環境迅速惡化的問題愈來愈獲國際社會重視，為了追求人類社會的永續發展，1992年聯合國環境和發展會議通過《廿一世紀議程(Agenda 21)》，並於其第四章「改變消費模式」中提出「永續消費(sustainable consumption)」理念及相關行動方針；1999年國際消費者保護聯盟(CI)並促請聯合國將1985年訂定的「聯合國消費者保護指導綱領」增加第G章「推動永續消費(Section G. Promotion of sustainable consumption)」，從此「永續消費」成為國際推動消費者保護工作的一個新主題。 台灣由於社會經濟環境的演進，因消費行為而影響環境或反過來影響消費者健康事件也愈趨頻仍，但目前尚無這方面具體的消費者保護政策。為了維護居住環境品質，確保台灣的永續發展，以及身為國際社會的一員，共同分擔國人消費行為對全球環境影響的責任，我國有必要制訂推動「永續消費」的消費者保護政策。行政院消費者保護委員會雖自2009年已依筆者的初步研究，正式開始推動「永續消費」，但缺乏具體的政策架構及推動內容，影響推動進展，有需要加以建立，而這也是本論文主要的研究動機與目的。 本論文先透過對國內外「永續消費」及消費者保護發展資料的蒐集、彙整、探討及分析比較，建立「消費者保護—推動永續消費」的操作性定義、政策原則及目標等政策架構，再依據政策規劃理論研訂出政策綱領(初稿)。為確保此一綱領的具體可行，運用問卷調查及焦點團體法廣泛蒐集消費者及各界學者專家的意見並加以彙整分析、評估及研處後，據以修訂完成綱領“草案”，將提供政府機關參採。 在以上的政策規劃及評估過程中，本論文有很多重要的研究發現，包括：對永續消費意涵的重新界定並建立我國的政策架構；就國際推動永續消費的困難，提出因應對策；「永續消費」應視為消費者應盡的「義務」或延伸責任；台灣應重視中高齡者環保商品和服務的開發、產業的轉型，以及加強因應食品、娛樂教育及文化服務、水資源、交通運輸及通訊、醫療及保健等產業的永續消費課題；透過問卷調查分析，獲知多數的受訪者雖認同「永續消費」的理念，但亦認為自己個人的能力有限．．．等。 針對以上研究發現，本論文提出的建議主要有：在政策理念發展方面，包括：將「永續消費」理念納入並研修消費者保護法令、基本政策及永續發展行動計畫等重要政策文件；關注國際永續消費及消費者保護的推動進展，積極參與並分擔消費對全球環境影響責任；以「永續消費」作為未來我國消費者保護新時代的推動方針；加強弱勢消費族群的經濟扶助及消費教育；獎助公務人員進行與業務有關的進修及研究並提供行政協助等。在未來政策綱領推動執行方面，包括：加強綱領觀念的推廣與宣導；強化推動組織的職能；參考焦點座談與談者所提涉及未來執行方面的建議，研議執行細節。 另就「永續消費」未來可繼續研究的方向，本論文建議包括：發展「永續消費」的其他政策面向；研究發展本土性的政策工具；及針對特定議題或推動困難進行專案研究。 / From the beginning of people exchange goods in primitive society, people need to consume for living, so there were some issues related consumer protection raised. Because of people had consumed too much and the related production activities in modern society, massive amounts of natural resources were consumed and that result to hurt the environment which human live, compelling the area of consumer protection be expended to environment protection. Due to the problem of environment getting worse be paid attention gradually at global society, for pursuing the sustainable development of human society, the idea of “sustainable consumption” and it’s related action guidelines were addressed in the 4th chapter “Changing consumption patterns” in "Agenda 21" which had passed in United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992. Then after, Consumers International(CI) promoted successfully that “United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection” which had passed in 1985 be added the Section G. Promotion of sustainable consumption in 1999, so “sustainable consumption” has become a new subject in consumer protection area from now on. As a result of the evolution of Taiwan’s society and economy, the events that consumer behavior affect the environment and the affected environment affect the consumer health in turn are becoming more often, but there is still not having the related concrete consumer protection policy in Taiwan now. In order to maintain the environmental quality to live and guarantee Taiwan’s sustainable development, being one of members of global society, Taiwan should share the duty of global environment affected by our people’s consumer behavior, so it is necessary to set up the consumer protection policy related sustainable consumption in Taiwan. Although the CPC (Consumer Protection Commission, Executive Yuan) has begun to promote consumer protection affairs related sustainable consumption according to my preliminary study since 2009, its progress is limited because of lacking a concrete policy framework and content, so it is necessary to establish the policy guidelines that is also the main research motivation and purpose of this dissertation. I established a policy framework which include the operational definition, policy principles and goals of the policy guidelines for “Consumer Protection - Promotion of sustainable consumption” through collecting, arranging, exploring, analyzing and comparing domestic and foreign information related sustainable consumption and consumer protection development at first, then draw up the first draft of this guidelines by applying the theory of policy formulation according to the policy framework. In order to guarantee the policy guidelines are indeed practicable, I collected extensively the opinions to this guidelines from consumer, scholars and experts by using questionnaire survey and focus group method afterwards. Finally, I integrated, analyzed, evaluated and studied these opinions to revise the first draft as a protocol which will be provided the government as a reference. There are some important discoveries in the policy formulation and evaluation process in this dissertation, including: redefined the meaning of sustainable consumption and established Taiwan’s policy; to create resolutions to the difficulties of promoting sustainable consumption ; regarding sustainable consumption as consumer’s responsibility or the extensive duty; Taiwan should pay more attention to develop environment friendly product and service for medium-elder people, industry reforming, as well as the issues of sustainable consumption in food, entertainment, education and cultural service, water resources, transportation and communication, medical service and health care, etc; by way of the analysis of questionnaire survey, we realized that most of interviewees not only identify with the idea of sustainable consumption, but also considered that individual ability to improve environmental quality is limited, etc. According to the above discoveries, the main suggestions of this dissertation are: firstly, at the aspect of development of policy idea, including: to revise consumer protection law, consumer protection basic policy, national action plan of sustainable development and other policy documents; to pay attention to the international development of sustainable consumption and consumer protection, and take part in and share positively the duty of impacts of global environment which is caused by consumption; to regard sustainable consumption as a guidelines in the new consumer protection era of Taiwan; to provide the disadvantaged consumer with economy assistance and consumer education; to encourage the servant pursue further education and have a study related their practice, as well as provide the administrative assistance. At the aspect of the execution of the policy guidelines later, including: to propagate and promote the idea of the policy guidelines actively; to intensify the function of promoting and executive organization; to explore the detail of execution, according to experts’ suggestions in the focus group meeting. In addition, at the aspect of the continued study for sustainable consumption in the future, the suggestions of this dissertation are including: to develop other policy aspect than consumer protection; to study and develop policy tools which are fit to Taiwan; and to conduct special research to specific issues or difficulties of promoting.

Cette recherche porte sur les activités d'emprunt à des sources bibliographiques par des élèves roumains en fin de cursus bilingue de français comme langue étrangère, qui doivent produire en autonomie un dossier de trois à cinq pages sur un thème de « civilisation » française. Les dossiers pour lesquels une partie des sources ou les sources complètes ont été retrouvées constituent le corpus actif de la recherche. L'étude se focalise sur l'analyse des procédés d'emprunt dans les sources donnant lieu à des reformulations pour un emploi dans le dossier correspondant à un genre de texte particulier. L'obligation du respect des contraintes propres à ce genre de texte contribue à mettre en place les conditions de la production écrite. Ces activités de reformulation donnent lieu à une typologie dans laquelle quatre variantes sont distinguées : le discours de reprise (1), le discours de reformulation embryonnaire (2), le discours de reformulation (3), le discours de (re)formulation personnelle ancré dans une bibliographie (4). Ces variantes ne correspondent pas nécessairement à des paliers de progression dans l'appropriation des sources par les élèves, puisque souvent plusieurs variantes peuvent cohabiter dans le même dossier.<br />Cette étude essaye de mettre en évidence le travail de rédaction locale et étendue accomplie par les apprenants dans ces exercices « spontanés » de reformulation. Ce travail passe trop souvent inaperçu ou est complètement rejeté de l'évaluation.

Ce travail a pour objet l'étude d'une méthode de décomposition de domaines: la méthode des éléments avec joints. L'un des atouts de la méthode des él\éments avec joints, et une de ses premières motivations, est qu'elle offre la possibilité de traiter des géométries complexes et de raccorder des maillages non conformes. La méthode des éléments avec joints est une méthode sans recouvrement, parallélisable. De manière générale, une fois le domaine divisé en sous-domaines, on utilise sur chacun de ces sous-domaines une discrétisation en é\éments finis avec des maillages qui ne coincident pas aux interfaces. La méthode des éléments avec joints utilise une formulation hybride des équations du problème de départ qui repose sur l'introduction de multiplicateurs de Lagrange $\lambda$ pour traiter la contrainte de continuité aux interfaces entre les sous-domaines. Le problème hybride est résolu par la méthode du gradient conjugué. Afin de faciliter la convergence de ce solveur, différents préconditionneurs ont été étudiés. Le premier est une extension au cas non conforme du préconditionneur condensé, le deuxième est basé sur la construction de bases hiérarchiques de l'espace des multiplicateurs de Lagrange, le troisième est un préconditionneur par blocs. Finalement, une étude approfondie de l'extension de la méthode des éléments avec joints aux modèles de plaques D.K.T. a été réalis\ée du point de vue de l'analyse numérique (étude de la convergence) et de l'implémentation.

Du fait des nouvelles réglementations sur les émissions de polluants à l'échappement, de nouveaux procédés de combustion LTC (Low Temperature Combustion) tels que le HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) ont vu le jour. En effet, en mode HCCI, peu de particules et peu d'oxydes d'azote sont émis, mais il est nécessaire de contrôler précisément l'initiation et le déroulement de la combustion : soit par des solutions technologiques novatrices, soit par une formulation de carburant appropriée, soit par des forts taux d'EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) dont la composition et la réactivité peuvent varier, soit par la combinaison des différents éléments précédents. Ce sont la formulation du carburant, la réactivité de l'EGR ainsi que la variation de sa composition qui ont fait l'objet de cette thèse.<br />Afin de pouvoir connaître la composition de ces gaz recyclés ainsi que l'influence des paramètres du moteur sur cette composition, une étude sur banc moteur HCCI a été réalisée. Pour pouvoir ensuite étudier l'influence de l'ajout de certaines espèces composantes des gaz brûlés sur la combustion HCCI, deux dispositifs expérimentaux ont été utilisés : un moteur HCCI et un réacteur auto-agité.<br />Cette thèse a ainsi pu mettre en évidence la composition des gaz brûlés en mode HCCI jusqu'alors méconnue, l'influence des paramètres du moteur ainsi que celle de la formulation du carburant sur cette composition, l'évolution de la composition au sein même du circuit de recirculation mais surtout l'importance de l'impact chimique de ces gaz recyclés sur l'initiation et le déroulement de la combustion HCCI.