Una exégesis semiótico-pragmática del texto descriptivo que excluya cualquier enfoque historicista, como modalidad representativa discursiva, dentro de un amplio abanico de posibilidades textuales, implica, sin duda, una revisión de los estudios retóricos, donde el fenómeno descriptivo se incluía bajo múltiples nóminas, condicionadas, en la mayoría de los casos, por el eclecticismo de los criterios de identificación, ya sintáctico-semánticos, ya pragmáticos. Sin embargo, la especificidad formal de últimos estudios metodológicos, como los elaborados por la Escuela de París, concibe, a diferencia de las preceptivas retóricas, la unidad textual como un despliegue sintagmático, donde las unidades lingüístico-sistemáticas se proyectan en el discurso a través de un proceso de comprehensión sémica, motivado por el uso que, de esas unidades, el sujeto realiza en un contexto sociocultural intercomunicativo determinado: el proceso descriptivo se advierte, entonces, como un uso específico contextual que se adecua a una determinada programación, no necesariamente narrativa.Es interesante señalar que nuestro estudio aproximativo al acto sémico, prototípico de la enunciación descriptiva, presupone la inclusión de un enfoque matemático y semiótico que especifica, con un alto grado de autosuficiencia formativa, la funcionalidad deíctico-informativa o persuasiva del dominio textual descriptivo dentro de la génesis poético-literaria u ordinaria de cualquier manifestación intersubjetiva. La concepción fractual y la Teoría de Juegos se incluyen en esta propuesta de estudio del dominio textual de la descripción, siendo extensible a otros patrones textuales. / This study concerns the syntagmatic descriptive operations in a lot of discursive prototypes. From a rhetoric and semiotic point of view, a descriptive discurse is a semantic development which the reader composes in his mind. For this reason, our comprensive ability is based on a expansive construction of our own intuition of the reality. It´s important to say that to that end all discursive prototypes use semantic expansions in order to convince the social masses: these discursive expansions are basic fractal models which we can recognise in other scientific domains, for example, Fisics, Biology or Econometry. Considering this, we stablish a limited number of discursive analysis models in order to describe the modal and functional autonomy the descriptive texture; isotopy, spatial and temporal segmentation, formal categorisation and pragmatic value of discursive actors. A textual progression implies an semantic expansion which reduce the semantic extension. In this way, my ambition with this thesis is to use semiotic and pragmatic studies in providing concrete approaches to the ecomometric study of the language. Descriptive expansions demonstrate our discursive expressions can be studied not only from a semiotic or rhetoric point of view, but also from a mathematical perspective. This mathematical perspective extendes the possibility for empirical researchers to focus on physical and bilogical analogies from a linguistic study of the descriptive expansions.

La perception visuelle du mouvement est essentielle à l’exécution de déplacements sécuritaires ainsi qu’à l’interaction efficace avec notre environnement. C’est pourquoi il est nécessaire de comprendre la nature des mécanismes responsables de l’analyse de l’information sur le mouvement, ainsi que l’effet du vieillissement sur la réponse de ces mécanismes. Deux études seront présentées. La première avait pour but l’analyse des mécanismes responsables de la perception du mouvement de rotation fractale, nouveau stimulus introduit par Benton, O’Brien & Curran (2007). Ce type de stimulus a été créé afin d’isoler les mécanismes sensibles à la forme. Plusieurs auteurs ont suggéré que les mécanismes sensibles au mouvement de deuxième ordre utiliseraient les indices de position afin d’extraire l’information sur le mouvement (Seiffert & Cavanagh, 1998). Ainsi, la présente étude visait à déterminer si la rotation fractale est analysée par de tels mécanismes. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que les mécanismes sensibles à la rotation fractale seraient basés sur l’orientation; tandis que ceux sensibles à la rotation de premier ordre, basés sur l’énergie. De plus, une certaine dissociation des mécanismes responsables du traitement de la rotation fractale et de premier ordre serait présente. La deuxième étude avait pour but, quant à elle, d’établir l’effet du vieillissement sur l’intégration du mouvement de premier et deuxième ordre. Les résultats indiquent que les mécanismes sensibles au mouvement de deuxième ordre seraient davantage affectés, comparativement à ceux de premier ordre. Ainsi, les fonctions visuelles requérant une intégration corticale de plus haut niveau seraient davantage affectées par l’effet du vieillissement. / Motion perception ensures the execution of safe navigation, as well as efficient interaction with the environment. As such, it is essential to understand the nature of mechanisms ensuring motion perception, as well as effects of aging on their response. Two studies will be presented. The first aimed at identifying the nature of mechanisms responsible for the perception of fractal rotation, a novel stimulus introduced by Benton et al. (2007). This stimulus has been created to isolate form sensitive mechanisms. Several authors have suggested that second-order motion sensitive mechanisms use position cues to extract motion (Seiffert & Cavanagh, 1998). Hence, the following study aimed at determining whether fractal rotation is analyzed by such mechanisms or not. Results suggest fractal rotation sensitive mechanisms use orientation changes, whereas first-order sensitive mechanisms use energy. Moreover, dissociation between first-order and fractal rotation mechanisms has been observed. The second study aimed at establishing the effect of aging on first- and second-order motion integration. Results indicate second-order sensitive mechanisms would be more affected by aging, than first-order mechanisms. Accordingly, visual functions requiring higher order cortical integration are more likely to be more affected by aging.

The exploitation of unconventional reservoirs goes hand in hand with the practice of hydraulic fracturing and, with an ever increasing demand in energy, this practice is set to experience significant growth in the coming years. Sophisticated analytic models are needed to accurately describe fluid flow in a hydraulic fracture and the problem has been approached from different directions in the past 3 decades - starting with the use of line-source functions for the infinite conductivity case, followed by the application of Laplace Transforms and the Boundary-Element Method for the finite-conductivity case. This topic remains an active area of research and, for the more complicated physical scenarios such as multiple transverse fractures in ultra-tight reservoirs, answers are presently being sought. Fractal theory has been successfully applied to pressure transient testing, albeit with an emphasis on the effects of natural fractures in pressure-rate behavior. In this work, we begin by performing a rigorous analytical and numerical study of the Fractal Diffusivity Equation and we show that it is more fundamental than the classic linear and radial diffusivity equations. Subsequently, we combine the Fractal Diffusivity Equation with the Trilinear Flow Model, culminating in a new semi-analytic solution for flow in a finite-conductivity vertical fracture which we name the "Fractal-Fracture Solution". This new solution is instantaneous and has an overall accuracy of 99.7%, thus making it comparable to the Trilinear Pseudoradial Solution for practical purposes. It may be used for pressure transient testing and reservoir characterization of hydrocarbon reservoirs being produced by a vertically fractured well. Additionally, this is the first time that fractal theory is used in fluid flow in porous media to address a problem not related to reservoir heterogeneity. Ultimately, this work is a demonstration of the untapped potential of fractal theory; our approach is very flexible and we believe that the same methodology may be extended to develop new reservoir flow solutions for pressing problems that the industry currently faces.

Human face recognition is an important area in the field of biometrics. It has been an active area of research for several decades, but still remains a challenging problem because of the complexity of the human face. In this thesis we describe fully automatic solutions that can locate faces and then perform identification and verification. We present a solution for face localisation using eye locations. We derive an efficient representation for the decision hyperplane of linear and nonlinear Support Vector Machines (SVMs). For this we introduce the novel concept of $\rho$ and $\eta$ prototypes. The standard formulation for the decision hyperplane is reformulated and expressed in terms of the two prototypes. Different kernels are treated separately to achieve further classification efficiency and to facilitate its adaptation to operate with the fast Fourier transform to achieve fast eye detection. Using the eye locations, we extract and normalise the face for size and in-plane rotations. Our method produces a more efficient representation of the SVM decision hyperplane than the well-known reduced set methods. As a result, our eye detection subsystem is faster and more accurate. The use of fractals and fractal image coding for object recognition has been proposed and used by others. Fractal codes have been used as features for recognition, but we need to take into account the distance between codes, and to ensure the continuity of the parameters of the code. We use a method based on fractal image coding for recognition, which we call the Fractal Neighbour Distance (FND). The FND relies on the Euclidean metric and the uniqueness of the attractor of a fractal code. An advantage of using the FND over fractal codes as features is that we do not have to worry about the uniqueness of, and distance between, codes. We only require the uniqueness of the attractor, which is already an implied property of a properly generated fractal code. Similar methods to the FND have been proposed by others, but what distinguishes our work from the rest is that we investigate the FND in greater detail and use our findings to improve the recognition rate. Our investigations reveal that the FND has some inherent invariance to translation, scale, rotation and changes to illumination. These invariances are image dependent and are affected by fractal encoding parameters. The parameters that have the greatest effect on recognition accuracy are the contrast scaling factor, luminance shift factor and the type of range block partitioning. The contrast scaling factor affect the convergence and eventual convergence rate of a fractal decoding process. We propose a novel method of controlling the convergence rate by altering the contrast scaling factor in a controlled manner, which has not been possible before. This helped us improve the recognition rate because under certain conditions better results are achievable from using a slower rate of convergence. We also investigate the effects of varying the luminance shift factor, and examine three different types of range block partitioning schemes. They are Quad-tree, HV and uniform partitioning. We performed experiments using various face datasets, and the results show that our method indeed performs better than many accepted methods such as eigenfaces. The experiments also show that the FND based classifier increases the separation between classes. The standard FND is further improved by incorporating the use of localised weights. A local search algorithm is introduced to find a best matching local feature using this locally weighted FND. The scores from a set of these locally weighted FND operations are then combined to obtain a global score, which is used as a measure of the similarity between two face images. Each local FND operation possesses the distortion invariant properties described above. Combined with the search procedure, the method has the potential to be invariant to a larger class of non-linear distortions. We also present a set of locally weighted FNDs that concentrate around the upper part of the face encompassing the eyes and nose. This design was motivated by the fact that the region around the eyes has more information for discrimination. Better performance is achieved by using different sets of weights for identification and verification. For facial verification, performance is further improved by using normalised scores and client specific thresholding. In this case, our results are competitive with current state-of-the-art methods, and in some cases outperform all those to which they were compared. For facial identification, under some conditions the weighted FND performs better than the standard FND. However, the weighted FND still has its short comings when some datasets are used, where its performance is not much better than the standard FND. To alleviate this problem we introduce a voting scheme that operates with normalised versions of the weighted FND. Although there are no improvements at lower matching ranks using this method, there are significant improvements for larger matching ranks. Our methods offer advantages over some well-accepted approaches such as eigenfaces, neural networks and those that use statistical learning theory. Some of the advantages are: new faces can be enrolled without re-training involving the whole database; faces can be removed from the database without the need for re-training; there are inherent invariances to face distortions; it is relatively simple to implement; and it is not model-based so there are no model parameters that need to be tweaked.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-05-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:40:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marques_ml_dr_rcla.pdf: 4034507 bytes, checksum: 74bcd4b249cb65dbe434b718494640ab (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo teve como propósito principal aplicar e avaliar metodologias para análise fractal da expansão de espaços urbanos metropolitanos, tendo como caso o aglomerado da região metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil. O estudo foi realizado a partir de mapas temáticos e imagens orbitais relativos ao período 1905-2001, aos quais foram aplicados três métodos para a estimativa da dimensão fractal: densidade de preenchimento (Dd), perímetro-área (DPA) e perímetro-resolução (DPR). A partir da análise fractal dos mapas e imagens, foram avaliados a dinâmica temporal do preenchimento dos vazios urbanos e da expansão multidirecional do perímetro urbano. Os resultados mostraram que o aglomerado urbano como um todo, apresentou no período analisado, valores médios Dd (1,755) ou tendência de preenchimento das áreas centrais e diluição das periféricas; DPA (1,400) ou sinuosidade do perímetro urbano a medida em que estas áreas foram ocupadas e DPR (1,859) ou limitada organização espacial das estruturas urbanas. A análise fractal multidirecional de crescimento foi realizada em oito setores radiais de expansão urbana, cujos valores médios do parâmetro Dd no período 1905-2001 são abaixo mencionados: (I) Cantareira=1,829; (II) Zona Leste=1,898; (III) Mauá=1,848; (IV) Ipiranga=1,852; (V) Billings=1,858; (VI) Santo Amaro/Interlagos=1,848; (VII) Castelo Branco/Anhanguera=1,859 e (VIII) Anhanguera/Bandeirantes=1,863. Dentre os fatores que influenciaram o comportamento fractal destes setores, destaca-se a ocupação fragmentada pela topografia, hidrografia e restrições jurídico-ambientais nos setores I, III, IV, V, VI e VIII e, nos setores II, III, IV, VI e VII a maior densificação foi impulsionada por incentivos públicos e de infra-estrutura, que contribuíram para a concentração industrial e de serviços. / The aim of this research is to evaluate and apply fractal dimension analysis methodologies to study the growing of metropolitan areas, using thematic maps and satellite images of time series. The Sao Paulo metropolitan area it was choose as test area to calculate fractal dimension variability over 96 years time series (1905-2001). Fractal dimension of the metropolitan area as a whole and urban expansion radial sectors it was calculated using the following fractal dimension methods: occupation urban density (Dd); area-perimeter (DPA) and perimeter -scale- (DPR). The study was accomplished to thematic maps and orbital images from 1905 to 2001 that supplied information to estimate fractal dimensions from relations of density (Dd), areaperimeter and perimeter-scale (DPR). Fractal dimension of maps and images were to evaluate the time oscillation of empty urban spaces and the radial growing of urban perimeter. Over period analyzed, urban agglomeration as a whole show means values of Dd = 1.755 - a trend to fill central areas and dilution of occupation density at peripheral ones; DPA = 1.400 - related to tortuous urban boundary at time the urban peripheries were occupied; and DPR = 1.859 related to low spatial organization of urban structures. The radial growing fractal analysis was accomplished to eight urban radial sectors, whose show means values of Dd parameter over 1905-2001, as following:(I) Cantareira =1.829; (II) East Zone =1.898; (III) Máua=1.848; (IV) Ipiranga=1.852; (V) Billings=1.858; (VI) Santo Amaro/Interlagos =1.848; (VII) Castelo Branco /Anhanguera=1.859; e (VIII) Anhanguera/Bandeirantes =1.863. Among determinants factors on fractal behavior of sectors I, III, IV, V, VI e VIII, the results show the topographical, hydrographical and environment-legal constraints influenced the fragmented occupation and; for sectors II, III, IV, VI e VII... (Complete abstract, click eletronic address below).

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Daniel Miranda Machado / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Mestrado Profissional em Matemática em Rede Nacional, 2015.

The objective was to model on a scale spatiotemporal dynamics of rangeland vegetation types characterized by functional when subjected to different disorders, aiming to predict patterns in the vegetation inventory for future analysis of the fractal dimension associated with the model of cellular automata. So, initially evaluated the use of fractal analysis as a tool to determine patterns in a reduced scale of grazing on natural pastures under different managements. The experiment evaluated the effect of grazing and burning disturbances applied in two relief positions in a natural grassland located in Santa Maria-RS. Another area located in Bagé-RS assesses the improvement of natural grassland with the introduction of ryegrass, white clover and birdsfoot trefoil. The diversity of the pasture was derived by Shannon and Equitabilidade indices. The information fractal dimension was calculated by regression between the Shannon index(ε) and ε natural algorithm, and the slope of the fractal dimension information. The results showed that the fractal dimension can be a tool for determining patterns in plant community in small-scale grazing. The limitation of this technique to small scales is the need for a greater number of repetitions. Secondly, we validated a model is spatially explicit empirical predictive vegetation dynamics of a natural grassland subjected to different disorders based on cellular automata using the approach of plant functional types by comparing the model predictions with actual observations of experiments. The simulations were performed in two temporal and spatial scales, small and large. The temporal resolution of monthly simulation was considered when the spatial dimension was 0.0625 square meters, featuring a reduced scale. A wide range was considered when the temporal resolution was annual and the spatial dimension was 306.25 m². The factors were: grazing, absence and presence, he burns the absence and presence and position of relief, slope and lowland. The model consists of a three-dimensional array, the first being characterized by the temporal dimension and the second and third, representing flat two-dimensional space, each cell being a PFT, which changes with each step in time as the composition of cell itself and the eight neighboring cells. The model evaluated proved to be efficient in predicting the dynamics of natural grassland vegetation can be used to simulate different scenarios. However, the limitation of the model is correct in determining the level of disturbance. Finally, we introduced the fractal dimension to the previously mentioned model and simulated the effect of grazing management of the biennial burns or every three years, with each simulation corresponded to 100 iterations with a spatial resolution of 306.25 m² and temporal equal to one year. The level of disturbance adopted to characterize both the grazing and burning was 0.18. In the treatments with burns, the years when it was used the level of disorder was 0.36, corresponding to the sum of grazing disturbance and burning. The treatments were evaluated in relation to two situations of environmental resources (and with great restraint). The evaluation of fractal dimension in spatially explicit model based on cellular automata has proven to be a viable tool to determine patterns and dynamics of plant communities regardless of scale. The model does not adequately simulated the colonization of species, this being a key topic for future studies that use this approach. The use of only two functional types allowed better visualization of results. The determination of the amount of functional types to be used in the simulation will depend on further investigations. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi modelar em uma escala espaço-temporal a dinâmica vegetacional de pastagens naturais caracterizada por tipos funcionais quando submetidas a diferentes distúrbios, visando predizer padrões na vegetação de inventários futuros pela análise da dimensão fractal associada ao modelo de autômatos celulares. Assim, inicialmente avaliou-se o emprego da análise fractal como ferramenta na determinação de padrões em uma escala reduzida de pastejo sobre pastagens naturais submetidas a diferentes manejos. O experimento avaliou o efeito dos distúrbios pastejo e queima, aplicados em duas posições de relevo, em uma pastagem natural localizada em Santa Maria-RS. Outra área avaliada localizou-se em Bagé-RS onde foram introduzidos azevém, trevo branco e cornichão na pastagem natural. A diversidade da pastagem foi obtida pelos índices de Shannon e Equitabilidade. A informação da dimensão fractal foi calculada pela regressão entre o índice de Shannon(ε) e o algoritmo natural de ε, sendo a inclinação da linha a informação da dimensão fractal. Os resultados demonstraram que a dimensão fractal pode ser uma ferramenta na determinação de padrões na comunidade vegetal na escala reduzida de pastejo. A limitação do emprego desta técnica para escalas reduzidas é a necessidade de um número maior de repetições. Num segundo momento, validou-se um modelo espacialmente explícito empírico e preditivo da dinâmica vegetacional de uma pastagem natural submetida a diferentes distúrbios. Esse foi baseado em autômatos celulares, utilizando a abordagem de tipos funcionais de plantas, através da comparação das predições do modelo com observações reais de experimentos. As simulações foram realizadas em duas escalas temporais e espaciais, reduzida e ampla. A resolução temporal da simulação foi mensal quando a dimensão espacial considerada foi de 0,0625 m², caracterizando a escala reduzida. A escala ampla foi considerada quando a resolução temporal foi anual e a dimensão espacial foi de 306,25 m². Os fatores testados foram: pastejo, ausência e presença; queima, ausência e presença e posição de relevo, encosta e baixada. O modelo é formado por uma matriz representando duas dimensões espaciais planas, sendo cada célula um PFT, a qual se altera a cada passo no tempo conforme a composição da própria célula e de oito células vizinhas. O modelo avaliado demonstrou eficiência na predição da dinâmica da vegetação da pastagem natural podendo ser utilizado para simular diferentes cenários. Entretanto, a limitação do modelo está na correta determinação do nível de distúrbio. Por fim, avaliou-se a dimensão fractal ao modelo citado anteriormente e simulou-se o efeito do pastejo no manejo da queima bianual ou a cada três anos, sendo que cada simulação correspondeu a 100 iterações com resolução espacial de 306,25 m² e temporal igual a um ano. O nível de distúrbio adotado para caracterizar tanto o pastejo como a queima foi de 0,18. Nos tratamentos com queima, nos anos em que ela foi utilizada, o nível de distúrbio foi de 0,36, correspondendo a soma dos distúrbios pastejo e queima. Os tratamentos foram avaliados em relação a duas situações de recurso ambiental (ótimo e com restrição). A avaliação da dimensão fractal em modelo espacialmente explícitos baseados em autômatos celulares demonstrou ser uma ferramenta viável na determinação de padrões e da dinâmica da comunidade vegetal independente da escala. O modelo não simulou adequadamente a colonização de espécies, sendo este um tema fundamental para futuros trabalhos que utilizarem esta abordagem. A utilização de apenas dois tipos funcionais permitiu uma melhor visualização dos resultados. A determinação da quantidade de tipos funcionais a serem utilizados na simulação dependerá de futuras investigações.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:02:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3265.pdf: 8510958 bytes, checksum: fe5a45d4d8e220ad6a09c7098a54d28f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-02 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / The main objective of this research is develop a teaching material by exploring the Fractal Geometry helps students and teachers in teaching-learning process the concepts of Similarity of Figures, among others, present in the curriculum of 8th grade of Elementary School. In this sense, we work with Activities Sheets that connect content that are part of the curriculum with the Fractal Geometry, because it looks playful and investigative. From activities undertaken and the testimony of interviewees we note the great commitment and interest from them. We also intend to show how was the process of developing this material by students and their acceptability in terms of a Research on Their Own Professional Practice (PONTE, 2002). We still investigated the Euclidean Geometry, from which much of the school geometry comes and the Fractal Geometry systematized by Mandelbrot in the last decades of the twentieth century, considering the possibility of its presence in the curriculum of Basic Education, particularly in São Paulo s Curriculum Proposal. / O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é desenvolver um material didático explorando a Geometria Fractal que auxilie estudantes e professores no processo de ensinoaprendizagem dos conceitos de Semelhança de Figuras, entre outros, presentes no currículo da 8ª série do Ensino Fundamental. Neste sentido, trabalhamos com Folhas de Atividades que interligam conteúdos que fazem parte do currículo com a Geometria Fractal, dado o seu aspecto lúdico e investigativo. A partir das atividades realizadas e dos depoimentos dos estudantes pesquisados podemos notar o grande empenho e interesse por parte destes. Pretendemos também mostrar como se deu o processo de elaboração deste material e sua aceitação pelos estudantes na perspectiva de uma Pesquisa sobre a própria Prática Profissional (PONTE, 2002). Estudamos ainda a Geometria Euclidiana, de onde provém boa parte da geometria escolar e a Geometria Fractal sistematizada por Mandelbrot nas últimas décadas do século XX, considerando a possibilidade de sua presença nos currículos da Educação Básica, em particular na Proposta Curricular do Estado de São Paulo.

Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-12T19:13:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Tonny Jader de Moraes.pdf: 1862734 bytes, checksum: a2ae7eacfbe28db2fbd49b7b10ef1d15 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-05-18T16:25:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Tonny Jader de Moraes.pdf: 1862734 bytes, checksum: a2ae7eacfbe28db2fbd49b7b10ef1d15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-18T16:25:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Tonny Jader de Moraes.pdf: 1862734 bytes, checksum: a2ae7eacfbe28db2fbd49b7b10ef1d15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-22 / CAPES / O objetivo desta pesquisa, foi estudar as características estruturais das plantas em nível individual utilizando uma teoria quantitativa para a estrutura e dinâmica das florestas. A teoria usa relações de escala alométrica, baseado no metabolismo e biomecânica, sendo possível estudar propriedades geométricas e dinâmicas de plantas que se dimensionam de forma idêntica. A partir do conhecimento relacionado à Ciência da Complexidade, admite descrições dos fenômenos estudados, de uma forma mais próxima da dinâmica dos sistemas reais do comportamento global de um ecossistema a partir de medidas locais. A área de estudo é a mata da Baia das Pedras em floresta inundável na região do Pantanal. Para analisar as características estruturais como: a dimensão fractal, distribuição dos galhos em função do tamanho, a razão de escala entre os tamanhos das partes da planta, com foco em duas espécies Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Ximbuva) e Palicourea crocea (Erva d’água), para estas e outras plantas foram coletadas as seguintes medidas de plantas tomadas individualmente: diâmetro, comprimento e número de galhos, como também a massa dessas plantas. Os resultados indicam a capacidade do modelo de prever algumas características de auto similaridade referentes a arquitetura estrutural observada pela distribuição dos tamanhos, e razão entre os tamanhos dos galhos, assim como características estruturais idênticas nas plantas analisadas. / The purpose of this research was to study the structural characteristics of plants at the individual level using a quantitative theory for the structure and dynamics of forests. The theory using allometric scaling relations based on the metabolism and biomechanics, it is possible to study geometric and dynamic properties of plants that dimensioning identically. From related to complexity science knowledge, admits descriptions of the phenomena studied, more closely the dynamics of real systems the overall behavior of an ecosystem from local measures. The study area is the forest of Baia das Pedras in floodplain forest in the Pantanal region. To analyze the structural characteristics as the fractal dimension, distribution of branches depending on its size, the ratio of scale between the sizes of the parts of the plant, focusing on two species Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Ximbuva) and Crocea Palicourea (Erva d’água) for these and other plants were harvested plants the following measures taken individually: diameter, length and number of branches, as well as the mass of these plants. The results indicate the model's ability to predict certain characteristics of self similarity concerning structural architecture observed the distribution of sizes, and ratio between the sizes of the branches, as well as structural features identical in the analyzed plants.

Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-27T11:58:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8972192 bytes, checksum: e0a82ad433e62b83d048d78778d60dd2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2015-11-30T10:51:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8972192 bytes, checksum: e0a82ad433e62b83d048d78778d60dd2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-30T10:51:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8972192 bytes, checksum: e0a82ad433e62b83d048d78778d60dd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Here we present a research about fractals, its history, mathematical concepts and applications. Some constructions were developed using some basic concepts of the Theory of Numbers, Trigonometry and Linear Algebra that can be applied in High School. We presented some activities that can be applied in High School’s classes in order to develop mathematical concepts such as geometric transformations, Geometry, Trigonometry, Logarithm, notions of limit among other topics. Keywords: Fractal Geometry, Geometric Transformation, Logarithm, Pascal Triangle, Arrays, Linear Algebra, High School. / Este trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa sobre os fractais, sua história, conceitos matemáticos utilizados e aplicações. Foram desenvolvidas algumas construções de fractais utilizando-se alguns conceitos básicos de Teoria dos Números, Trigonometria e Álgebra Linear que podem ser explorados no Ensino Médio. Foram apresentadas algumas atividades que podem ser aplicadas em sala de aula do Ensino Médio no desenvolvimento de conceitos matemáticos como Progressão Geométrica, Geometria, Trigonometria, Logaritmo e noções de limite entre outros temas.