Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:43:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angelino Gomes Ferreira Junior.pdf: 3296507 bytes, checksum: 431c557fe74373ffaec69af596aaaf51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-27 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / We have faced a serious problem concerning Art educational practices towards students who live along rivers in Abaetetuba, State of Pará. The educational system set up in modules works in a lack of technology and appropriate structure. On the other hand we have the Art PCNs for basic level education all around Brazil. PCNs give teachers the mission of being a proposer and facilitator, the one who shows and articulate Art skills through artistic, esthetical, and cultural experiences produced by people all over the mankind history, taking on account their own present-day context, and their own production.Facing these major problems, our goal is to understand the limits and possibilities of enabling students of river areas an esthetical on-line experience by using internet as a way for searching State of Pará s heritage, even though students have never used this kind of technology. Trying to figured out whether these new technological tools help or not students improve their self-building knowledge in Art, a participative intervention research, an analytical descriptive one, was set among students at a public school for middle and high school levels called João Maria, in Rio Doce community, by the use of a computer room of another school called Pedro Teixeira, both schools belong to Abaetetuba City, in Pará. We worked in the middle school with a group of eighth grade students, and in the high school with a group of freshmen. The analysis of datas we gathered through this search shows us an improvement in Art classes when the use of new pedagogical tools, which origins by the union of new technologies era and Education, is made. / Um problema considerável que temos enfrentado nas práticas educativas em Artes, junto aos alunos ribeirinhos do Ensino Modular de Abaetetuba, no Estado do Pará, diz respeito à pauperidade de estrutura física e tecnológica adequada. Por outro lado, o propósito dos PCNs em Arte, direcionado a todos os alunos da educação básica do Brasil, imprime ao professor a missão de ser mediador propositor, que apresenta e articula a produção do conhecimento nessa área, através das experiências artísticas, estéticas e culturais produzidas pelo homem ao longo da historia da humanidade, do seu contexto atual, e de sua própria produção. Diante desta problemática, objetivamos investigar os limites e possibilidades de produzir nestes alunos ribeirinhos uma experiência estética virtual, por meio de pesquisa em recursos multimídias, em especial a internet, com o recorte do Patrimônio Cultural do Pará, mesmo que estes ainda não tenham acesso direto a ela. Com o intuito de avaliar se essas novas ferramentas tecnológicas podem vir a ajudar estes alunos a terem um ganho qualitativo na construção do conhecimento em arte realizou-se uma pesquisa de intervenção participativa de tipo analíticodescritiva no contexto escolar da escola E.M.E.F.M. João Maria na comunidade Rio Doce e no laboratório de informática da E.E.E.F.M. Pedro Teixeira, ambos no Município de Abaetetuba, envolvendo os discentes de uma turma de 8ª do Ensino Fundamental, e do 1º ano do Ensino Médio. A análise dos dados da pesquisa aponta que as aulas de arte se mostram consideravelmente mais estimulantes, sob a perspectiva dos alunos, quando apoiadas com o suporte das novas ferramentas pedagógicas advindas da profusão das novas tecnologias no mundo agregadas a educação.

A depressão pós-parto (DPP) caracteriza-se por sintomas, no puerpério, como tristeza, falta de interesse ou prazer nas atividades, irritabilidade, choro freqüente e sensação de ser incapaz de lidar com novas situações. No Brasil, foram encontradas prevalências de 13,4% a 37,1% para o transtorno. Uma hipótese evolucionista prevê que os sintomas da DPP poderiam modelar a tomada de decisão da mãe sobre o investimento parental em situações relacionadas a custos para sua adaptação. Em caso de problemas de saúde da criança e/ou falta de suporte social, pode ser adaptativo reduzir o investimento parental, se esse comportamento motivar os indivíduos da rede social da mãe e do bebê (como o pai da criança e outros familiares) a aumentarem seu investimento. O presente estudo objetivou investigar, sob perspectiva evolucionista, prevalência e fatores de risco para a DPP em mães de baixa renda do distrito do Butantã, em São Paulo. Foram realizadas entrevistas estruturadas em três momentos: terceiro trimestre de gestação; 0-3 dias após o parto; e 2-4 meses após o parto. Participaram da primeira etapa 245 gestantes, usuárias do sistema público de saúde, que responderam a Escala de Apoio Social (EAS), a Escala de Apego Adulto de Colins (EAA) e outras questões estruturadas. Na última etapa, 138 das 245 participantes iniciais responderam a Escala de Depressão Pós-Parto de Edimburgo (EDPE), que avalia a intensidade de sintomas depressivos no puerpério, através de auto-relato. Análises fatoriais indicaram validade satisfatória da EDPE, da EAS e da EAA para a amostra estudada. Adotando-se ponto de corte 11/12 na EDPE, encontrou-se prevalência de DPP de 26,8%. Para verificar os fatores de risco, as mães foram classificadas em três grupos, por percentil, conforme sua pontuação na EDPE: baixa (0-4), média (5-10) e alta (11-29). O grupo de pontuação alta associou-se significativamente a: escolaridade até Ensino Fundamental completo; a mãe ter filhos com parceiros anteriores; número elevado de filhos, de crianças morando na casa e razão elevada entre o número de crianças e de adultos vivendo na casa; histórico prévio de depressão; relatar não desejar a gestação; relatar intercorrências na gestação; relatar baixo nível de afeto e preocupação e elevado nível de rejeição e punição provenientes dos próprios pais durante a infância; avaliar o ambiente familiar que teve na infância como estressante; relatar nível alto de conflito com o pai do bebê; perceber baixo suporte social; e padrões de apego com características de ansiedade nos relacionamentos e dificuldade de contar com a rede de apoio social. Uma Regressão Logística Múltipla resultou em um modelo preditivo para a intensidade dos sintomas depressivos após o parto no qual foram significativas as variáveis: fatores da EAA Ansiedade nos relacionamentos e Dificuldade de contar com a rede de apoio; Fator da EAS Suporte emocional e de informação; e se o pai do bebê estava empregado. A associação encontrada entre percepção de baixo apoio social na gestação e sintomas mais intensos de DPP está de acordo com a teoria evolucionista. Os fatores de risco encontrados podem orientar políticas públicas de prevenção e tratamento da DPP. / Postpartum depression (PPD) is characterized by symptoms, during the puerperium, like sadness, lack of interest and pleasure in activities, irritability, tearfulness, and the sensation of being unable to deal with new situations. In Brazil, studies report prevalences ranging from 13,4% to 37,1% for PPD. An evolutionary hypothesis predicts that the symptoms of PPD could influence the decision of the mother about her parental investment in situations related to costs to her adaptation. In case of childs health problem and/or lack of social support, it could be adaptive for the mother to reduce the parental investment, if this behavior could motivate individuals of the social net (e.g., the babys father and other relatives) to increase their investment. This study aimed to investigate from an evolutionary framework the prevalence and risk factors for PPD in low-income mothers from the Butantã district, in São Paulo. Structured interviews were carried out in three moments: during the third trimester of pregnancy; 0-3 days after delivery; and 2-4 months after delivery. 245 pregnant women who used the Public Health System participated of the first part of the study answering the Social Support Scale (SSS), the Colins Adult Attachment Scale (AAS) and other structured questions. In the last part of the study, 138 of the 245 mothers answered the Edinbourgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). This scale evaluates the intensity of depressive symptoms during the puerperium using self-report. Factor analyses indicated that the EPDS, the EAS and the EAA had satisfactory reliability. Using the cut-point of 11/12 in the EPDS, the prevalence of PPD was 26.8%. To find out the risk factors, the mothers were classified in three groups according to their scores on the EPDS: low (0-4), medium (5-10) and high (11-29). The high score group was sociated with studying until the end of the primary school; mothers having sons and/or daughters with previous partners; having a great number of sons and/or daughters, a great number of sons and/or daughters living in the home and a large number of adults : number of children living in the home ratio; previous history of depression; reporting not wanting the pregnancy; reporting pregnancy intercurrences; reporting low levels of affect and worry and high levels of rejection and punishment from the parents during childhood; evaluating the familiar environment during childhood as stressful; reporting high level of conflict in the relationship with the babys father; perceiving low social support; and patterns of attachment characterized by anxiety in relationships and difficulty in counting on the social net. A Multiple Logistic Regression resulted in a predictive model to the intensity of the depressive symptoms after delivery. The significant variables were: the factors of AAS Anxiety in relationships and Dificulty in counting on the social net; the factor Emotional and information support of the SSS; and whether the babys father is employed or not. The association between perception of low social support during pregnancy and high levels of PPD symptoms is in accordance with the evolutionary theory. The risk factors found on this research could guide the Public Health Programs in the prevention and treatment of PPD.

No description available.

Non-indigenous species have become a global issue of increasing importance in recent years, with many causing significant environmental and economic damage. Identifying locations vulnerable to invasion allows for focus of management efforts towards prevention of invasions at those locations. In order to determine whether constructed water bodies, such as reservoirs, ornamental lakes or retired mines, are more easily invaded environments than natural water bodies, owing to decreased biotic resistance, the distributions of native and non-indigenous freshwater calanoid copepod species in the North Island were examined. Calanoid copepods in ports and other coastal environments were also examined, in order to determine whether ports are more frequently invaded owing to increased propagule supplies from visiting ships and other sources. The distributions of the native freshwater calanoid copepod species Boeckella hamata, B. propinqua, B. delicata and B. tanea are confined in the North Island of New Zealand to specific technostratigraphic terranes when natural waters only are examined, and as such each species can be considered to have a native range. The recently colonised calanoid copepod species Boeckella minuta (6 locations), Skistodiaptomus pallidus (3 locations) and Sinodiaptomus valkanovi (2 locations) are to date confined to constructed water bodies. Boeckella symmetrica (2 locations) may be confined to constructed water bodies, but the status of one location is unclear. Boeckella triarticulata, a species common in the South Island, is known only from a single farm dam in the North Island. The native species Boeckella hamata, B. propinqua and B. delicata were found to occur in constructed waters, but only B. propinqua was found in constructed water bodies outside their natural ranges (9 locations). Calamoecia lucasi is found in lakes throughout most of the North Island, and is not confined to any one terrane. My results indicate that constructed water bodies are more easily invaded by non-indigenous species than natural water bodies, represents a potential pathway for future invaders to establish, and provides locations for species to spread. In order to determine whether recently established freshwater calanoid copepod species have the potential to spread from their present habitats into other water bodies, the prosomal lengths of non-indigenous calanoid copepod species were measured and compared with those for native species. The results suggest that dietary overlap should prevent the non-indigenous species present to date from spreading into any water bodies with established Boeckella populations, although Sinodiaptomus valkanovi and Boeckella triarticulata could potentially spread to lakes containing only Calamoecia lucasi. Data on the co-occurrences of native freshwater calanoid copepod species support the theory of dietary exclusion, as Boeckella species have not been found to coexist. In order to test whether New Zealand marine environments have been invaded by non-indigenous calanoid copepods, and whether ports have been more regularly invaded than non-port areas, calanoid copepods were sampled from various coastal locations around the North Island. With the possible exception of Sulcanus conflictus, no non-indigenous species were found, indicating that non-indigenous marine calanoid copepod species are not establishing in New Zealand despite a history of invasion elsewhere.

Mixed-species plantations of eucalypts and acacias have the potential to improve stand productivity over that of respective monocultures through the facilitative effect of nitrogen-fixation by acacias, and increased resource capture through above- and belowground stratification. However, growth in mixed-species plantations may not be improved compared to that of monocultures when competitive interactions outweigh the effects of improved nutrient availability and resource capture. Careful selection of sites and species is therefore critical to successfully improving stand productivity using mixed-species plantations. This study set out to examine some of the processes and interactions that occur in mixed-species plantations, and the effect nutrient and water availability can have on the growth of mixtures. In three out of four mixed-species field trials examined in this study, growth was not increased in mixtures compared to monocultures. However, in the fourth field trial, heights, diameters, stand volume and aboveground biomass were higher in mixtures of E. globulus and A. mearnsii from 3-4 years after planting. The range in outcomes from mixing species in these four trials shows that a fundamental understanding of the underlying processes is required to enable a greater predictive capacity for the circumstances under which mixtures will be successful. Therefore the growth dynamics, processes and interactions were examined in the mixtures of E. globulus and A. mearnsii. The difference in productivity between mixtures and monocultures in this trial increased with time up to age 11 years, when 1:1 mixtures contained twice the aboveground biomass of E. globulus monocultures. The positive growth response of trees in mixture compared to monocultures was the result of accelerated rates of nutrient cycling, a shift in C allocation and reductions in light competition through canopy stratification. Nitrogen contents of foliage and soil clearly showed that A. mearnsii influenced the N dynamics in this trial. If these changes in N contents were due to N fixation by A. mearnsii, then about 51 and 86 kg N ha-1 yr-1 was fixed in the 1:1 mixtures and A. mearnsii monocultures, respectively. Nitrogen fixation was also examined using the natural abundance method. The delta15N values of foliage collected at 10 years were grouped according to the mycorrhizal status of the host plant. Therefore the discrimination of 15N during transfer from mycorrhizae to the host plant appeared to vary with mycorrhizal status, and the natural abundance of 15N was not used to quantify N fixation. Rates of N and P cycling in litterfall were significantly higher in stands containing at least 25% A. mearnsii (more than 31 kg N ha-1 yr-1 and more than 0.68 kg P ha-1 yr-1) compared to E. globulus monocultures (24 kg N ha-1 yr-1 and 0.45 kg P ha-1 yr-1). Rates of litter decomposition and N and P release were about twice as high in 1:1 mixtures compared to E. globulus monocultures and were even higher in A. mearnsii monocultures. It is therefore important to select N-fixing species that are capable of cycling nutrients quickly between the plant and soil, and that have readily decomposable litter. The total belowground C allocation was not significantly different between mixtures and monocultures (14 to 16 Mg C ha-1 yr-1). However, since aboveground net primary production was greater in 1:1 mixtures, the changes in nutrient availability appears to have increased total productivity (both above- and belowground), and reduced the proportion of C allocated belowground in mixtures compared to E. globulus monocultures. In a pot trial containing mixtures of E. globulus and A. mearnsii both species grew larger in mixture than in monoculture at low N levels, and mixtures were more productive than monocultures. However, at high N levels, E. globulus suppressed A. mearnsii and mixtures were less productive than E. globulus monocultures. Similar effects were found for high and low levels of P. Therefore resource availability can have a strong influence on the interactions and growth of mixtures. The productivity of mixtures may only be increased on sites where the resource for which competition is reduced in mixture is a major limiting growth resource. For example, if N is not a limiting growth factor then an increase in N availability from N-fixation may not increase growth, and the N-fixing species may compete for other resources such as soil P, moisture or light. This study has shown that mixtures containing a N-fixing trees and a non-N-fixing trees can be more productive than monocultures, but that this increase in productivity will only occur on certain sites. Examination of the growth, interactions and processes that occurred in mixtures in this study provide useful information that can aid the selection of species combinations and sites.

Nous nous plaçons dans le contexte de situations décisionnelles critiques où les activités de prise de décision collective sont généralement caractérisées par des sessions de coopération synchrones au sein d'environnements distribués dynamiques, évolutifs et souvent imprévisibles. Au cours de ces sessions, les participants agissent simultanément et depuis des points d'accès distribués sur des objets partagés en suivant des règles de coordination pouvant être implicites ou explicites et en utilisant un ensemble d'outils qui leur permettent de progresser de façon coordonnée. Chacun des participants prend quelques décisions partielles, celles-ci servant de base aux suivantes. La prise de décision nécessite alors une synergie d'efforts de plusieurs membres afin que chacun d'eux mette à contribution son savoir-faire. Les membres ayant différents intérêts, compétences et expériences ne sont plus situés dans la même pièce mais utilisent des informations venant d'autres acteurs via des réseaux de type Internet ou intranet. D'ailleurs, c'est grâce à cette synergie que les membres peuvent atteindre des résultats supérieurs à ceux que qu'ils auraient pu réaliser individuellement. Ainsi l'outil pour décider devient l'outil pour décider ensemble. La contribution principale de cette thèse dans le domaine d'aide à la facilitation de la prise de décision collaborative se trouve dans la conception et la mise en œuvre d'un modèle et d'un système dédiée à la facilitation de la prise de décision de groupe synchrone distribuée. Cette structure collective entre agents humains permet d'une part d'additionner et de mutualiser les savoirs et les capacités créatrices, et d'autre part de limiter l'incertitude inhérente au processus de prise de décision par l'échange et la comparaison des points de vue. L'idée directrice de ce modèle est de renforcer la communication ainsi que la coopération entre les différents acteurs impliqués dans la prise de décision collective. Il s'agit d'une phase de production et de résolution créative de problème individuelle précédant la présentation des contributions au collectif. Cette dynamique d'éclatement puis de regroupement implique des mécanismes de coopération et de communication entre le groupe et l'individu.

Synaptic transmission alters the strength of the postsynaptic potential, through a process called short-term synaptic plasticity (STP). In this study, endplate potentials (EPPs) from the frog neuromuscular junction were used to resolve and quantify the presynaptic components involved in enhancement and depression of transmitter release during repetitive stimulation under normal quantal release conditions (2 mM Ca2+, 1mM Mg2+). During trains of stimulation given between 10 - 200 Hz, the amplitude of the EPPs first increased then decreased; a maximum increase of 77% was produced after 2-4 stimuli. EPP amplitudes began to increase at ~ 20 Hz, were maximal at ~ 55 Hz, and thereafter, decreased as the rate of stimulation increased. The integrated total release after 25 stimuli was little changed across frequencies between 10 - 100 Hz. EPPs ran down in two phases: a fast phase, attributed to the depletion of a readily releasable pool (RRP) of synaptic vesicles, followed by a slow phase, attributed to the depletion of vesicles from a depot pool (DP). Depletion of the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles (RRP) was determined by quantifying release under the fast and slow time rundowns and subtracting the number of vesicles associated with mobilization to the RRP from the total number of vesicles released during stimulation trains of 50 impulses. Impulses were delivered at 12 different rates ranging from 50 to 200 /s. Estimates of the number of vesicles released from the RRP increased with frequency of stimulation until maximal depletion levels of 5500 - 6000 vesicles were reached at stimulation rates between 90-130/s, assuming a control quantal content of 200 vesicles released per impulse. Depletion was less at lower frequencies when the number of stimuli delivered was identical. When the RRP maximally depleted, release was inversely related to stimulation rate, as would be expected if mobilization from the depot pool was the sole determinate of release during the slow phase. An equation constructed from four known components of enhancement and two components of depression - the depletion of vesicles from a readily releasable pool (RRP) and from the depot pool (DP) that refills the RRP, was used to fit and then simulate EPPs obtained during trains using different patterns of stimulation and varying amounts of extracellular Ca2+; the decay time constant parameters of enhancement, numerically derived from the observed data, were fixed at tau ~ 46, 220, 1600, and 20000 ms. The number of components of enhancement necessary to approximate the data decreased, from four in low (0.14 - 0.2mM) extracellular Ca2+, to one (tau ~ 46 ms) in 2.0 mM extracellular Ca2+, but four components of enhancement were necessary to fit the data when the amplitude of the EPP was not depressed below the control amplitude. This model was able to predict within ~ 3 % EPP amplitudes over a 10-fold range of frequency and Ca2+ concentration.

The objective for this program of research was to retrospectively, narratively, and autobiographically examine how my professional identity shifted when I moved from the secret, safe space of my own classrooms to shared spaces with other teachers as a newly appointed Differentiated Instruction Facilitator. In education today, teachers increasingly share their classroom spaces with other professionals and often the shifts in identity of the people sharing spaces are not examined. In this inquiry, I examine my own identity by viewing the metaphorical dance floor of the Differentiated Instruction Project from both my position on the dance floor and from the balcony above. I inquire into the nature of my dancing relationships with many partners over two years on my middle and secondary school landscape and how these relationships changed how I understood myself as a teacher and as a facilitator. I look at the differentiated philosophy I was expected to deliver and the knowledge my colleagues brought into our time together and how these two knowledge realms interacted and shifted my own knowledge and, in turn, my relationships with my teacher partners and their students.<p> My professional identity within the Differentiated Instruction Project shifted often. In the beginning, I attempted to integrate voices of the conduit and their system and sacred stories with my own personal practical knowledge. In this inquiry, I explore the relationship between the conduit and my work inside classroom spaces. I inquire into the effect of stories on my own personal practical knowledge and the knowledge of my colleagues and their students. I examine the ways in which many dancers were positioned on my educational dance floor and the ways in which these voices shaped the voice of my identity. Finally, I imagine possibilities for living and reliving and then telling and retelling stories of shifting identities within shared spaces.

The objective for this program of research was to retrospectively, narratively, and autobiographically examine how my professional identity shifted when I moved from the secret, safe space of my own classrooms to shared spaces with other teachers as a newly appointed Differentiated Instruction Facilitator. In education today, teachers increasingly share their classroom spaces with other professionals and often the shifts in identity of the people sharing spaces are not examined. In this inquiry, I examine my own identity by viewing the metaphorical dance floor of the Differentiated Instruction Project from both my position on the dance floor and from the balcony above. I inquire into the nature of my dancing relationships with many partners over two years on my middle and secondary school landscape and how these relationships changed how I understood myself as a teacher and as a facilitator. I look at the differentiated philosophy I was expected to deliver and the knowledge my colleagues brought into our time together and how these two knowledge realms interacted and shifted my own knowledge and, in turn, my relationships with my teacher partners and their students.<p> My professional identity within the Differentiated Instruction Project shifted often. In the beginning, I attempted to integrate voices of the conduit and their system and sacred stories with my own personal practical knowledge. In this inquiry, I explore the relationship between the conduit and my work inside classroom spaces. I inquire into the effect of stories on my own personal practical knowledge and the knowledge of my colleagues and their students. I examine the ways in which many dancers were positioned on my educational dance floor and the ways in which these voices shaped the voice of my identity. Finally, I imagine possibilities for living and reliving and then telling and retelling stories of shifting identities within shared spaces.

<p>The Member States of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) have set as their objectives, amongst others, the facilitation of cross-border movement of goods between the territories of the Member States and the promotion of the integration of Member States into the global economy through enhanced trade and investment. Different approaches to the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments by Member States and the risk of non-enforcement may lead to legal uncertainty and increased transaction cost for prospective traders, which ultimately act as non-tariff barriers to trade in the region. Trade is critical to Southern Africa, and the ideal is that barriers to trade, of which uncertainty concerning the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments among Member States is one, should be removed. Certainty, predictability, security of transactions, effective remedies and cost are important considerations in investment decision-making / and clear rules for allocating international jurisdiction and providing definite and expedited means of enforcing foreign judgments will facilitate intraregional as well as interregional trade. In addition to trade facilitation, a harmonised recognition and enforcement regime will consolidate economic and political integration in the SACU. An effective scheme for the mutual recognition and enforcement of civil judgments has been regarded as a feature of any economic integration initiative likely to achieve significant integration. While the harmonisation of the rules on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments has been given priority in other regional economic communities, in particularly the European Union, any similar effort to harmonise the rules on recognition and enforcement of Member States have been conspicuously absent in the SACU &ndash / a situation which needs to receive immediate attention. The thesis considers the approaches followed by the European Union with the Brussels Regime, the federal system of the United States of America under the &lsquo / full faith and credit clause&rsquo / the inter-state recognition scheme under the Australia and New Zealand Trans-Tasman judicial system / as well as the convention-approach of the Latin American States. It finds that the most suitable approach for the SACU is the negotiation and adoption by all SACU Member States of a multilateral convention on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, comparable to the 1971 Convention of the Hague Conference on Private International Law / the EU Brussels I Regulation and the Latin-American Montevideo Convention, as complemented by the La Paz Convention. It is imperative that a proposed convention should not merely duplicate previous efforts, but should be drafted in the light of the legal, political and socio-economic characteristics of the SACU Member States. The current legislative provisions in force in SACU Member States are compared and analysed, and the comparison and analysis form the basis of a proposal for a future instrument on recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments for the region. A recommended draft text for a proposed Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments for the SACU is included. This draft text could form the basis for future negotiations by SACU Member States.</p>