Magister Legum - LLM

Magister Legum - LLM / Trade has been widely accepted as an important tool in spearheading economic growth and development. In many different parts of the world, countries have alleviated poverty and economically prospered through effective trade. Despite the efforts to dismantle trade restrictions and create a common market, the problem remains that of African disintegrated markets which then lead to poor intra-African trade. There is therefore the need to use intra-African trade as an instrument that effectively serve in the attainment of rapid and sustainable social and economic development. The aim of this study is to therefore determine whether the solution to increasing intra-African trade can be found in the Tripartite FTA.

In the last decade, World Trade Organization (WTO) Members have paid little attention to the WTO rulemaking processes and their functioning. Two high-levels commissions, as well as some scholars, have identified several areas of concerns with respect to the WTO rulemaking processes. Some of them have put forth proposals for their reform. However, the WTO has not proceeded with or even reflected upon any major reforms affecting the functioning of its rulemaking processes. The lack of attention by the Members regarding these issues motivated the focus of this thesis on the legitimacy of the WTO rulemaking processes. The principal research question of this thesis is: Are the WTO rulemaking processes legitimate? To what degree? Answering this first research question necessarily leads to a secondary one: How can the WTO rulemaking processes be assessed? This thesis recognizes that there is no uniform way for assessing legitimacy both at the national and international levels. It borrows from David Beetham's legitimacy conception and assesses the legitimacy of the WTO rulemaking processes from the standpoint of WTO Members. It builds a theoretical framework for assessing the legitimacy of the rulemaking processes on the basis of Members' conception of the WTO and the concepts of input and output legitimacy that have been frequently applied to the WTO and from which are derived four legitimacy criteria: legality, effectiveness, representativeness and openness. This thesis furthermore advances that legitimacy can only be effectively assessed as a matter of degree and, therefore, develops a multidimensional interval scale to allow a precise measurement of the four criteria of legitimacy as applied to the WTO rulemaking processes. In order to assess the rulemaking processes, it uses three cases that have led to the adoption of new rules or agreements. In fact, legitimacy matters even more for the processes that led to actual rules due to the fact that they generate binding outcomes. Such a methodology based on case studies arguably provides a more accurate representation of the WTO rulemaking processes than the general processes that have been described in the secondary literature.

Cette recherche porte sur les communautés de pratique (CoP) dans les entreprises. En référence à Wenger et à l'apprentissage situé, il s'agissait d'examiner le(s) rôle(s) des animateurs sur le plan des apprentissages des membres. A partir d'un corpus constitué de 31 entretiens de personnes issues de 21 entreprises, ainsi que de matériaux secondaires variés, j'ai analysé la terminologie employée par les entreprises et par les personnes animatrices, ainsi que les modes de structuration des CoP. Tandis que les questions d'apprentissage apparaissent moins centrales que je le supposais, un processus d'institutionnalisation et de formalisation des communautés et des animateurs ressort clairement. Une majorité des CoP approchées sont mises en œuvre et soutenues intentionnellement, leur fonctionnement se formalise, elles deviennent une modalité de gestion, notamment de gestion des connaissances. Des rôles nouveaux liés à la mise en œuvre et à l'animation émergent. Ce processus s'accompagne d'un processus de professionnalisation et d'une offre marchande à destination des entreprises. Dans ce contexte, le rôle des personnes animatrices demeure parfois ambigu. Alors que les CoP se présentaient comme une théorie, un descripteur des processus d'apprentissage dans des groupes sociaux, elles se sont transformées, ces dix dernières années, en un dispositif de gestion, un instrument managérial, que les entreprises intègrent peu à peu dans leur fonctionnement. Dans une économie de compétition, de plus en plus fondée sur le savoir, elles sont traversées par des enjeux de gestion auxquels elles sont censées répondre, tel un remède à certains maux organisationnels. / This research focuses on communities of practice (CoP) in companies. Referring to Wenger and situated learning, it was to examine the role(s) of the facilitators in terms of member's learning. From a corpus of 31 interviews of people from 21 companies, as well as various secondary materials, I analyzed the terminology used by companies and facilitators and modes of structuring CoP. While learning issues appear less central than assumed, an institutionalization and formalization of communities and facilitators are apparent. A majority of CoP are implemented and supported intentionally, process is formalized, they became a form of management, especially knowledge management. New roles related to the implementation and the facilitation emerge. This process is accompanied by a process of professionalization and provides a market for businesses. In this context, the role of those leaders sometimes remains ambiguous. While CoP presented as a theory, a descriptor of learning processes at work in social groups, these were transformed in the last ten years in a managerial practice, a tool that companies integrate gradually in their operation. In an economy of competition, increasingly knowledge-based, they are traversed by management issues they are supposed to meet, as a remedy for some organizational ills.

Submitted by Verena Bastos (verena@uefs.br) on 2015-10-29T13:01:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSEANE BRAND?O PIRES SOARES - DISSERTA??O.pdf: 10148513 bytes, checksum: 4aced6aaf4e996e4bc7f0a25bf31c9df (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-29T13:01:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSEANE BRAND?O PIRES SOARES - DISSERTA??O.pdf: 10148513 bytes, checksum: 4aced6aaf4e996e4bc7f0a25bf31c9df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de S?o Paulo - FAPESP / The aim of this work was to study the phenomenon of facilitation in the establishment and development of populations of Lemna aequinoctialis Welw .. through the computer model in NetLogo. For both crops were carried out ex situ to establish parameters and variables to be used in developing the model, and study the phenomenon of facilitation between individuals. With the computational model, we sought to test the ideal inoculum for this facilitation in non-axenic. The experiments were performed in pond water and autoclaved without autoclaving in solution Pirson & Siedel, and various concentrations of citrate Lead. Each week to count the number of individuals sprouted. The results were organized in spreadsheet and produced curves were adjusted in the regression model. A comparison of the results was evaluated from the t test with a confidence level of 5%. The results showed that the cultivation lead promotes increased growth rate of Lemna aequinoctialis Welw. That an individual can stay alive up to 70 days in medium without resetting, and that there is facilitation between individuals of the same species for their development in contaminated environments, so there is a minimum amount by which the colonies are established. The computational model describes the behavior of Lemna aequinoctialis Welw. a simulated environment with and without contamination by microorganisms. The hypothesis of facilitation was studied and showed that a single frond of Lemna in non-axenic not developed, two individuals can develop, and the minimum to ensure the establishment and growth is four individuals. / O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi estudar o fen?meno da facilita??o no estabelecimento e desenvolvimento de popula??es de Lemna aequinoctialis Welw.. atrav?s do modelo computacional em NetLogo. Para tanto foram realizados cultivos ex situ para estabelecer par?metros e vari?veis para serem utilizados na elabora??o do modelo, e estudar o fen?meno da facilita??o entre os indiv?duos. Com o modelo computacional, buscou-se testar o in?culo ideal para esta facilita??o em ambientes n?o-ax?nicos. Os experimentos foram realizados em ?gua da lagoa autoclavada e sem autoclavar, em solu??o de Pirson & Siedel, e em v?rias concentra??es de Citrato de Chumbo. Em cada semana foi contado o n?mero de indiv?duos brotados. Os resultados foram organizados em planilha eletr?nica e foram produzidas curvas ajustadas segundo modelo de regress?o. A compara??o entre os resultados foi avaliada a partir do teste t com n?vel de confian?a de 5%. Os resultados do cultivo mostraram que o chumbo favorece o aumento da taxa de crescimento de Lemna aequinoctialis Welw., que um indiv?duo pode permanecer vivo at? 70 dias num meio sem a reposi??o , e que existe facilita??o entre os indiv?duos da mesma esp?cies para o seu desenvolvimento em ambientes contaminados, existindo assim um valor m?nimo pelo qual as col?nias se estabelecem. O modelo computacional descreve o comportamento da Lemna aequinoctialis Welw. num ambiente simulado com e sem a contamina??o por microorganismo. A hip?tese de facilita??o foi estudada e mostrou que um ?nico indiv?duo em ambiente n?o-ax?nico n?o se desenvolve, dois indiv?duos podem se desenvolver, e o valor m?nimo para se garantir o estabelecimento e crescimento ? quatro indiv?duos.

Here we ask ourselves not where objects come from, but investigate our relationship with what lies beneath the material. Within the Two Point O project, in the Växjö Crisis Edition, the practice of Care Biopics evolves. These individualised interventions bring us face to face with multiple storylines and definitions of an object valued during times of crisis. How does the proposed exploration of Care Biopics, community values and material symbolism facilitate the shift from mindless overconsumption to mindful materialism?Through several aspects of co-creating digital material, definitions and common values, Care Biopics weave a practice of democratic and accessible design. A practice of inclusitivty, caring with and social sustainability. A practice of designing not for, but with the people.

The complexity of the sustainability challenge calls for participatory processes to support the large-scale collaboration across sectors and disciplines that is needed. Besides tools and methodologies to design these processes, the inner world of sustainability practitioners facilitating them is a key element for their success. This thesis focuses on the role of self- awareness for sustainability practitioners based on their stories of having to adapt their process design, their personal practices and advice they give. Using semi-structured interviews with facilitators who use Theory U and/or Art of Hosting methodologies to facilitate participatory processes for sustainable development, we found that self-awareness supports sustainability practitioners in practical terms on the spot, in their leadership development and in the effectiveness of their work. Moreover, through self-awareness, they recognize the importance of diversity and trust, essential elements for the adaptive capacity of the group. This recognition could contribute to more successful processes and outcomes, making practitioners' work and contribution to addressing the sustainability challenge more effective. The potential analogy between inner worlds and healthy social systems poses an interesting angle for further research. Is there such a thing as an inner dimension of sustainability? How does self-awareness relate to that?

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Title: Evaluation of training effect with elements of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on shooting velocity by female handball players of the 1st league in the Czech Republic Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine, whether completing an exercise program based on elements of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and using elastic band resistance can influence shooting velocity by female handball players. Methods: In this randomized control study 25 female handball players, who are playing the 1st league in Havlíčkův Brod, were divided into experimental (n = 13) and control group (n = 12). Both groups underwent an initial shooting velocity measurement (PRE) using radar gun Stalker Pro II. Then experimental group completed 6-week exercise program, based on D2 flexion and extension from proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation against elastic band resistance. The control group did not perform any exercise like that. Both groups otherwise completed the same training program during the preparatory phase. After that the shooting velocity was again measured (POST). The results were statistically processed in the Jamovi using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results: There was a statistically significant improvement in shooting velocity of the control and experimental groups in the...

The process of getting to ESD is as important as the implementation of ESD itself. The study argues that the extent to which essential ESD characteristics are indeed present in the process of establishing an ESD program yields implications to the chances of a program becoming successful. To illustrate this argument, the present case study examines the ESD masterplan drafting process by the Hamburg Learns Sustainability (HLN) initiative in Germany. It aims to gain insights into the essential elements that determine the success or failure of a city-wide ESD initiative. To find out these essential elements, the present study, through literature review on social learning theory, developed the CSR-I conceptual framework: Community Belonging, System Integration, Reflection and Infrastructure to assess the HLN case. Data were gathered through interviews with key informants and review of documentation. The results show that the social learning dimensions of participation, integration, diversity and facilitation have the strongest presence. These essential elements make a city-wide ESD initiative a success.