Submitted by Raoni Rugai Marinho (raonirmarinho@gmail.com) on 2015-03-11T14:52:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - RRM_20150311.pdf: 998586 bytes, checksum: 81f50db5cdf96110f5bba72b66357ea4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-03-11T16:25:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - RRM_20150311.pdf: 998586 bytes, checksum: 81f50db5cdf96110f5bba72b66357ea4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-11T16:31:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - RRM_20150311.pdf: 998586 bytes, checksum: 81f50db5cdf96110f5bba72b66357ea4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-11 / Motivado pelas diversas discussões em torno do futuro das negociações multilaterais do comércio mundial, utilizando o embasamento de trabalhos anteriores realizados a partir de dados de exportação e importação nos Estados Unidos da América, o presente trabalho busca estimar impactos econômicos ao Brasil das diretivas do Acordo de Facilitação de Comércio de Bali, utilizando-se para isso de Modelo de Equilíbrio Geral já consolidado no tratamento de comércio internacional, bem como sua base de dados. Os principais resultados indicam uma reindustrialização das exportações brasileiras, e permitem concluir que a adesão ao Acordo gera ganhos ao Brasil, e que o país segue na direção correta nesse aspecto. Tais resultados se mostram úteis na formulação de futuras diretrizes para a abertura comercial. / Motivated by the various discussions on the future of the multilateral negotiations of world trade, using previous works, which used data on export and import in the United States of America as basis, this paper seeks to estimate the economic impacts of the policies of Bali Trade Facilitation Agreement to Brazil, making use of a consolidated Computable General Equilibrium model in the treatment of international trade, as well as its database. The main results indicate a reindustrialization of Brazilian exports, and show that the adherence to the Agreement generates gains in Brazil, and that the country goes in the right direction in this regard. Such results could be useful in elaborating future guidelines for trade liberalization.

Qualified nurses cannot perform tasks and procedures with confidence due to ineffective mentoring by a clinical nurse during training. Effective mentoring by the clinical nurse, with an additional accredited qualification in his/her field should assist in the development and confidence of the student nurse. The purpose of this study was to explore the learner’s experience of mentoring and facilitation by the clinical nurse, challenges and their view of the clinical nurse, and if this could be a predictive factor to their level of an independent nurse practitioner at the end of training. A non-experimental, descriptive qualitative design was used to identify the experience of the students and newly qualified nurses regarding the amount and quality of facilitation given by the clinical nurse in practice. The research population consisted of all categories of student nurses currently in training as well as qualified nurses within the past year from different facilities. An online semi-structured questionnaire survey was distributed among 45 participants and feedback received by 32 anonymous participants in the public and private sector. The findings of the study indicated that not all newly qualified nurses are able to practice as independent nurses, there’s a lack in mentoring and facilitation by clinical nurses during training and that a clinical nurse should have an additional qualification to better the learner experience. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing science)

Title: Effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on strengthening of deep neck flexors in patients with cervicogenic headache Objectives: The aim of this diploma thesis is to investigate the effectiveness of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on relieving or reduction headaches in patients diagnosed with cervicogenic headache. Methods: This is a pilot study involving 10 patients diagnosed with cervicogenic headache in the age range of 23-41 years. Patients participated in proprioceptive neuromuscular head and neck therapy, which took place 3 times per week for 5 weeks. Patients on the first and last therapy completed the Neck Disability Index, the measurements were done twice a week. It was a measurement of performance index of deep neck flexors by means of a craniocervical flexion test and evaluation of pain on visual analogue scales. The statistical method - paired t-test was used to analyze the obtained data. Results: The results of this thesis show that proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation therapy is effective in elimination or reduction of headaches in patients diagnosed with cervicogenic headache. Keywords: cervicogenic headache, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, craniocervical flexion test, Neck Disability Index, physiotherapy

The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the perceptions of registered nurses with regard to facilitating the learning of student nurses during clinical placement. Focus group interviews with fifteen registered nurses were done, followed by participant observations in two clinical areas, to gain a clearer picture of obstacles, as well as the strategies employed during placement of student nurses in the clinical area. The :findings indicate that facilitation of the learning of student nurses during clinical placement is achieved by guidance, involvement, assisting and supervision of student nurses in the clinical area by nurses of all categories, and medical and paramedical personnel. Many obstacles were identified which obstruct the employment of strategies that are suitable for facilitation in the clinical area. Guidelines for the facilitation of learning of student nurses were recommended, to improve facilitation in the clinical area. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

The research question the researcher set out to answer was: How do student nurses experience learning in the clinical field? The research question stemmed from years of experience in nursing education and a concern about student nurses' involvement in the clinical area. A phenomenological investigation was embarked upon involving principles from Wertz's (1983, 1984, 1985) empirical psychological reflection. The existential base-line for the research was stated as: Human experience results in learning. The base-line also supported the assumptions underlying the current research and are in line with phenomenological philosophy. Participants were selected from the student nurse population in the Limpopo Province via convenience and purposive sampling. Five students from second through fourth year of training according to SANC Regulation R425 were selected. Data were collected through in-depth interviews. One initial and one follow-up interview were conducted with each participant. Interviews were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. Data analysis at the idiographic and nomothetic levels was conducted through open coding, categorisation and constant comparative analysis. Four major themes emerged from the data namely: * Descriptive overview of clinical learning * The lived experience of student nurses * Motivational factors in clinical learning * Erosive factors in clinical learning Awareness figured as an all accommodating concept to theme and categories. It figured as a multi-dimensional concept that positions and orientates student nurses in the clinical setting. Awareness answers the student nurse's existential question: Where am I? Based on the findings OF the current research and guided by the concept of an integrated holistic awareness, conclusions were drawn and recommendations and guidelines were formulated relating to: nursing education, nursing management, cooperation between education and services, clinical teaching, future research and theory development. / Health Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

This research is based on a youth intervention organisation founded by the researcher in 1997. The organisation (Agape Copeland Train) is located in the Northern Cape. Youths’ contexts in the Northern Cape are fraught with psychological, social and relational problems, including violence, alcoholism, teenage pregnancies, depression, crime, poverty, and curtailed future prospects. An exploratory enquiry, informed by ecological and positive psychology, is undertaken. In particular, this research focuses on the (often neglected) perspectives of facilitators who work with youth. Exploration of how facilitators’ well-­‐being is impacted on whilst serving youth in this challenging context is undertaken. Interviews with facilitators yielded themes of positive transformation, including shifts in mindsets and positive affect. In addition, aspects of the organisation’s development, as relevant to the context of the research, are described and a model of youth facilitation This research is based on a youth intervention organisation founded by the researcher in 1997. The organisation (Agape Copeland Train) is located in the Northern Cape. Youths’ contexts in the Northern Cape are fraught with psychological, social and relational problems, including violence, alcoholism, teenage pregnancies, depression, crime, poverty, and curtailed future prospects. An exploratory enquiry, informed by ecological and positive psychology, is undertaken. In particular, this research focuses on the (often neglected) perspectives of facilitators who work with youth. Exploration of how facilitators’ well-­‐being is impacted on whilst serving youth in this challenging context is undertaken. Interviews with facilitators yielded themes of positive transformation, including shifts in mindsets and positive affect. In addition, aspects of the organisation’s development, as relevant to the context of the research, are described and a model of youth facilitation process, as developed by facilitators within the organisation, is presented. The researcher’s own experiences in the organisation (as director and as a facilitator) are reflected upon. Observations, incidents, and experiences are used as additional data sources. Facilitating vulnerable youth from an ecological systems perspective is an intricate, reflexive, complex and challenging process. / Psychology / MA (Clinical Psychology)

Mecanismos de dispersão de diásporos e de recrutamento de plântulas evitam a competição intra-específica e possibilitam a colonização de novos ambientes, sendo etapas muito importantes para o estabelecimento de populações em novos sítios. Em áreas de transição entre florestas e vegetação campestre esses processos não são aleatórios, e sim associados muitas vezes a indivíduos lenhosos isolados em tais áreas de campo ou a formações arbustivas. No sul do Brasil, as Florestas com Araucária formam mosaicos com áreas campestres e observa-se o avanço da floresta sobre os campos. A dissertação tem como objetivo avaliar a cuva de sementes e o padrão de estabelecimento de plântulas de espécies lenhosas florestais associadas a áreas de ecótonos de Floresta com Araucária e campos e a indivíduos lenhosos isolados na matriz campestre. Os estudos foram realizados no Centro de Pesquisas e Conservação da Natureza Pró-Mata PUCRS, em São Francisco de Paula, em vegetação campestre excluída de fogo e de pastejo há 14 anos, circundada por florestas. A dispersão de diásporos foi avaliada mensalmente por um período de oito meses com o uso de coletores de sementes que foram posicionados em ecótonos de floresta e campos com diferentes fisionomias e sob indivíduos lenhosos isolados na matriz campestre. Paralelamente, foi realizada em parcelas permanentes a amostragem de plântulas, no início e no final desse período, sendo assim verificada sua sobrevivência e recrutamento. Os diferentes ambientes foram comparados através de análise de variância univariada e multivariada para verificar padrões de chuva de sementes e de estabelecimento de plântulas. Os resultados indicaram que tanto a dispersão de sementes quanto o estabelecimento de plântulas em áreas campestres ocorrem preferencialmente associados a indivíduos isolados de Araucaria angustifolia e a formações arbustivas de Baccharis uncinella e que tais ambientes funcionariam como extensões de condições mais semelhantes à floresta na matriz campestre. / Mechanisms of seed dispersal and recruitment avoid intraspecific competition and are crucial steps for the establishment of populations in new sites. In transition areas between forest and grassland, these processes are not spatially random, but often associated to isolated woody individuals in the grassland or to areas with continuous shrub cover. In southern Brazil, Araucaria forest form mosaics with grassland (Campos) and advance of forest over grassland is observed. This dissertation aims at evaluating diaspore dispersal and the pattern of woody plants seedling establishment associated to ecotones between Araucaria forest and grassland and to isolated woody individuals in the grassland matrix. The study was performed in the Centro de Pesquisas e Conservação da Natureza Pró-Mata PUCRS, in São Francisco de Paula, in grassland vegetation excluded from fire and grazing from 14 years, and which is surrounded by forest. Diaspore dispersal was evaluated for eight months by using seed colectors positioned in forest-grassland ecotones with different physiognomies and under isolated woody individuals in the grassland matrix. In a parallel study, permanent plots were evaluated for seedling establishment at the begining and at the end of the period, which allowed the evaluation of seedling survival and new recruitment. The different types of environment were compared by univariate and multivariate analysis of variance to reveal patterns of seed rain and seedling establishment. The results indicated that both seed dispersal and seedling establishment occur preferentially associated to isolated woody individuals of Araucaria angustifolia and to continuous patches of Baccharis uncinella. We sugest such environments would function as extensions of more similar forest conditions within the grassland matrix.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Nucleation process occurs naturally at savannic areas as of the changes promoted by scattered trees that facilitate the colonization of crown area by new individuals and species, including species typical of forest environment. This process can be influenced by several factors such as the physical characteristics of the nuclei, the species of nucleus and the response of nuclei and colonizers to fire. The aim of this study was to describe the nucleation process in savannic environment of Cerrado, from: the description of the environmental changes promoted by nuclei at crown area and the influence of these changes, as well as the physical parameters (crown area and distance from forest formation) of nuclei, in the structure and composition of the community colonizing nuclei (Chapter 1); the analysis of the influence of fire on the structure, composition, functional diversity and resilience of the community colonizing nuclei (Chapter 2); and the description of the influence of the difference in the species of nucleator in the structure, composition, functional diversity and response to fire of communities colonizing the three species of nuclei. Scattered trees at savannic environments of Cerrado act as nucleating, favoring the crown area colonization by a denser and more diverse community, especially by those species typical of forest environment. The fire alters the structure and composition of the community colonizing the nuclei, which has become less dense and more diverse than the community colonizing this environment before the fire, as well as increasing functional diversity based on richness and the occurrence of resprount among individuals colonizing the community after the fire. The larger the capacity of the nucleator, regardless of species, of generating greater shading, higher humidity and higher nutrient availability, denser and more diverse the community colonizing the nuclei will be. / A nucleação ocorre de forma natural nas áreas savânicas a partir das modificações promovidas pelos indivíduos arbóreos que facilitam a colonização do ambiente abaixo da copa por novos indivíduos e espécies, incluindo espécies típicas de ambiente florestal. Este processo pode ser influenciado por vários fatores como, as características físicas do indivíduo nucleador, a espécie nucleadora e a resposta dos indivíduos nucleadores e colonizadores ao fogo. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o processo de nucleação em ambiente savânico do Cerrado, a partir da: descrição das modificações ambientais promovidas pelos indivíduos nucleadores na área da copa e a influência destas modificações, bem como dos parâmetros físicos dos núcleos (área da copa e distância até a formação florestal), na estrutura e composição da comunidade colonizadora dos núcleos (Capítulo 1); análise da influência do fogo na estrutura, composição, diversidade funcional e resiliência da comunidade colonizadora dos núcleos (Capítulo 2); e descrição da influência da diferença das espécies nucleadoras na estrutura, composição, diversidade funcional e resposta ao fogo das comunidades colonizadoras das três espécies nucleadoras. Os indivíduos arbóreos do cerrado sentido restrito atuam como nucleadores favorecendo a colonização da área da copa por uma maior densidade e diversidade de espécies, especialmente aquelas típicas de ambiente florestal. A ocorrência de fogo altera a estrutura e composição desta comunidade colonizadora dos núcleos, que se apresenta menos densa e com maior riqueza que a comunidade colonizadora deste ambiente antes do fogo, além de aumentando a diversidade funcional baseada na riqueza e a ocorrência de rebrota entre os indivíduos que compõem a comunidade após o fogo. Quanto maior for a capacidade do indivíduo nucleador, independente da espécie, de gerar maior sombreamento, maior umidade e maior disponibilidade de nutrientes, mais densa e mais diversa será a comunidade colonizadora deste núcleo. / Doutor em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / This study investigates ecological process and dynamic of the hypersaline tidal flats (HTF, locally knowns as âapicumâ). The HTF systems are characterized by flat landscape and hypersaline soil conditions that may occour in arid and semiarid regions of the world. Usually HTF can be found inside mangrove forest or as a transitional system between mangrove and dry land ecosystem. These areas are highly important for advances of mangrove forest in case of sea level increase. Besides, HTF have great economic value, as prioritarian areas to install aquaculture or saline ponds. Also it represents security zones for traditional populations, as artisanal fishermen. However, the ecological process which drives the HTFs systems remain poorly knew. The studies presented in this doctoral dissertation aim to fulfill some lacks of knowledge about ecological process that could drive the HTF dynamic. The chapter 1 is a bibliographical review about this system. On chapter 2 were evaluated possibles mechanisms used by plants in order to improve their survival in such stressed environment through the study of rhizosphere soils and comparison with bulk soils. On chapter 3, through an experimental study in the field, the possible effect of two crab species bioturbation on HTFs soils and it possible effects on soil properties were evaluated. The chapter 4 registered the evaluation of ecological interactions among biotic and abiotic fractions of the system using ecological modeling tools. In this sense, a structural ecological model was designed using microrelief elevation, soil properties, two plant species biomass and the covering areas of two crab species. Based on results obtained in these studies, it was possible to conclude that HTFs have a particular ecological dynamic and have close relation with mangrove forests due the nutrients, material and animal population flux shared by them. The plant community of HTFs areas is componed mainly by pioneersâ clonal halophytes species. These species seemed to have different strategies to deal with saline stress, an important limitant factor for their growing and distribution. The seasonal effects were noteworthy mainly in bulk soils. In this sense, it is possible that plant estabilize the environment in their benefit. The crabs were able to affect biogeochemical dynamic in HTF soils. However, the burrouing effects of crab species on soil properties were different and seemed reflect the species habit. Although bioturbation effects were important, the modifications on HTF soil properties were less evident than in mangrove forests. Environmental process related to salinity and nutrients availability are among the main factors to drive crabs distribution and plant growth in HTFs. These processes were dependent of microrelief variation. A combination of abiotic factors (microrelief elevation and soil properties) and positive relations among plant species seems to guide the ecological dynamics in HTFs systems. Conservation strategies of coastal environments areas must include the HTF protection due their importance for coastal environments on climate change scenario and economic importance, but mainly because their unique ecological characteristics. / Esse estudo teve como objetivo geral investigar processos ecolÃgicos e a dinÃmica do apicum. Esses sistemas se caracterizam por serem planÃcies hipersalinas que ocorrem em zonas costeiras de regiÃes Ãridas onde podem ser identificadas dentro de bosques de mangue ou entre o manguezal e ecossistemas de terra seca, como mata seca ou restinga. Os apicuns sÃo Ãreas estratÃgicas para recuo das florestas de mangue em caso de aumento do nÃvel do mar. AlÃm disso, possuem grande importÃncia econÃmica, visto que sÃo Ãreas preferenciais para instalaÃÃo de empreendimentos de aquicultura e salinas e por que representam zonas de seguranÃa para populaÃÃes tradicionais. Entretanto, muito pouco se sabe sobre os processos ecolÃgicos que regulam a dinÃmica do sistema. Os estudos compilados nessa tese visam de algum modo suprir lacunas sobre os processos ecolÃgicos que regem a dinÃmica desse sistema. O capÃtulo 1 traz uma ampla revisÃo bibliogrÃfica sobre esse sistema. No capÃtulo 2 foram avaliados possÃveis mecanismos utilizados pelas plantas para sobreviverem ao ambiente limitante atravÃs do estudo dos solos rizosfÃricos e comparaÃÃo com solos nÃo colonizados por plantas. No capÃtulo 3, atravÃs de um estudo experimental de campo foram avaliados os efeitos da bioturbaÃÃo de duas espÃcies de caranguejos nos solos de apicum e seus possÃveis efeitos sobre as condiÃÃes edÃficas. O capÃtulo 4 aprofunda-se na avaliaÃÃo das interaÃÃes ecolÃgicas que ocorrem entre o solo, microrelevo e a biota do sistema (plantas e animais). Nesse sentido, um modelo ecolÃgico estrutural foi construÃdo utilizando variaÃÃes na elevaÃÃo do relevo, propriedades do solo, biomassa das plantas e Ãrea de cobertura de caranguejos. Com base nos resultados, concluiu-se que o sistema apicum possui dinÃmica ecolÃgica muito prÃpria e possui uma relaÃÃo com os bosques de mangue graÃas ao compartilhamento de fluxos de matÃria, nutrientes e populaÃÃes de animais. A comunidade de plantas do apicum à composta, sobretudo por espÃcies clonais halÃfitas pioneiras e que parecem possuir estratÃgias diferenciadas para lidar com o estresse salino, fator limitante do seu crescimento e distribuiÃÃo. O efeito da sazonalidade à notÃvel, sobretudo nas Ãreas nÃo colonizadas por plantas, indicando que possivelmente as plantas estabilizam o sistema solo em seu beneficio. Diferentes espÃcies de caranguejos sÃo capazes de afetar a dinÃmica biogeoquÃmica do solo. A bioturbaÃÃo do solo pelas espÃcies estudadas provocou diferentes efeitos nas propriedades do solo, os quais parecem estar intimamente ligados as hÃbitos das espÃcies. Entretanto, as seus efeitos nos apicuns, embora importantes, sÃo menos intensos que em Ãreas de manguezais. Processos ambientais ligados à salinidade do solo e à disponibilidade de nutrientes estÃo entre os principais fatores que regem a distribuiÃÃo de caranguejos e crescimento das plantas nos apicuns. Esses processos sÃo intimamente dependentes das variaÃÃes do microrelevo. Uma combinaÃÃo entre fatores abiÃticos (elevaÃÃo do relevo e propiedades do solo) e relaÃÃes positivas entre espÃcies de plantas parecem se os princiapis agentes na dinÃmica ecolÃgica dos apicuns. EstratÃgias de conservaÃÃo de sistemas costeiros devem incluir a proteÃÃo dos apicuns visto seu importante papel ecolÃgico no cenÃrio de mudanÃas climÃticas e importÃncia para economia local, sobretudo por conta suas caracterÃsticas ecolÃgicas Ãnicas.

Mecanismos de dispersão de diásporos e de recrutamento de plântulas evitam a competição intra-específica e possibilitam a colonização de novos ambientes, sendo etapas muito importantes para o estabelecimento de populações em novos sítios. Em áreas de transição entre florestas e vegetação campestre esses processos não são aleatórios, e sim associados muitas vezes a indivíduos lenhosos isolados em tais áreas de campo ou a formações arbustivas. No sul do Brasil, as Florestas com Araucária formam mosaicos com áreas campestres e observa-se o avanço da floresta sobre os campos. A dissertação tem como objetivo avaliar a cuva de sementes e o padrão de estabelecimento de plântulas de espécies lenhosas florestais associadas a áreas de ecótonos de Floresta com Araucária e campos e a indivíduos lenhosos isolados na matriz campestre. Os estudos foram realizados no Centro de Pesquisas e Conservação da Natureza Pró-Mata PUCRS, em São Francisco de Paula, em vegetação campestre excluída de fogo e de pastejo há 14 anos, circundada por florestas. A dispersão de diásporos foi avaliada mensalmente por um período de oito meses com o uso de coletores de sementes que foram posicionados em ecótonos de floresta e campos com diferentes fisionomias e sob indivíduos lenhosos isolados na matriz campestre. Paralelamente, foi realizada em parcelas permanentes a amostragem de plântulas, no início e no final desse período, sendo assim verificada sua sobrevivência e recrutamento. Os diferentes ambientes foram comparados através de análise de variância univariada e multivariada para verificar padrões de chuva de sementes e de estabelecimento de plântulas. Os resultados indicaram que tanto a dispersão de sementes quanto o estabelecimento de plântulas em áreas campestres ocorrem preferencialmente associados a indivíduos isolados de Araucaria angustifolia e a formações arbustivas de Baccharis uncinella e que tais ambientes funcionariam como extensões de condições mais semelhantes à floresta na matriz campestre. / Mechanisms of seed dispersal and recruitment avoid intraspecific competition and are crucial steps for the establishment of populations in new sites. In transition areas between forest and grassland, these processes are not spatially random, but often associated to isolated woody individuals in the grassland or to areas with continuous shrub cover. In southern Brazil, Araucaria forest form mosaics with grassland (Campos) and advance of forest over grassland is observed. This dissertation aims at evaluating diaspore dispersal and the pattern of woody plants seedling establishment associated to ecotones between Araucaria forest and grassland and to isolated woody individuals in the grassland matrix. The study was performed in the Centro de Pesquisas e Conservação da Natureza Pró-Mata PUCRS, in São Francisco de Paula, in grassland vegetation excluded from fire and grazing from 14 years, and which is surrounded by forest. Diaspore dispersal was evaluated for eight months by using seed colectors positioned in forest-grassland ecotones with different physiognomies and under isolated woody individuals in the grassland matrix. In a parallel study, permanent plots were evaluated for seedling establishment at the begining and at the end of the period, which allowed the evaluation of seedling survival and new recruitment. The different types of environment were compared by univariate and multivariate analysis of variance to reveal patterns of seed rain and seedling establishment. The results indicated that both seed dispersal and seedling establishment occur preferentially associated to isolated woody individuals of Araucaria angustifolia and to continuous patches of Baccharis uncinella. We sugest such environments would function as extensions of more similar forest conditions within the grassland matrix.