This paper investigates the impact of social norms on the performance and valuation of “controversial stocks”- publicly traded companies involved in the production of Adult Entertainment, Alcohol, Gambling, Nuclear Energy, Tobacco, Uranium, and Weapons. Their performance and valuation is directly compared with compare non-controversial stocks. The paper consider an international sample of 941 controversial stocks. Employing a multi-factor performance measure, seven countries provide a significant outperformance of controversial stocks across all relevant control factors. The valuation analysis, however, provide mixed results on a country level, but on the global market-to-book ratio provide a significant overvaluation of controversial stocks compared to comparable non-controversial stocks, which contradicts the prediction of an undervaluation.JEL classification:

Self-determination theory (SDT), a motivation theory, consists of motivation types: intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation, where the social environment is important. SDT’s motivation orientations are about individual differences in people’s tendencies to orient towards environments. The five factor model (FFM), a personality theory, consists of five factors and can be grouped into two metatraits; plasticity: extraversion and openness; and stability: agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. Studies show that SDT’s motivation orientations and the factors of FFM significantly covary. Intrinsic motivation and trait plasticity have similar features; the desire for exploration, engagement, well-being, and dopamine as neural correlate. The thesis reviews the role of dopamine as the neural correlate of intrinsic motivation and trait plasticity – a relation between motivation and personality. Dopamine and trait plasticity function to attain rewards of uncertainty and explore, but uncertainty is threatening. Salience coding neurons, value coding neurons and a combination of both are related, respectively, to rewards of information, specific rewards and the value of any uncertainty. Intrinsic motivation is related to the value coding neurons, flow via D2 receptors, the salience network, and the seeking system. Conclusions: there are many appealing similarities and rational that relate constructs/mechanisms – motivation is related to personality; can there even be a common construct? However; results based on proposed theories, neuroscientific quality issues, early inconsistent findings of intrinsic motivation mechanisms, and trait stability are speculated to, also, be needed to model intrinsic motivation. Unifying cross-disciplinary work and proposed theories of neural correlates are encouraged.

Submitted by Beatriz Sousa Rocha (sousarocha.beatriz@gmail.com) on 2015-03-10T15:30:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BeatrizRocha_The influence of the global crisis on the slowdown of the EM.pdf: 1365314 bytes, checksum: 82f9b310310d1e4103974d5d4aceeb3c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luana Rodrigues (luana.rodrigues@fgv.br) on 2015-03-10T18:01:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 BeatrizRocha_The influence of the global crisis on the slowdown of the EM.pdf: 1365314 bytes, checksum: 82f9b310310d1e4103974d5d4aceeb3c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-11T12:48:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BeatrizRocha_The influence of the global crisis on the slowdown of the EM.pdf: 1365314 bytes, checksum: 82f9b310310d1e4103974d5d4aceeb3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-14 / This paper investigates the empirical relationship between the 2007-2009 financial crisis, the 2010-2012 sovereign debt crisis and the recent emerging equity markets slowdown. The exposure of the emerging markets to the crisis of the developed markets is quantified using an interdependence factor model. The results show that emerging markets did suffer a shock from both crisis, yet they recovered while the developed markets were still struggling. After the sovereign debt crisis emerging markets slowed down synchronized with the developed market’s recovery. The paper further analyses whether capital flows explain the connection between these two events, finding this relationship exists. / A presente dissertação investiga a relação empírica entre a crise financeira de 2007-2009, a crise da dívida soberana de 2010-2012 e a recente desaceleração dos mercados de capitais nos mercados emergentes. A exposição dos mercados emergentes à crise nos desenvolvidos é quantificada através de um modelo de interdependência de factores. Os resultados mostram que estes sofreram, de facto, um choque provocado por ambas as crises. No entanto, este foi um choque de curta duração enquanto os mercados desenvolvidos ainda lutavam com as consequências resultantes das sucessivas crises financeiras. A análise do modelo mostra ainda que após a crise da divida soberana, enquanto os mercados desenvolvidos iniciam a sua recuperação, os emergentes desaceleram o seu crescimento. De forma a completar a análise do modelo foi efectuado um estudo sobre a influência dos fluxos de capitais entre os mercados emergentes e desenvolvidos na direcção do seu crescimento, revelando que existe uma relação entre estes dois eventos.

Revisorns oberoende är sedan länge ett omdiskuterat ämne. Brist på oberoende har tidigare orsakat flera större företagsskandaler och lett till att allmänheten förlorat förtroende för revisionsprofessionen. Därefter har ett flertal förändringar skett genom att olika regleringar har införts, vilka bland annat har syftat till att stärka oberoendet. Syftet med denna studie är att förklara huruvida det finns ett samband mellan revisorers personlighetsdrag och deras förmåga att bibehålla oberoendet. Denna studie undersöker hypoteser som har skapats utifrån befintlig teori och har därmed en kvantitativ ansats. För att undersöka revisorers personlighetsdrag har femfaktormodellen använts, som består av fem olika dimensioner vilka undersöker en individs grundläggande personlighetsdrag. För att undersöka oberoendet har tre vinjettfrågor tillämpats. Vinjettfrågorna lyckades inte mäta graden av oberoende tillsammans och således bör studiens resultat tolkas med försiktighet.  Resultaten av denna studie indikerar att personlighetsdragen neuroticism, öppenhet för erfarenhet och vänlighet skulle kunna ha en påverkan på revisorers förmåga att bibehålla oberoendet. Sambanden som återfinns är emellertid svaga. Vidare återfinns inga samband mellan extraversion samt samvetsgrannhet och oberoendet, vilket talar för att personlighetsdragen påverkar oberoendet i mycket låg utsträckning. Slutligen är revisorers personlighetsdrag ett forskningsområde som kan vidareutvecklas. / The independence of the auditor is since a long time a debated topic. Lack of independence has earlier caused several major corporate scandals and led to the public losing trust in the audit profession. Afterwards, several changes have been made through implementation of various regulations which among other things aim to strengthen the independence. The purpose of this paper is to explain whether there is a relationship between auditors’ personality traits and their ability to remain independent. This study tests hypotheses which have been created through existing theory and thus, has a quantitative approach. To examine auditors’ personality traits, the five-factor model of personality traits has been used which consists of five dimensions that explain an individual's fundamental personality traits. To examine the independence, three vignette questions have been used. The vignette questions did not manage to measure the level of independence together and consequently, the study’s results need to be interpreted with caution.  The findings of the study indicate that the personality traits neuroticism, openness to new experience and agreeableness might have an impact on the auditors’ ability to maintain the independence. However, the found relationships are weak. Furthermore, no relationships can be found between extraversion, conscientiousness and the independence which suggests that personality traits affect the independence to a very low extent. Lastly, the auditors’ personality traits are a research area that can be further developed.

Este trabalho analisa e modela a Estrutura a Termo das Taxas de Juros objetivando ao teste da Hipótese das Expectativas(HE) na ponta curta da curva de juros e a uma aplicação da teoria de Markowitz (1952) no mercado de renda fixa utilizando a estrutura proposta por Caldeira, Moura e Santos (2015). Para estes fins foram utilizados dados dos contratos futuros de 1 dia dos depósito interbancários (DI1) negociados na BMF interpolados em maturidades fixas, sendo utilizados em base semanal quando do teste da HE e em base diária para a construção dos portfólios de mínima variância. Os resultados encontrados para o teste da HE sugerem a invalidade da teoria, uma vez que o prêmio de risco é se mostra ajustável a um modelo GARCH-M e, portanto, variante no tempo. Os portfólios de mínima variância ajustados nas versões irrestrita e restrita (duration máxima de 1 ano) se mostraram consistentes, tendo superado quase a totalidade dos fundos analisados. O portfólio de mínima variância irrestrito obteve o maior Índice de Sharpe no período analisado. / This work analyzes and model the Term Structure of Interest Rates seeking testing Expectation Hypothesis in the short end of the Yield Curve and to apply the portfolio theory to the fixed income context using the framework proposed by Caldeira, Moura e Santos (2015). We used a database of constant maturities interbank deposits’s future contracts. The results suggest Expectation Hypothesis doesn’t hold and risk premium could be modeled by a GARCH-M framework, being time variant. The bond portfolio optimized were, in general, consistent with high sharpe ratio relative to other funds and beated the chosen benchmark during the period analyzed.

Este trabalho analisa e modela a Estrutura a Termo das Taxas de Juros objetivando ao teste da Hipótese das Expectativas(HE) na ponta curta da curva de juros e a uma aplicação da teoria de Markowitz (1952) no mercado de renda fixa utilizando a estrutura proposta por Caldeira, Moura e Santos (2015). Para estes fins foram utilizados dados dos contratos futuros de 1 dia dos depósito interbancários (DI1) negociados na BMF interpolados em maturidades fixas, sendo utilizados em base semanal quando do teste da HE e em base diária para a construção dos portfólios de mínima variância. Os resultados encontrados para o teste da HE sugerem a invalidade da teoria, uma vez que o prêmio de risco é se mostra ajustável a um modelo GARCH-M e, portanto, variante no tempo. Os portfólios de mínima variância ajustados nas versões irrestrita e restrita (duration máxima de 1 ano) se mostraram consistentes, tendo superado quase a totalidade dos fundos analisados. O portfólio de mínima variância irrestrito obteve o maior Índice de Sharpe no período analisado. / This work analyzes and model the Term Structure of Interest Rates seeking testing Expectation Hypothesis in the short end of the Yield Curve and to apply the portfolio theory to the fixed income context using the framework proposed by Caldeira, Moura e Santos (2015). We used a database of constant maturities interbank deposits’s future contracts. The results suggest Expectation Hypothesis doesn’t hold and risk premium could be modeled by a GARCH-M framework, being time variant. The bond portfolio optimized were, in general, consistent with high sharpe ratio relative to other funds and beated the chosen benchmark during the period analyzed.

Submitted by Rafael Santana (rafael.silvasantana@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-18T18:39:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação (2016-03-04) - KLIVER LAMARTHINE ALVES CONFESSOR.pdf: 1386264 bytes, checksum: 187856adab13aa330884ca934200e20d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T18:39:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação (2016-03-04) - KLIVER LAMARTHINE ALVES CONFESSOR.pdf: 1386264 bytes, checksum: 187856adab13aa330884ca934200e20d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / Este estudo tem o objetivo de analisar se a inclusão do fator Payout no modelo de três fatores de Fama e French (1993) é relevante para explicação do retorno das empresas cotadas na BM&FBOVESPA entre o período de 2004 e 2014. O Payout avalia o nível de pagamento de dividendos. O prêmio pelo fator Payout é obtido pela diferença dos retornos entre as empresas que pagaram Payout Incremental – percentual de dividendos maior do que versa a legislação – e o retorno daquelas empresas que não pagaram dividendos. O método utilizado nesse trabalho baseia-se no modelo de Fama e French (1993), onde o fator Payout foi adicionado aos fatores prêmio pelo risco de mercado (RM-RF), prêmio pelo fator tamanho (SMB) e prêmio pelo fator book-to-market (HML) criando um novo modelo de 4 fatores. O poder explicativo desse modelo foi testado em face do retorno de 12 carteiras criadas a partir da ortogonalização dos desses fatores. Os resultados indicam que o fator Payout é significativo no modelo e que este fator geralmente possui uma relação negativa com o retorno das carteiras. O modelo consegue explicar melhor o retorno de sete dentre as doze carteiras estudadas, dessas destacam-se as carteiras de pequenas, de alto valor e que pagaram dividendos incrementais, pequenas, de baixo valor e que pagaram dividendos incrementais, pequenas, de baixo valor e que não pagaram dividendos, com um poder explicativo de mais de 70%. Para as carteiras grande, de alto valor e que não pagaram dividendos, grande, de baixo valor e que não pagaram dividendos, pequenas, de baixo valor e que pagaram dividendos mínimo, pequenas, de alto valor e que não pagaram dividendos, o modelo explica o retorno em mais de 50% com as variáveis apresentadas. A variável Payout não foi significativa apenas para a carteira pequena, de baixo valor e que pagaram dividendos. Portanto, a inclusão do fator Payout ao modelo de Fama e French (1993) possui relevância para os estudos de avaliação de portfólios. Este estudo contribui para as discussões e aprimoramento dos modelos de precificação de ativos no mercado brasileiro. / This study aims to analyze whether the inclusion of the Payout factor on the three factors of Fama and French (1993) is relevant to an explanation of the return of the companies listed on the BM&FBOVESPA between 2004 and 2014. The Payout evaluates the level of payment of dividends. The premium of the Payout’s factor is obtained by the difference of returns among the companies that paid the dividend percentage – Incremental Payout higher than what legislation suggests – and the return of the companies that did not pay dividends. The method used in this paper is based on Fame and French (1993) model’s, which the Payout factor was added to by the market risk premium (RM-RF), an award by the factor (SMB) size and prize for the book-to-market factor (HML) creating a new model of 4 factors. The explanatory power of this model was tested in the face of the return of 12 portfolios created by orthogonalizing these factors. The results indicate that the Payout factor is significant in the model and that this factor generally has a negative relationship with the return of portfolios. The model can explain better the return of seven from twelve portfolios studied. From these portfolios stands out portfolios with little value, high value and that paid dividends, small, low-value and that paid dividends, small, low-value and that did not pay dividends, with an explanatory power of over 70%. For great portfolios, high value and that did not pay dividends, large, low-value and that did not pay dividends, small, low-value and that paid minimum dividends, small, high value and that did not pay dividends, the model explains the return in more than 50% with the variables presented. The variable Payout was not significant for small, low portfolio value and that paid dividends. Therefore, the inclusion of the Payout factor model of Fame and French (1993) has relevance to portfolio assessment studies. This study contributes to the discussion and improvement of asset pricing models in the Brazilian market.

The aim of the present study was to investigate how sensory processing sensitivity is related to the personality traits extraversion, agreeableness, emotional stability, conscientiousness and autonomy of the five-factor model. The samples for the study were members of the Association for the Highly Sensitive in Sweden and a Facebook community for highly sensitive individuals. The participants in the present study responded on a web-based questionnaire to participate. To answer the purpose of the study The Highly Sensitive Person scale (HSPS) were used to measure the degree of a person’s sensitivity. The Five Factor Personality Inventory (FFPI) was used to measure the Big Five personality traits. The data were analyzed in the statistics program SPSS with Pearson’s correlations coefficient and a multiple regression analysis. The result of the multiple regression analysis showed that personality traits of neuroticism and agreeableness predicted sensory processing sensitivity. Further on results showed that the personality traits of extraversion, conscientiousness and autonomy not predicted sensory processing sensitivity. The results of the study conclude that participants of the study are much likely to have the personality traits neuroticism and introversion. Furthermore, results indicated that the participants of the study had the personality traits agreeableness, conscientiousness and autonomy. Continued studies with other methodological starting points are needed to achieve greater knowledge about the personality trait sensory processing sensitivity. / Studiens syfte var att undersöka om det fanns en relation mellan högkänslighet och personlighetsdragen extraversion, vänlighet, samvetsgrannhet, öppenhet samt emotionell stabilitet enligt femfaktormodellen. Urvalet bestod av medlemmar från Sveriges Förening för Högkänsliga och en Facebookgrupp som riktar sig till högkänsliga personer. För att besvara frågeställningen användes en webbaserad enkät som mailades ut till medlemmarna i Sveriges Förening för Högkänsliga samt publicerades i Facebookgruppen. Beroendevariabeln högkänslighet mättes med mätinstrumentet The Highly Sensitive Person Scale (HSPS). Oberoendevariablerna extraversion, vänlighet, samvetsgrannhet, emotionell stabilitet och öppenhet mättes med mätinstrumentet The Five Factor Personality Inventory (FFPI). Dataanalyserna som genomfördes i studien var Pearsons korrelationskoefficient och multipel regressionsanalys. Regressionsanalysen visade att personlighetsdragen emotionell stabilitet och vänlighet var prediktorer för högkänslighet. Personlighetsdragen extraversion, samvetsgrannhet och öppenhet var inte prediktorer för högkänslighet. Resultatet indikerade att studiens deltagare i högre grad hade personlighetsdragen neuroticism och introversion. Vidare visade resultatet att studiens deltagare hade grad av personlighetsdragen samvetsgrannhet, vänlighet och öppenhet. Studien gav en indikation på hur hög grad av högkänslighet var i relation till andra personlighetsdrag. Resultatet kan således öka kunskapen om högkänslighet och vad det medför. Fortsatta studier med andra metodologiska utgångspunkter krävs för att få ökad kunskap om personlighetsdraget högkänslighet.

The present study examines relationships among differences in personality, financial planning behaviors, and retirement life satisfaction. The hypothesized sequence of relationships is: PersonalityàFinancial Planning BehavioràRetirement Life Satisfaction. The study adds to prior research by clarifying the hypothesized role that proactive personality (as opposed to other personality variables such as the Big Five) has as a predictor, and also by showing how differences in discrete types of financial planning behavior influence retirement life satisfaction and mediate effects of proactive personality on satisfaction. This study tests these linkages while also addressing limitations and ambiguity in prior research regarding these potentially important effects among disposition, financial planning and a satisfactory retirement.

In 1981, Banz discovered evidence suggesting that small-cap firms outperform large-cap firms when considering risk-adjusted returns. Banz (1981), called this the “size effect” and raised concerns regarding the ability of current asset pricing models to set accurate prices for assets. This resulted in new models being developed, such as the Fama and French three-factor model which takes the size of a company into consideration (Fama & French, 1992). However, since the discovering of the size effect, several researchers have started to question its existence. (Asgharian & Hansson, 2008) Moreover, short after Banz findings, a study by Keim (1983) introduced results that complements the size effect. Keims study suggests that the size effect is present due to the fact that small-cap firms outperform large- cap firms during the month of January. This seasonal anomaly is called the “January effect” and could possibly be the reason for the existence of the size effect. The purpose of this study is to investigate if there is a size effect and/or a January effect present on the Swedish stock market (OMX) when using Enterprise Value as the measure for size. Enterprise Value has been chosen in order to consider the full capital structure of companies, hence, not solely the equity value. In order to answer these research questions, a quantitative study has been conducted on companies being listen on the OMX during the time period 2000-2019. The findings of the research are that there is no size effect present on the OMX. Furthermore, the research has found that there is a January effect present on the OMX. This paper suggests that the January effect might have been the reason for the presence of the size effect in history, but as of now, the size effect has diminished but the January effect still remains.