The purpose of this paper is to discuss the differences between accounting for fixed assets under IFRS and U.S. GAAP. Primarily the discussion will be driven by the question: which standard should the FASB lobby for in its joint effort with the IASB to converge U.S. GAAP with IFRS? The paper will start by establishing that financial reporting, as it has evolved in the United States, was developed primarily to assist in the accountability relationships between management and both credit and equity investors. From there the paper will look at which standard is better suited to fulfill this goal and enhance financial reporting. It will first discuss the differences of historical cost accounting versus market values in the income statement. Next, the paper will look at the differences created in the balance sheet by the two methods. Finally, the paper will consider additional implications of switching to a market value standard. This paper will attempt to prove that historical cost accounting is the more reliable method of the two, provides an equally if not more relevant income measure, and that market values do not enhance the financial statements in any clear way. Particularly in any fashion that justifies the additional costs to the firm and to investors in debt and equity that market values would create.

In June of 2015, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development released an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to establish a more effective Fair Market Rent System using Small Area Fair Market Rents (SAFMRs) in the Housing Choice Voucher Program (HCVP) instead of the current 50th Percentile FMRs. The 50th Percentile FMR is currently in use in the Richmond, Virginia region, and the region is likely to be among early adopters of the new SAFMR System. This thesis assesses existing conditions that will affect implementation of the Small Area Fair Market Rent (SAFMR) System. First, it evaluates where voucher holders have located and concentrated with limited mobility counseling and without the SAFMR System intervention. Second, this evaluation assesses the theory of opportunity and targeting metrics currently in use by the local Move to Opportunity Program administered in the region, because the SAFMR System has a stated objective to enable voucher holders to de-concentrate from low opportunity areas. Finally, this evaluation assesses the SAFMR System’s potential for value capture, estimating total savings and a discrete number of potential new vouchers that may be created with those savings. This research attempts to answer these dimensions of SAFMR System implementation by evaluating key characteristics of current voucher holder concentration in the metropolitan region.

El presente proyecto titulado Mercado Ferial San José en la ciudad de Juliaca, nace frente a la necesidad de mejorar la infraestructura del corazón comercial de la provincia de San Román, considerado como el punto comercial más importante de la región de Puno. La infraestructura del mercado San José de Juliaca se presenta de manera insuficiente e inapropiada, lo que causa caos y desorden, e inclusive riesgo de accidentes. Por ello, propongo hacer una renovación al mercado San José que plantea una nueva perspectiva del espacio comercial, que irá más allá del intercambio comercial, sino se enfoca en ofrecer espacios como un punto de encuentro en la ciudad. Además, se propone amplios espacios de interacción comercial, patio de comidas, restaurantes y otros servicios, de esta manera repotenciar el comercio y mejorar la experiencia gastronómica. Por consiguiente, se tiene planteado un diseño arquitectónico organizado por un eje comercial conformado por plazas, estas mismas son para generar diferentes actividades dentro del mercado, asimismo permitirá originar nuevos recorridos comerciales e incentivar actividades comerciales a todo nivel, respondiendo a las necesidades comerciales de la ciudad de Juliaca. Se concluye que es necesario renovar mercados complementándolos con las necesidades comerciales que necesita y reflejando la estrecha relación entre establecimiento comercial y el espacio público para así repotenciar el comercio existente teniendo en cuenta que es el principal rubro en la ciudad. El contenido del presente documento está constituido por una secuencia de capítulos, los cuales describen los diversos aspectos del proyecto. / The following project entitled “San José” Fair Market- Juliaca, was created in response to the necessity to improve the commercial heart of the province of San Roman’s infrastructure, which is considered the most important commercial area in Puno region. “San José” Fair Market- Juliaca’s infrastructure is shown in an insufficient and inappropriate way, which causes chaos, disorder, and even risk of accidents. Therefore, I propose to make a renovation of San Jose market that brings a new perspective of commercial infrastructure, which, not only will meet the needs of commercial exchange, but also will focus on offering spaces as a meeting point in the city. In addition, the project will include wide spaces for commercial interaction, food court, restaurants and other services. In this way, it will boost the commerce and will improve the gastronomic experience. To that end, the project proposes an architectural design which will be organized by a commercial axis composed of squares. These squares will encourage different activities within the market, and will enable new commercial routes and encourage commercial activities at all levels, adressing Juliaca city’s commercial needs. In conclusion, it is necessary to renew markets, complementing them with commercial needs and reflecting the close relationship between commercial establishment and public space in order to boost the existing commerce, considering that it is the main activity in the city. The content of this document is composed of a sequence of chapters, which describe the various aspects of the project. / Tesis

「雙邊投資協定」是「發展中國家」為積極引進外國資本，與「已開發國家」為有效保護本國投資者間之互惠保障機制。於1990年代以來，因跨國企業數擴大而增加投資活動，因此也擴大投資的規模，故而對投資規範之需求必要性愈來愈增加。「雙邊投資協定」作爲目前最通用的國際投資規範，最近全世界所簽訂之雙邊投資協定的數量為約2,700多個(約180個國家)，惟由於世界上就雙邊投資協定内容還沒統一的形態，而且協定規定上缺乏具體性基準，針對協定内容，已開發國家與發展中國家之間見解往往相左。 其中「徵收條款」是理論解釋上最引起爭論的領域之一。不過迄今與徵收有關協定之實踐過程中，資本輸出國（已開發國家）和資本輸入國（發展中國家）間之理解有很大的差異，即在於絕對多數的雙邊投資協定中，對於徵收條款沒有判斷標準（如間接徵收）、補償標準（如赫爾規則）、補償額價格估價方式（如公平市場價格）之具體基準。 本論文基於雙邊投資協定之現行趨勢，想要研究雙邊投資協定的一般概念與徵收的相關具體内容，尤其為準備臺灣與韓國間簽訂雙邊投資協定的可能性，先觀察最近韓國、臺灣與各國所簽訂的雙邊投資協定之現況，其次則想要比較該協定的徵收條款，進一步嘗試關於未來臺、韓兩國之雙邊投資協定徵收條款之制定方向提出若干意見。