The primary purpose of the present review was to determine why conflicting findings have been reported regarding the long-term effects of phonological awareness training for children from low socioeconomic status families (low-SES) and children with familial risk for reading impairment. Four aspects of intervention were analyzed for each of the studies: service delivery, content of intervention, length of sessions, and total number of sessions. The second purpose of the review was to determine which aspects of intervention had the largest effect on improving later reading skills as well as if general aspects were beneficial to both at-risk groups or if there were population-specific factors. A total of ten intervention studies, five involving children from low-SES and five involving children with familial risk for reading impairment, were reviewed. Of the ten interventions reviewed, only three interventions, two involving children from low-SES and one involving children at familial risk for reading impairment, demonstrated successful long-term effects on reading. The remaining interventions demonstrated differences across the four aspects analyzed and conflicting long-term outcomes. As no population specific factors were observed across studies, the similarities found in the three successful interventions suggest that a general intervention program can be beneficial for both populations of at-risk children. / text

The relationship between DSM-IV anxiety disorders and their clinical characteristics in mothers and anxiety in offspring was examined in 933 mother-child pairs from a longitudinal community study. Offspring of mothers with an anxiety disorder had an elevated risk of developing any anxiety disorder, compared with offspring of mothers with no anxiety disorder. Increased risk of anxiety in the offspring was especially associated with maternal social phobia and generalised anxiety disorder, and with maternal diagnoses of early onset, greater number and more severe impairment. These results suggest that the type of maternal anxiety disorder and its severity of manifestation contribute to mother-offspring aggregation of anxiety.

L'objectif de notre première étude était d'identifier les déterminants génétiques et environnementaux du risque de maladie thromboembolique veineuse (MTEV) chez les femmes sous contraceptifs oraux combinés (COC). Après ajustement pour les facteurs confondants, les principaux déterminants environnementaux de la MTEV étaient le tabagisme (OR = 1,65) et un indice de masse corporelle supérieur à 35 kg.m2 (OR = 3,46). En outre, la thrombophilie héréditaire sévère (OR = 2,13) et les groupes sanguins non-O (OR = 1,98). Nous avons confirmé que l’histoire familiale au premier degré de MTEV prédit mal la thrombophilie. En conclusion, cette étude confirme l'influence du tabagisme et de l'obésité et pour la première fois l'impact du groupe sanguin ABO sur le risque de MTEV chez les femmes sous COC. Elle confirme également la faible sensibilité de l'histoire familiale de MTEV pour dépister les thrombophilies héréditaires.Le but de la deuxième étude était d'étudier, chez les utilisatrices de COC, l'impact des polymorphismes génétiques nouvellement identifiés par les études pangénomiques associés au risque de MTEV dans la population générale. Neuf polymorphismes situés sur les gènes KNG1, F11, F5, F2, PROCR, FGG, TSPAN15 et SLC44A2 ont été génotypés dans un échantillon de 766 cas et 464 témoins dans le cadre de l’étude PILGRIM. Seul le polymorphisme rs2289252 situé sur le F11 était significativement associé au risque de MTEV. La présence de l’allèle rs2289252-A du F11 était associée à un risque accru de MTEV (OR =1,6). En outre, la combinaison de l’allèle rs2289252-A et du groupe sanguin non-O, était associée à un risque d’OR de 4. / The aim of our first study was to identify the genetic and environmental determinants of venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk in a large sample of women using combined oral contraceptives (COC). A total of 968 women with a personal history of VTE during COC use were compared with 874 women under COC, but no personal history of VTE. After adjustment for confounding factors, the main environmental determinants of VTE were smoking odds ratio (OR = 1.65) and a body mass index greater than 35 kg.m-2 (OR = 3.46). In addition, severe hereditary thrombophilia (OR = 2.13) and non-O blood groups (OR = 1.98) have been shown to be important genetic risk factors for VTE under COC. First-degree family history of VTE predicts thrombophilia poorly. In conclusion, this study confirms the influence of smoking and obesity and for the first time the impact of ABO blood group on the risk of VTE in women under COC It also confirms the low sensitivity of the family history of VTE to detect hereditary thrombophilia. The purpose of the second study was to study, in COC users, the impact of newly identified genetic polymorphisms by genome-wide as associated with the risk of VTE in the general population. Nine polymorphisms on the KNG1, F11, F5, F2, PROCR, FGG, TSPAN15 and SLC44A2 genes were genotyped in a sample of 766 patients and 464 controls in the PILGRIM study. Only the rs2289252 polymorphism on the F11 was significantly associated with the risk of VTE. The presence of the F11 rs2289252-A allele was associated with an increased risk of VTE (OR = 1.6). In addition, the combination of the rs2289252-A allele and the non-O blood group was associated with an OR risk of 4.

The relationship between DSM-IV anxiety disorders and their clinical characteristics in mothers and anxiety in offspring was examined in 933 mother-child pairs from a longitudinal community study. Offspring of mothers with an anxiety disorder had an elevated risk of developing any anxiety disorder, compared with offspring of mothers with no anxiety disorder. Increased risk of anxiety in the offspring was especially associated with maternal social phobia and generalised anxiety disorder, and with maternal diagnoses of early onset, greater number and more severe impairment. These results suggest that the type of maternal anxiety disorder and its severity of manifestation contribute to mother-offspring aggregation of anxiety.

No description available.

The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the level of reading comprehension in children at risk of developing grammar difficulties. The main goal consisted of assessing the performance and children's success in two experimental groups (with impaired speech development and the familial risk of dyslexia) and one control group (individuals with typical speech development) at the Test of Reading Comprehension based on the YARC diagnostic scale (Hulme et al., 2009). Additionally, we also observed the performance of children throughout a longer period of time. Consequently, it enabled us to compare the performance of children in the original test with the results of the Test of Reading and Comprehension by M. Caravolas and J. Volín (2005), which was administered two years later. Further analysis reveal that the individuals with the impaired speech development performed significantly worse than the children with familial risk of dyslexia whose performance was very much on the same level as the ones with typical speech development. Additionally, we found out that the performance of children in terms of comprehension does not change significantly during their development. The results of this study may be beneficial both for specialists and parents who may obtain a better understanding of their children's...

Abstract Neuropsychiatric illnesses usually become overtly manifest in adolescence and early adulthood. A critical long-term aim is to be able to prevent the development of such illnesses, which requires instruments to identify subjects at high risk of illness and to offer them effective interventions. There is an indisputable need for more sophisticated methods to enable more precise detection of adolescents and young adults who are at high risk of developing psychosis. Abnormal function in brain networks has been reported in people with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Similar abnormalities have been found also in people at risk for developing psychosis, but it is not known whether this applies also to spontaneous resting state activity in young people with a familial risk for psychosis. We conducted resting-state functional MRI (R-fMRI) in 72 (29 male) young adults with a history of psychosis in one or both parents (FR) but without psychosis themselves, and 72 (29 male) similarly healthy control subjects without familial risk for psychosis. Both groups in the Oulu Brain and Mind study were drawn from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986. All volunteers were 20–25 years old. Parental psychosis was established using the Care Register for Health Care. R-fMRI data was pre-processed using independent component analysis (ICA). A dual regression technique was used to detect between-group differences with p < 0.05 threshold corrected for multiple comparisons at voxel level. FR subjects demonstrated significantly decreased activity compared to control subjects in the default mode network and in the central executive network and increased activity in the cerebellum. The findings clarify previously controversial literature on the subject. The finding suggests that abnormal activity in these brain networks in rest may be associated with increased vulnerability to psychosis. The findings maybe helpful in developing more precise methods for detecting young people at highest risk for developing psychosis. / Tiivistelmä Psykoottisiin häiriöihin sairastutaan yleensä nuoruudessa tai varhaisaikuisuudessa. Psykoositutkimuksen tavoitteena on löytää uusia menetelmiä, joiden avulla kyettäisiin tunnistamaan suurimmassa psykoosiriskissä olevat nuoret, jotta heille voitaisiin tarjota sairautta ennaltaehkäiseviä hoitokeinoja. Skitsofreniaan ja muihin psykoottisiin häiriöihin sairastuneilla on havaittu aivotoiminnan poikkeavuuksia. Samankaltaisia aivotoiminnan poikkeavuuksia on havaittu myös nuorilla, jotka ovat vaarassa sairastua psykoosiin. Toistaiseksi on ollut epäselvää, onko psykoosiin sairastuneiden henkilöiden lapsilla aivohermoverkkojen toiminnan poikkeavuuksia lepotilassa. Suoritimme aivojen lepotilan MRI-tutkimuksen (R-fMRI) 72:lle (29 miestä) nuorelle aikuiselle, joiden jompikumpi vanhempi oli sairastunut psykoosin sekä 72:lle (29 miestä) nuorelle aikuiselle, joiden vanhemmat eivät olleet sairastaneet psykoosia. Molemmat tutkimusryhmät tässä Oulu Brain and Mind -tutkimuksessa olivat Pohjois-Suomen 1986 syntymäkohortin jäseniä. Tutkittavat olivat 20–25 vuoden iässä. Lepotilan toiminnallinen magneettikuvaus suoritettiin 1.5 Teslan Siemensin magneettikuvantamislaitteella. Tutkimuskohteiksi valittiin lepotilan toiminnallinen aivohermoverkko, toiminnan ohjauksesta vastaava aivohermoverkko ja pikkuaivot. Kuvantamisdataan sovellettiin itsenäisten komponenttien analyysia aivohermoverkkojen määrittämistä varten. Ryhmien välisen eron havaitsemiseen käytettiin ei-parametristä permutaatiotestiä, joka kynnystettiin tilastollisesti merkitsevään tasoon (p < 0.05). Lepotilan oletushermoverkossa ja toiminnanohjauksesta vastaavassa aivohermoverkoissa havaittiin vähäisempää aktiivisuutta ja pikkuaivoissa kohonnutta aktiivisuutta perinnöllisessä psykoosiriskissä olevilla nuorilla aikuisilla verrattuna verrokkeihin. Tutkimustulokset selkeyttivät aiempaa ristiriitaista kirjallisuutta tutkimusaiheesta. Tutkimuksessa havaittujen aivoalueiden poikkeava toiminta lepotilassa voi liittyä kohonneeseen psykoosin puhkeamisriskiin. Tutkimuslöydösten avulla voidaan todennäköisesti edesauttaa parempien kuvantamismenetelmien kehittämistä suurimmassa psykoosiriskissä olevien nuorten tunnistamiseen.