The aim of this study is to analyze and evaluate care services for preschool children in the Czech Republic from the perspective of a demographer. The first part is concerned with theory relating to this issue. This development of preschool education in this country with an emphasis on the period after 1990 . In the next section participation in preschool education in the districts of the Czech Republic is analyzed. As a part of analysis an international comparison is also made with selected European Union countries. A survey was carried about using a questionnaire, the results of which became an importance source helping to describe and, in some cases, illustrate the current situation in and around Prague. The final part outlines the possible future development in the numbers of children and the resulting interest in preschool care. To address the problems related to the return of women to the workplace (labor market) after maternity leave, the number of children are estimated and grouped according to the levels of education of the women.

Diese Dissertation behandelt die Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern, Fertilität und die Entwicklung von Kindern in Deutschland. In Kapitel zwei evaluieren wir den Effekt der Elterngeldreform von 2007. Zunächst zeigen wir die „child penalty“, den Effekt der Mutterschaft auf die Erwerbstätigkeit. Wir verwenden dann die errechneten „child penalties“ vor und nach der Reform, um zu zeigen, dass die Reform positive Effekte auf die mittelfristige Erwerbstätigkeit hatte. Kapitel drei konzentriert sich auf die sogenannten „Cash-for-Care“-Transferleistungen für Eltern von ein- bis zweijährigen Kindern. Ich zeige eine signifikante Reduzierung der Beschäftigung bei Migrantinnen, wenn die potenziellen Leistungen erhöht werden. Es gibt positive Auswirkungen auf die Fertilität. Keine signifikanten Effekte finde ich für die Entwicklung der Kinder. In Kapitel vier untersuchen wir den Effekt der deutschen Ganztagsgrundschulen auf die Schulkinder. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen positive Auswirkungen auf die Schulleistungen. Wir stellen auch signifikante positive Peer-Effekte der Ganztagsprogramme fest. Allerdings finden wir nicht, dass diese Programme zur Verringerung der Ungleichheit im Schulsystem beitragen. Kapitel fünf behandelt die Untererfassung von Teilzeit in den administrativen Arbeitsmarktdaten, welche bis 2011 vorkam. Wir entwickeln eine Korrekturmethode für fehlerhalft als Vollzeit registrierte Teilzeitbeschäftigungsverhältnisse. Die Korrektur hat Auswirkungen auf die Entwicklung der Lohnungleichheit, aber auch die Müttererwerbstätigkeit. Zusammenfassend befasst sich meine Dissertation mit dem Zeitraum von der Geburt bis zur Grundschule und untersucht Effekte auf Mütter und Kinder. Darüber hinaus wird die fehlerhafte Erfassung von Teilzeitbeschäftigungen in den administrativen Arbeitsmarktdaten adressiert. Die Arbeit zielt darauf ab, wertvolle Erkenntnisse über die Auswirkungen von Transferleistungen und die Gestaltung von Grundschulprogrammen auf Familien in Deutschland zu liefern. / This dissertation examines various aspects related to maternal employment, fertility and the skill development of children in Germany. In chapter two, we develop an estimation method for the causal effect of the 2007 parental benefits reform in Germany. Therefore, we first estimate the "child penalty'' on employment outcomes, then we use the estimated child penalties before and after reform implementation to assess reform effects. We find that the reform had positive effects on medium-run employment. Chapter three focuses on the so-called "cash-for-care''-transfers for parents of children aged one to two. I find a significant reduction of employment for migrant mothers if the potential benefit amount is increased. There are positive effects on fertility for the average of the population. However, I do not find significant effects on the skill development of children. In chapter four, we study the expansions of German all-day schools and their impact on children's outcomes. Our findings reveal evidence of positive impacts on children's achievements. We also show significant positive peer effects from classmates attending all-day programs. However, we do not find significant evidence that these programs significantly contribute to decreasing inequality in the German school system. Chapter five addresses an important aspect in the administrative labor market data. By developing a correction for misreported part-time employment spells which happened in the years prior 2011. The corrected data have implications for studying wage inequality, but also for studying maternal employment as the part-time share is very high among mothers of young children. In summary, this dissertation studies the period from birth to primary school. It covers topics such as maternal employment, fertility and skill development. Additionally, it addresses the data problem of misreported part-time spells in the administrative labor market data and presents a correction methodology.

Family policies are a recognised instrument to improve gender equality by encouraging fathers to increase their participation in the private sphere. Previous research has found that attitudes about how paid and unpaid labour should be divided between partners differ between countries by varied support for traditional male breadwinner models and sharing models. On the other hand, behavioural studies have found that parenthood tends to modify gender relations by making them more traditional. This study aims to analyse if there are similar differences in attitudes between parents and individuals without children or if there is a dissonance between behaviour and attitudes. The importance of institutional context is taken into account by comparing these groups in an egalitarian and traditional policy context. The analytical strategy includes using quantitative data from the International Social Survey Programme from 2012, comprising 5385 respondents from Norway, Sweden, Germany and Poland. The association between attitudes about the division of paid and unpaid work and parenthood is analysed by applying multiple linear regression. The results are that parenting has a conservative effect on attitudes in a traditional policy context as parents with small children have a lower probability of egalitarian attitudes. In the egalitarian policy context, no such differences are found. Instead, gender seems to partly modify the association between parenthood and attitudes as mothers with toddlers have a higher probability of egalitarian attitudes than fathers with children between school age and 17 years old. Therefore, institutional contexts seem highly relevant for attitudes about the gendered division of labour. In the traditional policy context, institutional structures and norms seem to result in individuals correcting a discrepancy between attitudes and behaviour to reduce dissonance. On the other hand, the findings in the egalitarian countries point to contextual mechanisms which allow a dissonance between attitudes and behaviour to exist without individuals needing to correct the inconsistency.

Trends and patterns of reproductive behaviour in Germany, Austria and Switzerland Abstract The main goal of this diploma thesis is to analyse fertility trends in the (former) German Democratic Republic, the (former) Federal Republic of Germany, Austria and Switzerland after Second World War to 2010 and attitudes of population of the countries above towards parenthood and the changing roles of men and women. German-speaking countries belong to countries with long-term low fertility level, however each country has its own specific reproductive behavior due to historical development. Analysis of fertility is focused on describing the trends of the number of live births and the proportion of children born outside marriage, total fertility rate, cohort fertility, fertility rates by age and the mean age of women at childbirth. Attitudes of respondents towards parenthood and the changing roles of men and women were analyzed based on international survey, European Values Study 2008, by statistical methods - chi-square test and factor analysis. Further, the thesis deals with family policy in German-speaking countries with a focus on current measures. The main findings of this thesis are summarized in the final chapter.

The thesis deals with the development of availability of preschool childcare in the Czech Republic after 1990 and its relation to the harmonization of family and working life of women. The aim of this work is to identify possible future perspectives of this development and its potential impact on the economy of the country. In the introduction, it is firstly outlined how the demographic development and the approach to family policy changed in the Czech Republic after 1990. After that follow a specification of the system of preschool care in the Czech Republic and an analysis of development of the availability of preschool childcare and of employment of women in the labour market. For the estimation of future development, a projection of potential candidates for preschool care services and a projection of expected number of mothers with young children in 2020 are conducted. The results of the projections indicate that the current capacity of kindergartens could be sufficient already in the school year 2019/2020, in the context of the decreasing number of live births. Nevertheless, the Czech Republic is likely to fail to fulfil timely the objectives of the European Union for the minimum participation of children in preschool education based on the Barcelona criteria and the strategy Europe 2020. Insufficient...

This work analyzes impacts on redistribution of family policy in the Czech and Slovak Republic.

My diploma thesis will deal with the topic of unusual proposal of pension reform, which is based on the connection of the old-age-benefit and the number of brought children. Through the analysis of demographic development I try to show the dependency of today's pay-as-you-go pension system to number of persons gainfully employed with respect to the number of pensioners. Authors of the Children PAYG concept are noting of connection between family and pension policy and argue that the reason of unfriendly demographic structure and decreasing birth rate is right pension system. According to them this pension system make free riders who are described like people without own children. This fact should be considered in order to the claim to old age pension. In analytic part of this work will be researched individual variants of Children PAYG system. This part will be aimed at its positives and negatives especially. In conclusion of this work I'll propose a possible variant of this pension system which could resolve troubles of financial tenability, is in respect to deserts and at the same time would be equitable for as much people as possible.

The purpose of this study has been to find out if the Christian Democratic Party of Sweden have changed their policy in their fundamental questions of value. In order to do this, I have based my study upon the following two questions: 1. How did the Christian Democracy's view and politics look at the issue of abortion? 2. How did Christian Democracy's family policy and view of family look like? The reason for choosing these two issues – the Christian Democratic Party’s abortion stance and family policy – is because these two issues are the founding core of the ideology that is known as Christian democracy – family and dignity. In order to answer my questions, I have chosen to go through parliamentary bills at the website of the swedish parliament. There I found bills from the Christian Democratic Party in the issues of abortion and family between the years 1985 and 1998. I have chosen a qualitative method and with that method dived into the archives of the swedish parliament. The reason for chosing a qualitative method has been because that method relies on the possibility of reaching results by analyzing words rather than numbers, which is preferable as this study intends to analyze and interpret what Christian Democratic MPs have written in their parliamentary bills. With the qualitative method, I have gone through the motions and focused on writing about abortion legislation and the right to life when it comes to abortion, and staying in daycare versus children in home care when it comes to family policy. The study shows that the Christian Democratic Party of Sweden did infact radically change in some core issues like the abortion stance when, for example, they supported the abortion legislation. They have also increasingly come to focus on the abortion and pregnancy prevention work. The Christian Democratic family policy, however, has proved to be more consistent, although here too, some pragmatism has been shown, for example when it comes to testing the need for child allowance for certain groups.

The diploma work addresses the Work-Life Balance concept and identifies the various tools that can help to successfully balance work and personal life. Alternative work arrangements and the actual implementation in the Czech Republic and abroad are introduced. It focuses on the availability of child care facilities, maternity and parental leave and on the reintegration of parents into the work process. The analytical part examines the extent of the support offered by financial institutions for the harmonization of work and personal life. Programmes from selected institutions are presented as well as an analysis of employee job satisfaction in these companies conducted via a survey.

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