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[pt] Desde os primeiros séculos de sua existência, o cristianismo convive com as heresias, que têm como principal característica a negação de uma verdade de fé, devidamente ensinada pela Igreja. A forma utilizada pelos Padres da Igreja, sobretudo nos primeiros séculos, para determinar se estavam ou não diante de uma heresia, consistia em confrontar a doutrina ensinada com a regra de fé. Esta consistia em uma medida que fundamentava-se na Sagrada Escritura e nos ensinamentos dos apóstolos. A doutrina que estivesse fora desta medida era considerada herética. A fim de evitar a proliferação de tais doutrinas e punir os que causavam desordens na comunidade, aos poucos foram se desenvolvendo na Igreja critérios de discernimento. Hipólito de Roma, no século III, utilizou a regra de fé no combate aos hereges. É um personagem polêmico, seja em razão da autoria de suas obras ou por sua forte personalidade, historicamente considerado o primeiro antipapa em virtude do cisma com o Papa Calisto. Este trabalho demonstra a forma como Hipólito combatia as heresias que ameaçavam o cristianismo nos primeiros três séculos e como suas obras foram importantes na defesa da ortodoxia da fé, sobretudo a partir da Philosophumena. Pretende-se também apresentar Hipólito de Roma muito mais como um guardião da fé do que um cismático, pois ao final da vida, morre no exílio reconciliado com a Igreja, combatendo o bom combate e, literalmente, guardando a fé. / [en] From the earliest centuries of its existence Christianity has lived with heresies, whose main characteristic is the denial of a truth of faith duly taught by the Catholic Church. The way bishops used, especially in the early centuries, to determine whether or not they were facing heresy, was to confront the doctrine taught with the rule of faith. This consisted in a measure that was based on the Sacred Scripture and the teachings of the apostles. Doctrine outside this measure was considered heretical. In order to prevent the proliferation of such doctrines and to punish those who caused disorder in the community, a code of laws was gradually developed in the Church. Hippolytus of Rome in the third century used the rule of faith in the fight against heretics. He is a controversial character, either because of the authorship of his works or for his strong personality, historically considered the first antipope because of the schism with Pope Callisto. This work demonstrates how Hippolytus fought the heresies that threatened Christianity in the first three centuries and how his works were important in defending the orthodoxy of faith, especially from the Philosophumena. It is also intended to present Hippolytus of Rome much more as a guardian of the faith than a schismatic, for at the end of his life he dies in exile reconciled to the Church, fighting the good fight and literally guarding the faith.

Aluminium is usually added to the continuous hot-dip galvanizing bath to improve coating ductility and adhesion through the rapid formation of a thin Fe-Al intermetallic layer at the substrate-liquid interface, thereby inhibiting the formation of brittle Fe-Zn intermetallic compounds. On the other hand, Mn is essential for obtaining the desired microstructure and mechanical properties in advanced high strength steels, but is selectively oxidized in conventional continuous galvanizing line annealing atmospheres. This can deteriorate reactive wetting by the liquid Zn(Al,Fe) alloy during galvanizing and prevent the formation of a well developed Fe-Al interfacial layer at the coating/substrate interface, resulting in poor zinc coating adherence and formability. However, despite Mn selective oxidation and the presence of surface MnO, complete reactive wetting and a well developed Fe-Al interfacial layer have been observed for Mn-containing steels. These observations have been attributed to the aluminothermic reduction of surface MnO in the galvanizing bath. According to this reaction, MnO is reduced by the bath dissolved Al, so the bath can have contact with the substrate and form the desired interfacial layer. Heat treatments compatible with continuous hot-dip galvanizing were performed on four different Mn-containing steels whose compositions contained 0.2-3.0 wt% Mn. It was determined that substrate Mn selectively oxidized to MnO for all alloys and process atmospheres. Little Mn surface segregation was observed for the 0.2Mn steel, as would be expected because of its relatively low Mn content, whereas the 1.4Mn through 3.0Mn steels showed considerable Mn-oxide surface enrichment. In addition, the proportion of the substrate surface covered with MnO and its thickness increased with increasing steel Mn content.A galvanizing simulator equipped with a He jet spot cooler was used to arrest the reaction between the substrate and liquid zinc coating to obtain well-characterized reaction times characteristic of the timescales encountered while the strip is resident in the industrial continuous galvanizing bath and short times after in which the Zn-alloy layer continues to be liquid (i.e. before coating solidification). Two different bath dissolved Al contents (0.20 and 0.30 wt%) were chosen for this study. The 0.20 wt% Al bath was chosen as it is widely used in industrial continuous galvanizing lines. The 0.30 wt% Al bath was chosen to (partially) compensate for any dissolved Al consumption arising from MnO reduction in the galvanizing bath.The Al uptake increased with increasing reaction time following non-parabolic growth kinetics for all experimental steels and dissolved Al baths. For the 0.20 wt% dissolved Al bath, the interfacial layer on the 1.4Mn steel showed the highest Al uptake, with the 0.2Mn, 2.5Mn and 3.0Mn substrates showing significantly lower Al uptake. However, increasing the dissolved bath Al to 0.30 wt% Al resulted in a significantly increased Al uptake being observed for the 2.5Mn and 3.0Mn steels for all reaction times. These observations were explained by the combined effects of the open microstructures associated with the multi-phase nature of an oxide-containing interfacial layer and additional Al consumption through MnO reduction. For instance, in the case of the 1.4Mn steel, the more open interfacial layer structure accelerated Fe diffusion through the interfacial layer and increased Al uptake versus the 0.2Mn substrate for the same bath Al. However, in the case of the 2.5Mn and 3.0Mn substrates and 0.20 wt% Al bath, additional Al consumption through MnO reduction caused the interfacial layer growth to become Al limited, whereas the very open structure dominated growth in the case of the 0.30 wt% Al bath and resulted in the changing the growth kinetics from mixed diffusion-controlled to a more interface controlled growth mode. A kinetic model based on oxide film growth (Smeltzer et al. 1961, Perrow et al. 1968) was developed to describe the Fe-Al interfacial layer growth kinetics within the context of the microstructural evolution of the Fe-Al interfacial layer for Mn-containing steels reacted in 0.20 wt% and 0.30 wt% dissolved Al baths. It indicated that the interfacial layer microstructure development and the presence of MnO at the interfacial layer had significant influence on the effective diffusion coefficient and interfacial layer growth rate. However, in the cases of the 2.5Mn and 3.0Mn steels in 0.20 wt% Al bath, the kinetic model could not predict the interfacial layer Al uptake, since the Fe-Al growth was Al limited. In fact, in these cases, additional Al was consumed for reducing their thicker surface MnO layer, resulted in limiting the dissolved Al available for Fe-Al growth. / Dissertation / Doctor of Science (PhD)

El Tribunal Constitucional y la Defensoría del Pueblo, en sus diversas sentencias e informes, respectivamente, han determinado que en el procedimiento de renovación de cuadros, se ha vulnerado, entre otros, los derechos al debido procedimiento y a la motivación de resoluciones administrativas de los oficiales de la Policía Nacional del Perú; sin embargo, actualmente se continúan emitiendo actos administrativos que denotan cómo las autoridades públicas terminan haciendo un ejercicio arbitrario de las facultades discrecionales otorgadas por ley, sin garantizar los referidos derechos. Como consecuencia de ello, en la actualidad todos aquellos oficiales que no se encuentran conforme con tal decisión acuden al Poder Judicial en búsqueda de tutela jurisdiccional efectiva, logrando su reincorporación. En ese sentido el objetivo del presente trabajo académico es determinar de qué manera el principio de buena administración puede orientar el ejercicio de la facultad discrecional en el procedimiento administrativo de renovación de cuadros. Al respecto, Ponce afirma que, para cumplir con un debido procedimiento administrativo o deber de buena administración, las autoridades públicas durante la actividad procedimental deben de actuar de forma objetiva en función al deber de debida diligencia, de tal forma que reduzca los márgenes de arbitrariedad. Concluyendo que la aplicación del principio de buena administración, manifestado a través del principio de transparencia y del deber de debida diligencia o debido cuidado, como elemento núcleo, impone a la administración policial la obligación legal de actuar de manera imparcial y con la implementación de los criterios técnicos desarrollados permitirá establecer cuidadosamente los elementos de hecho y de derecho, garantizando una debida motivación de las resoluciones administrativas. De esta forma se cumple con orientar de manera positiva el ejercicio de la facultad discrecional en los procedimientos administrativos de renovación de cuadros

El procedimiento administrativo cuenta con una serie de principios que guían su adecuado funcionamiento. Uno de estos principios será el Principio de Confianza Legítima, el cual tiene como finalidad proteger las expectativas legítimas de los administrados, así como la estabilidad del ordenamiento jurídico. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, Indecopi ha emitido algunos conocidos pronunciamientos sobre productos industrializados que no están cumpliendo con dicho principio. Entonces, cabe preguntarnos ¿A qué se debe la falta de aplicación de este principio? ¿Podría existir alguna alternativa de solución?, ello teniendo en consideración que este principio tiene como base la seguridad jurídica, la cual es una garantía para el correcto funcionamiento del mercado. Para encontrar una respuesta a este cuestionamiento, en la presente investigación, a través de un análisis a fondo de la normativa vigente, así como de la doctrina relacionada a la materia se podrá demostrar finalmente que, - en muchas ocasiones - los administrados pueden ser inducidos a error por la propia Administración Pública y la aplicación del Principio de Confianza Legítima es de suma importancia para evitar que se produzca un impacto negativo en la elección y expectativa de los consumidores respecto a los productos, así como en el propio desenvolvimiento del mercado. / The administrative procedure has a series of principles that guide their own operation. One of these principles will be the Principle of Legitimate Expectations, which will have the purpose of protect the legitimate expectations of the administrators as well as the stability of the legal system. However, in recent years, Indecopi has released some wellknown decisions about industrialized products in which it is possible to see the evidence non-application of this principle. Considering this situation, it is appropiate asking ourselves why is this principle not being applied? Could there be any alternative of solution? especially, taking into consideration that this principle will be based on legal security which is a guarantee for the correct functioning of the system. In order to find an answer to this issue, in this research, through a exhaustive analysis of the current laws, as well as the analysis of the doctrine related to the matter; The objective of this article will be to demonstrate that in many occasions the individuals are induced to make mistakes by the Public Administration and the application of the Principle of Legitimate Expectations would have great importance, otherwise, this could have a negative impact on the election and expectations of consumers regarding the products, as well as on the development of the system.

En el año 2020, se publicó el VIII Pleno Casatorio Civil. A partir de esta sentencia, se buscó uniformizar la jurisprudencia en relación a los casos de disposición de bienes sociales, efectuados por solo uno de los cónyuges. Así, la Corte Suprema consideró que este acto era nulo, en razón a contravenir una norma de orden público, contenida en el artículo 315 del Código Civil. En el presente artículo, se analiza los problemas que podrían originarse, a raíz de la nulidad del mencionado acto jurídico, para los cónyuges y el adquirente. Además, se analiza la institución jurídica de la nulidad, y que alternativas de solución se podrían plantear, como respuesta a dichos problemas. A partir de este análisis, en base a doctrina y derecho comparado, se concluye dos posibles alternativas de solución: un replanteamiento o “adecuación” de la institución de la nulidad, o una modificación legislativa del art. 315 del Código Civil. / The VIII Pleno Casatorio Civil was published in 2020. Through this ruling, the Supreme Court wanted to stantardise the jurisprudence in relation to the cases of disposition of assets of the marital parnership in which only one of the spouses intervenes. So the Supreme Court stablished that this legal act was null because it contravenes a rule of public policy. This article analyzes the problems that can arise for the spouses and the purchaser. In addition, it analyzes the legal institution of nullity and posible solutions for those problems. From this analysis, based on doctrine and comparative law, it is concluded two possible solutions: a redesign of the legal institution of nullity, or a legislative amendment of the article 315 of the Civil Code.

La Extinción de Dominio ha surgido como una gran herramienta de política criminal para prevenir y luchar contra la corrupción y la criminalidad organizada, excluyendo del sistema legal todos los activos de procedencia o destinación ilícita, para evitar, precisamente, que estos sean introducidos al comercio nacional. No obstante, siendo este un instituto reciente en el ordenamiento peruano, la norma actual aún no ha sido capaz de abordar adecuadamente los aspectos más importantes, como, por ejemplo, la situación de los terceros de buena fe (problema de interpretación de la norma). Comenzando con que se requiere por Ley que la buena fe esté debidamente acreditada, pero sin explicar qué implica esto, ni qué posibilidad hay de afectaciones a los derechos de los terceros que creen haber actuado bajo un nivel de probidad o debida diligencia. El propósito de este artículo es justamente ello, plantear en principio qué se debe entender como tercero de buena fe, y con ello determinar qué zonas grises se mantienen en la norma peruana actual. De esa forma llegar a propuestas válidas y efectivas para un instituto en ascenso que, aplicándolo bien, conseguiría alcanzar sus propósitos. En ese sentido, recurriendo a la experiencia colombiana, determinar qué es lo que requiere nuestra propia norma de extinción de dominio para que, en el tema de los terceros de buena fe, se tenga muy bien regulados los supuestos y no se deriven situaciones que perjudiquen a inocentes. / Domain Extinction has emerged as a great criminal policy tool to prevent and fight corruption and organized crime, excluding from the legal system all assets of illicit origin or destination, precisely to prevent them from being introduced into national commerce. However, as this is a recent institute in the Peruvian legal system, the current standard has not yet been able to address adequately the most important aspects, such as, for example, the situation of third parties in good faith (problem of interpretation of the rule). Starting with the fact that good faith is required by law to be duly accredited, but without explaining what this implies, or what possibility there is of affecting the rights of third parties who believe they have acted under a level of probity or due diligence. The purpose of this article is precisely this, to propose in principle what should be understood as a third party in good faith, and thereby determine which gray areas are maintained in the current Peruvian standard. In this way, arrive at valid and effective proposals for a rising institute that, applying it well, would achieve its purposes. In this sense, using international experiences such as the Colombian one, determine what our own rule of domain extinction requires so that, in the matter of third parties in good faith, the assumptions are very well regulated and that they do not derive situations that harm innocent people.

[pt] Em um Centro de Recuperação (CR) pentecostal para usuários de drogas, hóspedes e dirigentes promovem e agenciam um diálogo entre drogas, crime e fé. A metodologia é etnográfica e se atém ao que o CR nos revela, a trama de descobertas ancoradas nos rituais e ligada através do fio condutor da autogestão. Trata-se de um Centro de Recuperação masculino, de linhagem pentecostal, que recebe e acomoda cerca de 400 homens, todos ex usuários de drogas e provenientes do tráfico. Todos possuem trajetórias diferentes e demarcam a busca por destinos convergentes, pois têm ali um lugar compartilhado para a procura, passiva ou ativa, de tratamento. Ex usuários e ex traficantes se encontram no mesmo lugar, engajados na mesma crença, e gerem suas condutas e a dos outros por meio dos ritos, dogmas e doutrinas a que devem se converter. Assim, apresentam uma vida transformada frente ao status de recuperado a partir do prefixo de ex: ex usuário de drogas, exbandido, ex criminoso. Tal transformação ocorre por meio da chamada conversão, que deve ser comprovada por meio da aceitação e vivência de um código de moralidades e linguagens específico. Dentro desse cenário, a tese apresenta os objetivos de refletir acerca da condição e da função de tais CRs frente à realidade de uma área gerida pela milícia e com seus múltiplos desdobramentos. Tendo como problema central a resposta das perguntas norteadoras: do que eles se recuperam e que sujeitos são produzidos nesse espaço, a pesquisa busca compreender de que modo o CR tenta transformar seu trabalho em relevante e como se reinventa diante de outros modelos de tratamento já estabelecidos. Analisa, também, qual o lugar do Centro de Recuperação nos novos ordenamentos daquelas vidas; como se internaliza e se expressa a conversão em sua prática, principalmente nos momentos ritualísticos, demonstrativos maiores não só de recuperação, mas de fé e transformação. / [en] At a pentecostal Recovery Center (RC) for drug users, guests and leaders promote and agencies a dialogue among drugs, crime, and faith. The methodology is ethnographic and it is restricted to what the RC reveals, to a plot of discoveries anchored in rituals and linked through the common thread of self-management. It is a male Recovery Center, from Pentecostal lineage, which receives and accommodates about 400 men, all former drug users and deriving from drug trafficking. All of them have different trajectories and demarcate the search for convergent destinies, because they have a shared place on their search, passive or active, of treatment. Ex users and ex drug traffickers find themselves in the same place, engaged in the same belief, and manage their conduct and of others through the rites, dogmas, and doctrines to which they must convert. Thus, they present a transformed life against the status of recovered from the prefix of ex: ex drug user, ex thug, ex-criminal. Such transformation takes place through the so-called conversion, which must be proved through the acceptance and the experience of a specific code of moralities and languages. Within this scenario, the thesis presents the aims of reflecting on the condition and function of such RCs in relation to Brazilian institutions, their dialogue on the social scene, how they try to make their work relevant to civil society and how they reinvent themselves in the face of other models of treatment already established. Having as central problem the answer of questions: from what they recover and what subjects are produced in that space, the research analyzes the place of the Recovery Center in the new order of these lives; how conversion is internalized and expressed in its practice, especially in ritualistic moments, greater demonstrations of faith and transformation.