Ribbed plates comprising cross-laminated timber slab, CLT, with glulam beams allow for increased span length compared to pure CLT slabs. At the moment the Eurocodes do not provide any recommendations to design a CLT plate or a ribbed plate. There are handbooks for designing ribbed plates. But are their methods the best suited? Should one use Eurocode’s gamma-method, Timoshenko, shear analogy method or maybe an FE-model? This is difficult to answer, but nevertheless important questions for a structural engineer today. This master thesis investigates some of the different design methods used today in a numerical study. The study compares analytical methods and FE-models by investigating different parameters, like span lengths 6 m, 12 m, and 18 m, or uniform load and point load. Furthermore, this thesis provides guidance and help to apply design methods for ribbed plates. The outcome of the study shows a tendency for the gamma-method and the extended gamma-method giving the lowest deflections and normal stresses in many situations. Thus, there could be a risk of underestimating these properties by using the gamma-method. On the other hand there were consistent results with the gamma-methods compared to Timoshenko- and shear analogy-method which showed more deviations from the extended gamma-method as reference. The Timoshenko-method showed anomalies with thicker CLT. In addition, an Abaqus model with 3D elements and RFEM models with 2D and 1D elements were applied. The Abaqus models gave in general higher deflections and consistent results. Concluding from this thesis the Abaqus model together with the extended gamma-method would complement each other most efficiently in the design process of ribbed plates.

[pt] O protestantismo brasileiro, de uma forma geral, orgulha-se de ser contracultural. Orgulha-se de estar dentro de um cativeiro cultural impossibilitado de dialogar com outras áreas do saber e principalmente com a ciência moderna. Este trabalho quer mostrar as raízes e o desenvolvimento de um discurso anti-intelectual marcante no protestantismo brasileiro que o impede de ser relevante diante das demandas do tempo presente. Ao olhar para a antiga modernidade, pode-se identificar o mergulho que a humanidade fez em direção ao racionalismo, ao cientificismo exagerado, que guiado pelo viés positivista fez com que o homem se enxergasse totalmente separado de tudo e de todos. No meio religioso se evidencia a briga entre Fé e razão. Porém um dos contornos nítidos do paradigma atual é que a briga entre a religião e a ciência, entre a Fé e a Razão merece morrer. Infelizmente, dentro do protestantismo brasileiro ainda se escuta ecos fortes desse conflito que a modernidade fez explodir. E dentro do protestantismo, no lugar da denúncia do indevido uso da Razão, aconteceu a exclusão completa da mesma. No Brasil, um protestantismo guiado por um emocionalismo puro e por uma espiritualidade que não enxerga o mundo e suas mudanças, persiste em fazer morada dentro das diversas igrejas protestantes. Um olhar para o passado tentando entender as origens e o desenvolvimento desse problema é essencial para a superação do mesmo. É exatamente nisto que esta pesquisa propõe-se a ajudar. / [en] Brazilian Protestantism, in general, prides itself on being countercultural. It prides itself on being in a cultural captivity unable to dialogue with other areas of knowledge and especially with modern science. This work intends to show the roots and the development of a striking anti-intellectual discourse in Brazilian Protestantism that prevents it from being relevant in face of the demands of the present time. When looking at the ancient modernity, one can identify the plunge that humanity made towards rationalism, to exaggerated scientism, which, guided by the positivist bias, made man see himself totally separated from everything and everyone. In the religious milieu, the fight between Faith and reason is evident. However, one of the clear contours of the current paradigm is that the fight between religion and science, between Faith and Reason, deserves to die. Unfortunately, within Brazilian Protestantism, one can still hear strong echoes of this conflict that modernity has caused to explode. And within Protestantism, instead of denouncing the misuse of Reason, it was completely excluded. In Brazil, a Protestantism guided by pure emotionalism and a spirituality that does not see the world and its changes, persists in making a home within the various Protestant churches. A look at the past trying to understand the origins and development of this problem is essential to overcome it. This is exactly where this research is intended to help.

Betong är ett av våra idag absolut viktigaste och vanligaste byggnadsmaterial. Betong har väldigt låg draghållfasthet och på grund av detta spricker betongkonstruktioner oftast. Att helt förhindra att betong spricker är svårt och ofta kostsamt istället ställs krav för hur vida sprickorna får vara. Sprickviddsbegränsning görs genom att konstruktionerna armeras. Detta examensarbete granskar uppkomsten av sprickor i ung betong (ålder lägre än 28 dygn) som orsakas av förhindrad rörelse. Rörelser som förhindras kallas för tvång. När betongkonstruktioner utsätts för tvång uppstår spänningar i betongen. Dessa spänningar kan leda till sprickor. Tvångsfallet som studerats är när en ny betongvägg gjuts mot en platta av betong som redan uppnått dimensionerad hållfasthet. Examensarbetet fokuserar på tvångsspänningar som uppstår på grund av den värmeutveckling som sker när betong hårdnar samt uttorkningen som sker efter formrivning. I arbetet har 3D modeller i FE-programmet Atena arbetats fram. Dessa modeller simulerar fuktutvecklingen, värmeutvecklingen och avkylningen som sker under betongens hårdnande. De beräknar även de spänningar och sprickor som uppstår på grund av tvånget som uppstår mellan den nygjutna väggen och den befintliga plattan. Det finns sedan tidigare arbeten som studerat dessa fenomen men de har enbart modellerats som 2D problem. Ett antal fall med olika randvillkor har upprättats för att jämföras och nå en sprickbild som stämmer med verkligheten. Att begränsa sprickvidder är viktigt eftersom de påverkar betongens hållfasthet och livslängd. Hur breda sprickor blir är extra viktigt i täta konstruktioner, som exempelvis vattenmagasin. Vida sprickor leder till läckage, försämrad hållfasthet och livslängd. Rapporten tar upp regler från Eurokod gällande hur täta konstruktioner ska konstrueras. En handberäkningsmall för beräkning av sprickvidder orsakade av tvång har skapats. Denna mall har baserats på Eurokods regelverk. Då Eurokod saknar metod för att beräkna värmeutveckling har detta gjorts separat i FE-programmet ConTeSt R&D, som är utvecklat för att specifikt beräkna värme i ett 2D-tvärsnitt. Syftet med arbetet är att ta fram en fungerande metod för att modellera uppkomsten av sprickbildning orsakad av tvångsspänningar. Resultaten från FE-modelleringen ska jämföras med de resultat som fås från handberäkningar enligt eurokodmetoden. Rapporten visar att det är möjligt att simulera en förväntad utveckling i spänningar och sprickor, men åstadkommer ingen generell modell då rapportens lösningen är fallspecifik. Eftersom vi enbart nått fallspecifika lösningar och inga generella metoder har det inte gått att göra någon jämförelse mellan handberäkningar och sprickmodellering i Atena. / Concrete is one of the most important and common building materials today. Concrete has very low tensile strength and because of this some amount of cracking is to be expected. Completely preventing cracking in concrete is complicated and costly. This report examines cracks in concrete caused by restraint. When the natural movement in a construction is restrained this will cause stress. This stress might lead to cracking. This report examines cracks that appear in concrete that has yet to reach its full tensile strength. The case that is being studied is that of a new wall that is cast on a slab that has reached full maturity. The report focuses on stresses that appear because of the heat production during hardening, as well as the drying that occurs after the cast is removed. For this purpose 3D models in the finite element software application Atena have been developed. These models simulate the heat and moisture development as well as the cooling that will occur during the hardening of the concrete. These models are also used to simulate the stress and cracking that will occur because of the relationship between the newly cast wall and the slab in place. Studies have previously been published based on this subject, but only in a 2D context where the shrinkage is applied as a boundary condition. A number of cases with varying boundary conditions have been compared in order to reach a crack pattern that corresponds to actual behavior. Reducing crack widths is important as they affect the strength as well as the lifetime of the concrete. The width of cracks that appear is even more important in constructions that need to be impermeable, for example water containers. Wide cracks are a cause of leakage, as well as reduced strength and longevity. The study looks at rules from Eurocode for designing impermeable structures. A template for calculating crack widths has been produced. This template is based on the Eurocode rule set. Since Eurocode is lacking any formulas to calculate heat development this has been done in the FE-software ConTeSt R&D, which is specifically designed to calculate heat development in a 2D section. The purpose of the study is to achieve a working model for the simulation of crack widths due to restraint. These results are to be compared to the results of the Eurocode calculations. The study shows that we are able to simulate an expected development in stresses and cracks, but does not result in a general model as the solution becomes specific to the case. As we have only achieved case specific solutions and no general method we have been unable to compare modelled results with manually calculated results.

Understanding how different parameters affect the dynamic response of high-speed railway bridges is crucial to selecting an efficient structural form. Despite existing numerous publications within this field, only few address the importance of torsional deformations. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the influence of the torsional resistance of the deck on the dynamic response of an existing bridge. Ulla River Viaduct is presented as a case study, allowing to analyse some aspects of its design and what their alteration entails. To this end, 6 different 3D FE models are compared, 5 of which show a modification from the original configuration. In addition, several positions of the train are considered to contrast the effects when the torsional modes are excited. The performed dynamic calculations are based on the implicit direct integration procedure. The analysis of the case study demonstrates the benefit of closing the torsional circuit of the deck. The results also evidence the need of including torsional effects in its dynamic assessment when low values of torsional rigidity are considered. All this is not easy when simplified 2D or 3D beam models are used. As a final remark, the original design of the Ulla River Viaduct is found highly efficient from a dynamical point of view.

Civil engineering projects involve great investments and great impacts. For that reason,engineers have a commitment with an efficient and optimal use of resources. Researchers inuniversities claim that a lot could be achieved by applying structural optimization into realprojects, even though this approach has not gained the same popularity in the industry over thelast decades.The purpose of the present thesis is to explore the possibilities offered by structural optimizationand to verify its applicability in realistic and complex structural engineering problems. Amongthe questions regarding design optimization, it was emphasized feasibility, efficiency and userfriendliness. The chosen structural system was a bridge cantilever deck. The analysis was limitedto the transversal design of the structure and the goal of the optimization was to reduce investmentcosts. In order to guarantee efficiency of the simulations, a "longitudinal length convergence"analysis was performed. It consisted of determining the minimum required longitudinal length(perpendicular to the cantilever length) that ensured reasonable accuracy. The purpose of thisanalysis was to reduce the computational time during the optimization process. In order toautomate the analysis, MATLAB was used in connection to Abaqus (to perform the FE Analysis).There were three different sets of results presented: the length convergence, application toreal projects and parametric study. In the first application, it was shown that the requiredlongitudinal length (lx) proportionally decreased as the cantilever length (lc) increased. It wasalso observed the presence of the edge beam implied in consistently larger longitudinal lengthsfor the same accuracy tolerance. With respect to the second application, two projects wereconsidered and the structural optimization presented alternatives with significant investment costreduction in a reasonable time. Furthermore, it was observed that a design solution without theedge beam reduced the costs even more. Finally, the parametric study confirmed that the costreduction obtained by eliminating the edge beam was not restricted to only certain cantileverlengths. Furthermore, it was possible to obtain the pattern of thickness variation as function ofthe cantilever length.The results of this research suggest that structural optimization could be an alternative totraditional design methods used today in consulting offices and its possibilities transcend puredesign achievements.

El presente informe jurídico versa sobre el análisis de la sentencia emitida por la Sala Civil Permanente de la Corte Suprema de Justicia (la Sentencia), respecto del recurso de casación N° 4419-2009. Dicho recurso de casación se interpuesto por la Superintendencia de Bienes Nacionales (SBN), en el marco del proceso de nulidad de acto jurídico seguido por dicha entidad contra varios particulares y Puerta de Tierra S.A. (PDT S.A.), debido a que dichos particulares inscribieron su derecho de propiedad, respecto de un bien estatal de dominio público, en virtud de documentos públicos falsificados. El objetivo del informe es determinar si el principio de Fe Pública Registral ampara el derecho de propiedad de PDT S.A., pese a los vicios existentes en el origen de las transferencias; en ese sentido, el informe busca analizar la validez de la transferencia a favor de PDT S.A. La presente investigación resulta útil, a efectos de entender el alcance del principio de Fe Pública Registral en el tráfico de bienes inmuebles, a partir de la naturaleza, función y las condiciones que deben darse para que se aplique el mencionado principio. El informe jurídico tiene como hipótesis que el principio de Fe Pública Registral no debe aplicarse de manera literal, sino que debe ser aplicado, tomando en consideración su aspecto objetivo y su función de garantizar la seguridad jurídica. Por último, la conclusión del informe jurídico confirma la hipótesis planteada para la investigación: existen supuestos, como el presente caso, en los que el principio de Fe Pública Registral debe ser inaplicable por ser inválida la adquisición a non domino del tercero adquirente sobre un bien de dominio público, debido a la ausencia de manifestación de voluntad del verdadero propietario e imposibilidad jurídica.

Spinodal decomposition is a phenomenon which hinders the usage of ferrite containing steels under certain conditions. With a better understanding and knowledge of spinodal decomposition new ferritic and duplex stainless steels could be designed. The project is divided into two parts, an experimental part and a theoretical part. The aim of the theoretical part was to compare simulated values of the amplitude and wavelength of spinodal decomposition, obtained from solving the Cahn-Hilliard equation with other experimental values. The experimental part is performed as to determine the chemical diffusion coefficient and the mobility of Fe and Cr in the binary Fe-Cr system for lower temperatures using the Boltzmann-Matano method from chemical profiles of different samples. Another purpose with the project is to determine if the methods and the approach which are taken is viable and useful for calculating diffusion coefficients and if it can be used in studies to come. The simulations were in good agreement with other data at higher time intervals, but deviates at lower times. The calculated interdiffusion coefficients were in all cases lower than the expected values and as such the conclusion that is drawn is that the methods which are used could need further development. / Spinodalt sönderfall är ett fenomen som hindrar användningen av stål som innehåller ferrit under vissa förutsättningar. Med en större förståelse och mer kunskap om spinodalt sönderfall så kan nya ferritiska och duplexa rostfria stål utformas. Projektet är uppdelat i två delar, en experimentell del och en teoretisk del. Syftet med den teoretiska delen var att jämföra simulerade värden av amplituden och våglängden för spinodalt sönderfall, vilka erhölls från att lösa Cahn-Hilliard ekvationen med andra experimentella värden. Den experimentella delen utförs för att bestämma kemiska diffusionskoefficienter för Fe och Cr i det binära Fe-Cr system för lägre temperaturer med hjälp av Boltzmann-Matano metod från kemiska profiler av olika prover. Ett annat syfte med projektet är att ta reda på om de metoder och tillvägagångssätt som tas är livskraftiga och användbara för beräkning av diffusionskoefficienter och om den kan användas i studier framöver. Simuleringarna var i god överensstämmelse med annan experimentel data vid högre tidsintervall, men avviker vid lägre tider. De beräknade Interdiffusion koefficienterna var i samtliga fall lägre än de förväntade värdena och som sådan, dras slutsatsen att de metoder som används kan förbättras.

La concurrencia en estado de embriaguez al centro de trabajo es una conducta que a nivel normativo y jurisprudencial ha generado gran controversia, debido a la interpretación extensiva y permisiva de los operadores de justicia. Asimismo, existe una falta de rigurosidad para sancionar esta conducta, ya que nuestra norma solo ampara dos supuestos para la aplicación de la medida disciplinaria del despido, lo cual desvirtualiza la gravedad y el impacto que esta conducta produce por si sola en el ámbito laboral, como es la baja productividad en sus actividades, accidentes de trabajo, rendimiento deficiente, etc. Siendo así, nuestra legislación no valora la afectación al principio de la buena fe laboral que causa este comportamiento, así como a los lineamientos de seguridad y salud en el trabajo, que velan por el bienestar físico y mental de todos los trabajadores y los cuales se deben respetar a lo largo de toda la relación laboral. En esa línea, el objetivo principal de este trabajo de investigación es proponer la modificación del inciso e) del artículo 25° de la Ley de Productividad y Competitividad Laboral, con la finalidad de establecer parámetros pertinentes que sancionen al trabajador a través del análisis de diversos factores, ya que esta conducta no puede limitarse a ser sancionada legalmente por solo dos supuesto, pues el simple hecho de que el trabajador se encuentre bajo los efectos del alcohol implica, no solo una falta laboral, sino un incumplimiento a los deberes de buena conducta y de seguridad y salud en el trabajo. / Go to the workspace drunkenness is a behavior that has generated great controversy at the legislation and jurisprudential level, due to the extensive and permissive interpretation of judge. Likewise, there is a lack of rigor in punishing this conduct, since our labor law only covers two cases for the application of the disciplinary measure of dismissal, which distorts the seriousness and impact that this behavior cause by itself in the workplace, such as low productivity in their activities, work accidents, poor performance, etc. In fact, our legislation does not value the affectation of the principle of good labor faith caused by this behavior, as well as the safety and health laws at work, which safeguard the physical and mental well-being of all workers and which are must be respected throughout the employment relationship. In this line, the main objective of this research work is to propose the modification of subparagraph e) of article 25 of Ley de Productividad y Competitividad Laboral, with the purpose of establishing pertinent parameters that punish the worker through the analysis of various factors, because this conduct cannot be limited to being legally sanctioned for only two cases, cause the simple fact that the employee is under the influence of alcohol implies, not only a lack of work, but a breach of the duties of good conduct and safety and health at work. / Trabajo académico

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene por objetivo analizar la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional vinculada a la confiscación de la propiedad privada. A partir de este análisis, esta tesis busca identificar qué entiende el Tribunal Constitucional por confiscación y si este concepto de los magistrados se condice o no, con la definición de confiscación de la legislación nacional y la dogmática. En esta línea, esta investigación busca analizar la decisión del Tribunal Constitucional de proteger a los adquirentes de bienes confiscados, afectándose el derecho de propiedad de los verdaderos titulares, en aplicación de la fe pública registral. Concretamente, mediante esta tesis, buscamos corroborar nuestra hipótesis de que la fe pública registral no aplica en la adquisición de bienes confiscados, toda vez que el verdadero titular no expuso su derecho y, por el contrario, es víctima de una actuación unilateral y arbitraria del Estado

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