In Sweden, buildings are not designed to withstand earthquakes due to the rarity of an earthquake event and its consequential damage. However, the aim of this thesis was to study the seismic performance of some of the highest buildings in Stockholm, called Innovationen and Helix. The purpose of the study was to get an understanding of earthquake engineering for high rise buildings and to compare the behavior of the two towers during seismic action. In order to compare the two buildings and get an understanding of what will affect the seismic performance, Eurocode 8 was used. The Eurocode standard lists several properties that impacts the seismic resistance of buildings. One of the goals was to study how those factors influence the behavior of Innovationen and Helix and finally compare the results to each other in order to draw valid conclusions. The method to perform the analysis was a modal analysis using a finite element analysis program. The program used contains predefined response spectra’s based on Eurocode 8 which is used to define the seismic load acting on the structures. The extracted results are listed below: - Frequencies and mode shapes - Modal masses - Level and total masses - Accelerations - Displacements The conclusion of the study was that Innovationen and Helix have similar properties and some points from Eurocode 8 were better fulfilled by Helix and others by Innovationen: - Uniformity, symmetry and redundancy (Innovationen fulfills the requirements better than Helix) - Bi-directional resistance and stiffness (Innovationen fulfills the requirements better than Helix) - Torsional resistance and stiffness (Helix fulfills the requirements better than Innovationen) - Adequate foundation (Helix fulfills the requirements better than Innovationen) Of the two parameters studied, the height was the one with the most influence on seismic resistance.

Alkenes can undergo a variety of chemical reactions to form more complex molecules with a range of functional groups. This makes them useful starting materials for synthesizing a wide range of organic compounds. Chapter I provided an overview of the development history of alkenyl C−H bond activation. The early reactions of C−H compounds with metal complexes, as well as stoichiometric activation of the transition metal-activated C–H bond, were discussed. Then the first successful and efficient organometallic-catalyzed transformations of a C−H bond, the first transition metal-catalyzed vinylic C–H functionalization, and the first transition metal-catalyzed olefinic C–H functionalization under mild conditions were demonstrated. Finally, enantioselective vinylic C–H functionalization was discussed. In Chapter II, a method for enantioselective vinylic C(sp2)−H bond activation using a Ru(II) catalyst and a chiral transient directing group was developed. Chiral amine was also utilized to control the Z/E stereoselectivity. The method demonstrated a broad substrate scope with good yield, high Z/E ratio stereoselectivity, and excellent enantioselectivity. Its synthetic utility was demonstrated by the synthesis of key structural motifs of particularly useful natural products and pharmaceutical compounds. Additionally, a rare vinylic C−H bond activated ruthenic complex was isolated and determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The methodology suggested in this work is expected to facilitate the further development of asymmetric vinylic C−H functionalization reactions. In Chapter III, a practical and efficient methodology for Ru(II)-catalyzed enantioselective alkenyl C–H bond functionalization of indole-substituted acrylaldehyde derivatives via the chiral transient directing group (CTDG) strategy to obtain optically active pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole derivatives was suggested. The methodology resulted in a series of optically active products with good yields (up to 80%), good stereoselectivity (up to 25.0:1 Z/E), and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 95% ee). Furthermore, synthetic transformations were explored. Chapter IV presented the first demonstration of a sequentially composed catalytic substitution reaction of alkenes for building multi-amido methylated derivatives while reserving the π- components. The process involved a simple Fe (III)-catalyst and bisamidomethane reagent, which directly and selectively transformed α-substituted styrenes into several biologically and pharmaceutically relevant N-heterocycles through tandem processes.

[pt] Esta pesquisa busca compreender como a universidade católica pode enfrentar os desafios atuais a fim de interagir com o seu corpo docente e, principalmente, com o discente, a partir dos valores presentes e provenientes do Evangelho de Jesus Cristo. Aborda-se a missão evangelizadora da universidade católica, mais precisamente seu desafio atual na sociedade pluralista. O ponto de partida é o de que o pluralismo cultural e religioso não é apenas externo, encontrase dentro da própria instituição. O estudo é realizado a partir do método pastoral tripartido ver-julgar-agir, inter-relacionado com a Ex Corde Ecclesiae, documento que propõe a definição da identidade e da missão da universidade católica. A universidade católica atual necessita empreender um anúncio da fé cristã que promova o ser humano e que o faça à luz da mensagem do Reino de Deus, que traz consigo os valores cristãos, ainda que nem sempre nomeados como tais. Diante da constatação da existência de um hiato entre a fé e a vida, mostra-se necessário (e possível) que na universidade católica haja uma pastoral universitária ativa e dialogante. Mais que uma universidade em pastoral, que seja uma universidade em pastoralidade, conceito que aponta para um ambiente universitário em que haja atitudes concretas na promoção e defesa da dignidade da pessoa humana, na busca da vivência do humanismo cristão integral e integrado, tendo a solidariedade como eixo norteador. A missão evangelizadora proposta nesta pesquisa visa que a universidade católica adote uma postura de fidelidade aos valores evangélicos e, simultaneamente, valorize e respeite as liberdades, a diversidade religiosa e a pluralidade cultural que caracterizam toda a sociedade atual. A ação pastoral realizada no âmbito universitário busca constantemente o diálogo com o mundo contemporâneo conforme anunciado pela Igreja em documentos oficiais: o documento de Buga, a Ex Corde Ecclesiae, o documento conciliar Gravissimum Educationis, o Documento de Aparecida, entre outros. Reitera que o desafio posto à universidade católica atual, considerando que a fidelidade ao múnus da evangelização não é opcional, mas vital, é que faça jus ao adjetivo católica, considerando-se o fato de as referências religiosas nas instituições católicas de ensino universitário encontrarem-se cada vez mais diluídas, sendo absorvidas ou sufocadas pela mentalidade e postura empresarial mercantilista presentes na sociedade da qual a universidade é parte. O adjetivo católica equivale a universal, e remete necessariamente aos princípios cristãos como os que iluminam a busca da verdade sobre Deus, o ser humano e a natureza. O título católica é o que especifica o dinamismo da universidade, distinguindo-a das outras. / [en] This research seeks to comprehend how the Catholic university can face current challenges in order to interact with its faculty and especially with its student body according to the values present and stemming from the Gospel of Jesus Christ. The evangelizing mission of the Catholic university is discussed, specifically its current challenge in the pluralist society. The starting point is that cultural and religious pluralism is not only external but is found within the institution itself. The study is carried out in accordance with the tripartite pastoral method see-judgeact, interrelated with Ex Corde Ecclesiae, document that proposes the definition of the identity and mission of Christian faith that promotes human beings in the light of the message of the Kingdom of God, which entails Christian values, although not always named as such. Before the ascertainment of the existence of a hiatus between faith and life, it becomes necessary (and possible) for the Catholic university to have an active and dialogic campus ministry. More than a pastoral university, it should be a university in pastorality, a concept that points to a university atmosphere in which concrete attitudes are taken for the promotion and defense of the dignity of the human person, searching to live the integral and integrated Christian humanism, having solidarity as the guiding North. The evangelizing mission proposed in this research aims for the Catholic university to adopt a faithful posture to the evangelical values and, at the same time, to value and respect freedoms, religious diversity and cultural plurality, which characterize current society. The pastoral action undertaken in the university sphere constantly seeks to dialogue with the contemporary world as it has been announced by official Church documents: the document of Buga, the Ex Corde Ecclesiae, the conciliar document Gravissimum Educationis, the Document of Aparecida, among others. It reiterates the challenge presented to the present Catholic university, considering that the faithfulness to the office of evangelization is not optional, rather vital, justifying its Catholic adjective, considering the fact that the religious references in the Catholic institutions find themselves increasingly thinned, being absorbed or suffocated by the mercantilist business mentality and posture in the society where the university takes part. The Catholic adjective is equivalent to universal and necessarily remits to the Christian principles such the ones that illuminate the search for the truth about God, the human being and nature. The title Catholic is what specifies the university dynamism, distinguishing it from others.

[pt] A esperança cristã em Lutero tenta resgatar elementos para os atuais estudos teológicos dos últimos tempos a respeito deste tema. A teologia luterana, proveniente da Reforma do século XVI, não tratou diretamente do tema em questão naquele período. Assim, diante das novas pesquisas da Escatologia, faz-se necessário o resgate de artigos de fé que auxiliem a traçar a esperança cristã sob a perspectiva luterana. Para alcançar o objetivo de compreender e definir a esperança cristã na perspectiva luterana, foi imprescindível a releitura de teólogos luteranos – Lutero, Melanchthon, Chemnitz, Gerhard, Walther – e teólogos consagrados no luteranismo atual. A metodologia utilizada foi a bibliográfica. O texto foi escrito em forma cronológica, iniciando por Lutero, seguindo até os teólogos do último século. Como resultado, o presente trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento do tema da esperança cristã no ensino e na proclamação da Igreja cristã. / [en] Christian hope in Luther tries to rescue elements for the current theological studies of recent times on this topic. Lutheran theology, coming from the 16th century Reformation, did not directly address the issue at hand in that period. Thus, in the face of new research on eschatology, it is necessary to rescue articles of faith that help to trace Christian hope from the Lutheran perspective. To achieve the objective of understanding and defining Christian hope in the Lutheran perspective, it was essential to reread Lutheran theologians – Luther, Melanchthon, Chemnitz, Gerhard, Walther – and theologians consecrated in present-day Lutheranism. The methodology used was bibliographic. The text was written in the chronological form, starting with Luther, following until the work of Lutheran theologians of the last century. As a result, the research presents the development of the theme of Christian hope in teaching and proclaiming the Christian Church.

[pt] Esta dissertação expõe as principais teses cristológicas de Joseph Ratzinger, considerando-as em sua unidade e totalidade internas conferidas pelo conceito de cristologia espiritual. Para tanto, efetua-se um caminho analítico que oferece uma visão unificada dos diversos âmbitos da cristologia ratzingeriana. A dimensão analítica consiste na abordagem de cada momento da fórmula cristológica Jesus-Cristo-Logos . O primeiro momento diz respeito ao caráter histórico da cristologia, o qual é abordado diacronicamente pelo levantamento do status quaestionis da pesquisa crítica em busca do Jesus histórico , e sincronicamente mediante a teologia da encarnação que, em J. Ratzinger, não se desvincula da teologia da cruz. O segundo momento da fórmula concerne à profissão de fé bíblica no homem Jesus a partir da categoria Cristo , cujo contexto mais amplo é analisado mediante os seguintes títulos: profeta, Filho de Deus e Senhor. Por fim, o terceiro momento considera a cristologia do Logos no amplo arcabouço fornecido pela cristologia dogmática, tal como se desenvolveu até o século VII no terceiro Concílio de Constantinopla. A análise da cristologia dogmática tem como preâmbulo a discussão a respeito da legitimidade da linguagem do dogma, justificando a abordagem formal dos primeiros concílios que delinearam o dogma cristológico. A exposição analítica da cristologia de J. Ratzinger conduz à junção das teses – synthesis –, fazendo emergir a dimensão sintética como o corolário desta pesquisa. A hipótese levantada como ensejo conclusivo consiste no entendimento de que a unidade da cristologia espiritual ratzingeriana, conquanto seja fruto de um preciso enfoque metodológico, pode ser reduzida ao mínimo denominador comum pertencente aos três momentos da fórmula cristológica: a relacionalidade. A total relatividade, manifestada historicamente pelo fato da oração, pertence ao homem Jesus, ao Cristo professado e ao Logos da dogmática. / [en] This essay exposes the main Christological theses of Joseph Ratzinger, considering them in their internal unity and totality conferred by the concept of spiritual Christology . To this end, an analytical path is taken offering a unified view of the various areas of Ratzingerian Christology. The analytical dimension consists of approaching each moment of the Christological formula Jesus-Christ-Logos . The first moment concerns the historical character of Christology, which is dealt with diachronicly by raising the status quaestionis of critical research in search of the historical Jesus , and synchronously through the theology of the incarnation, which, in J. Ratzinger, does not separate from the theology of the cross. The second part of the formula concerns the profession of biblical faith in the man Jesus from the category Christ , whose broader context is analyzed through the following titles: prophet, Son of God and Lord. Finally, the third moment considers the Christology of the Logos in the broad framework provided by dogmatic Christology, as it developed until the 7th century in the third Council of Constantinople. The analysis of dogmatic Christology has as its preamble the discussion about the legitimacy of dogma s language, justifying the formal approach of the first councils that outlined Christological dogma. The analytical exposition of J. Ratzinger s Christology leads to the junction of theses - synthesis -, making the synthetic dimension emerge as the corollary of this research. The hypothesis raised as a conclusive opportunity consists in the understanding that the unity of the Ratzingerian spiritual Christology , although it is the result of a precise methodological approach, can be reduced to the minimum common denominator belonging to the three moments of the Christological formula: the relationality. Total relativity, historically manifested by the fact of prayer, belongs to the man Jesus, the professed Christ and the Logos of dogmatics.

Anti-ferromagnetic interlayer exchange coupling between iron layers in Fe/MgO superlatices have recently been of interest among researchers for its potential application in 3D memory storage in computers (hard drives) and in the research field of spintronics. Thinfilms and bi-layers between the 10-100 ångström range in thicknesses were analyzed for its resistive properties during different conditions. Both mono-layers and superlatices were experimented with.The resistivity of the films was measured with both the four-probe method and the Van der Pauw method. Because of mechanical limitations with respect to the direction of the external magnetic field, the Van der Pauw method had to be used for the superlattice measurements. The collected data from all the measurments of the superlattice suggest that the electric current is not only passing the capping layer of the lattice but did not however show any sign of resisitive properties changing with changing magnetic profile. The resistivity of thesuperlattice was similar to that of the resistivity calculated from data when the external magnetic field was off. The results from this study show for the first time that it is possible to measure the electronic transport within an Fe/MgO superlattice which provides a basis for futher investigations.

Higher speeds and higher capacity will cause the Swedish rail network to be exposed to disturbing dynamic effects. Higher speeds cause higher vertical acceleration levels of the bridge deck. In this thesis, a numerical analysis of a three span end-frame bridge subjected to train induced vibrations is performed. The aim is to identify which structural components and boundary conditions that affect the dynamic behavior of the bridge. Furthermore, the influence of soil structure interaction (SSI) will be investigated as it may have contribution to the stiffness and damping of the structural system.  In order to capture the dynamic response of the bridge, an analysis in the frequency domain was preformed where frequency response functions (FRF) and acceleration envelopes were obtained. For this purpose, a detailed FE-model in 3D was created. Three different cases were studied, model subjected to ballast, model subjected to soil and model subjected to both ballast and soil in coherence. A high speed load model (HSLM) was used to create simulation of train passages at different speeds and applied to all cases so that the bridge deck accelerations could be studied. A simplified 2D-model with impedance functions representing the soil-structure interaction was created to validate the results from the detailed 3D-model and for practical design purposes.  The result of this numerical analysis showed that the vertical accelerations were within acceptable levels of the maximum allowed limits given in governing publications. Considering the surrounding soil, the results revealed an increase of the dynamic response in the midspan at resonant frequency. However, it was identified that this behavior is not explained by the influence of soil structure interaction but rather the change in boundary conditions of the end-shields. The same dynamic behavior was identified for the simplified 2D-model, with a slight underestimation of the vertical accelerations at resonance.

This study focuses on developing explicit analytical and numerical process models for mechanical micro-machining of heterogeneous materials. These models are used to select suitable process parameters for preparing and micro-machining of these advanced materials. The material system studied in this research is Magnesium Metal Matrix Composites (Mg-MMCs) reinforced with nano-sized and micro-sized silicon carbide (SiC) particles. This research is motivated by increasing demands of miniaturized components with high mechanical performance in various industries. Mg-MMCs become one of the best candidates due to its light weight, high strength, and high creep/wear resistance. However, the improved strength and abrasive nature of the reinforcements bring great challenges for the subsequent micro-machining process. Systematic experimental investigations on the machinability of Mg-MMCs reinforced with SiC nano-particles have been conducted. The nanocomposites containing 5 Vol.%, 10 Vol.% and 15 Vol.% reinforcements, as well as pure magnesium, are studied by using the Design of Experiment (DOE) method. Cutting forces, surface morphology and surface roughness are characterized to understand the machinability of the four materials. Based on response surface methodology (RSM) design, experimental models and related contour plots have been developed to build a connection between different materials properties and cutting parameters. Those models can be used to predict the cutting force, the surface roughness, and then optimize the machining process. An analytical cutting force model has been developed to predict cutting forces of MgMMCs reinforced with nano-sized SiC particles in the micro-milling process. This model is iv different from previous ones by encompassing the behaviors of reinforcement nanoparticles in three cutting scenarios, i.e., shearing, ploughing and elastic recovery. By using the enhanced yield strength in the cutting force model, three major strengthening factors are incorporated, including load-bearing effect, enhanced dislocation density strengthening effect and Orowan strengthening effect. In this way, the particle size and volume fraction, as significant factors affecting the cutting forces, are explicitly considered. In order to validate the model, various cutting conditions using different size end mills (100 µm and 1 mm dia.) have been conducted on Mg-MMCs with volume fraction from 0 (pure magnesium) to 15 Vol.%. The simulated cutting forces show a good agreement with the experimental data. The proposed model can predict the major force amplitude variations and force profile changes as functions of the nanoparticles’ volume fraction. Next, a systematic evaluation of six ductile fracture models has been conducted to identify the most suitable fracture criterion for micro-scale cutting simulations. The evaluated fracture models include constant fracture strain, Johnson-Cook, Johnson-Cook coupling criterion, Wilkins, modified Cockcroft-Latham, and Bao-Wierzbicki fracture criterion. By means of a user material subroutine (VUMAT), these fracture models are implemented into a Finite Element (FE) orthogonal cutting model in ABAQUS/Explicit platform. The local parameters (stress, strain, fracture factor, velocity fields) and global variables (chip morphology, cutting forces, temperature, shear angle, and machined surface integrity) are evaluated. Results indicate that by coupling with the damage evolution, the capability of Johnson-Cook and Bao-Wierzbicki can be further extended to predict accurate chip morphology. Bao-Wierzbiki-based coupling model provides the best simulation results in this study. v The micro-cutting performance of MMCs materials has also been studied by using FE modeling method. A 2-D FE micro-cutting model has been constructed. Firstly, homogenized material properties are employed to evaluate the effect of particles’ volume fraction. Secondly, micro-structures of the two-phase material are modeled in FE cutting models. The effects of the existing micro-sized and nano-sized ceramic particles on micro-cutting performance are carefully evaluated in two case studies. Results show that by using the homogenized material properties based on Johnson-Cook plasticity and fracture model with damage evolution, the micro-cutting performance of nano-reinforced Mg-MMCs can be predicted. Crack generation for SiC particle reinforced MMCs is different from their homogeneous counterparts; the effect of micro-sized particles is different from the one of nano-sized particles. In summary, through this research, a better understanding of the unique cutting mechanism for particle reinforced heterogeneous materials has been obtained. The effect of reinforcements on micro-cutting performance is obtained, which will help material engineers tailor suitable material properties for special mechanical design, associated manufacturing method and application needs. Moreover, the proposed analytical and numerical models provide a guideline to optimize process parameters for preparing and micro-machining of heterogeneous MMCs materials. This will eventually facilitate the automation of MMCs’ machining process and realize high-efficiency, high-quality, and low-cost manufacturing of composite materials.

[pt] O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar os critérios e parâmetros utilizados para a aferição do adimplemento substancial no caso concreto e as dificuldades daí decorrentes, evidenciadas pela aplicação assistemática do instituto pelos tribunais brasileiros. Além disso, também se propõe a analisar as repercussões na esfera do credor na hipótese de configuração do adimplemento substancial. / [en] The main propose of this work is to analyze the criteria and parameters used to fulfill and verify the so-called substantial performance institute as evidenced by the unsystematic application of the legal practice by Brazilian courts. In addition, it also assesses the repercussions on the creditor s rights in the event of configuration of substantial performance.

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