Nesta tese de doutorado, apresentamos e examinamos memórias de escritoras negras brasileiras e moçambicanas. Além disso, fazemos uma aproximação entre temas enfrentados por depoimentos e por textos literários das escritoras. As entrevistadas, a pesquisadora e os autores eleitos para a pesquisa emergem ali como diferentes vozes, mas de mesma dignidade comunicativa, todas participando do diálogo estabelecido na tese. Foram, portanto, duas nossas fontes de dados. De um lado, a pesquisa organizou-se pela análise conteudista de obras literárias, quatro livros de contos As andorinhas (Paulina Chiziane), Insubmissas lágrimas de mulheres (Conceição Evaristo), Malungos e milongas (Esmeralda Ribeiro) e Ninguém matou Suhura (Lilia Momplé) , aí privilegiando a atenção ao quadro social dos textos tal como se deixou apanhar no interior de cada obra (o contexto político, cultural e histórico das tramas) e aos seguintes temas: a pobreza, a condição dos negros, a subordinação da mulher, as respostas de mulheres a eventos ou circunstâncias de racismo e sexismo (respostas ao rebaixamento econômico-político longamente formado contra mulheres negras, o que necessariamente incluiu respostas à opressão e reificação da mulher negra, respostas à subordinação e aos atributos de coisa que lhe foram historicamente impingidos). Por outro lado, a pesquisa recorreu a entrevistas semidirigidas e ao exame de depoimentos: os mesmos temas, primeiro tirados da literatura, foram retomados em conversas diretas com cada uma das quatro escritoras / In this Doctorate thesis, we present and examine memories of Brazilian and Mozambican black female writers. Furthermore, we make an association between themes faced by the authors testimonies and literary pieces. The interviewees, the researcher and the authors chosen for the research emerge as distinct voices, but of equal communicative dignity, all of whom taking part in the dialogue established in the thesis. Therefore, there were two data sources. On one hand, the research was organized by content analysis of literary works, four short-story books As andorinhas (Paulina Chiziane), Insubmissas lágrimas de mulheres (Conceição Evaristo), Malungos e milongas (Esmeralda Ribeiro) and Ninguém matou Suhura (Lilia Momplé) , favoring attention to the texts social picture as apprehended from within each work (the political, cultural, and historical context of the plots) and to the following themes: poverty, the condition of the black people, womens subordination, womens responses to events or circumstances of racism and sexism (responses to the economic and political demotion long formed against black women, which necessarily included responses to the oppression and reification of black women, responses to the subordination and to the thing attributes that were historically imposed on them). On the other hand, the research resorted to semi-guided interviews and to the examination of testimonies: the same themes, first taken from the literature, were recovered in direct conversation with each of the four writers

It is evident in Antjie Krog's oeuvre that autobiographical aspects and themes play an important role in her work, and that such aspects are in fact characteristic of all her work. In this study the relation between the autobiographical material in 'n Ander Tongval (2003) and in some of her volumes of poetry is researched. It is clear from the theoretical works that were consulted that the relation between the text and "reality" can be extremely complex, because all autobiographical texts always contain both autobiographical and fictional aspects. In the autobiographical text the writer must constantly negotiate between the public and the private; in other words what the writer chooses to remember and reveal, and what is concealed. There are significant similarities between the autobiographical memories in 'n Ander Tongva/ and a number of Antjie Krog's poems from the volumes Dogter van Jefta, Otters in bronslaai, Jerusa/emgangers, Lady Anne, Gedigte 1989 - 1995 and Kleur kom nooit aileen nie. It is evident, however, that the same information is presented very differently in the poetic and narrative texts. Krog uses her memory very selectively and she manipulates her memories in the representation of the poems. A reason for this may be that she regards her poetry as personal, while the autobiographical text was written for a bigger audience. The same argument applies to her use of different voices ("I" as well as other voices) which is used in both texts. / Thesis (M.A. (Afrikaans and Dutch))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

It is evident in Antjie Krog's oeuvre that autobiographical aspects and themes play an important role in her work, and that such aspects are in fact characteristic of all her work. In this study the relation between the autobiographical material in 'n Ander Tongval (2003) and in some of her volumes of poetry is researched. It is clear from the theoretical works that were consulted that the relation between the text and "reality" can be extremely complex, because all autobiographical texts always contain both autobiographical and fictional aspects. In the autobiographical text the writer must constantly negotiate between the public and the private; in other words what the writer chooses to remember and reveal, and what is concealed. There are significant similarities between the autobiographical memories in 'n Ander Tongva/ and a number of Antjie Krog's poems from the volumes Dogter van Jefta, Otters in bronslaai, Jerusa/emgangers, Lady Anne, Gedigte 1989 - 1995 and Kleur kom nooit aileen nie. It is evident, however, that the same information is presented very differently in the poetic and narrative texts. Krog uses her memory very selectively and she manipulates her memories in the representation of the poems. A reason for this may be that she regards her poetry as personal, while the autobiographical text was written for a bigger audience. The same argument applies to her use of different voices ("I" as well as other voices) which is used in both texts. / Thesis (M.A. (Afrikaans and Dutch))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

A pesquisa apresenta um inventário das obras literárias produzidas por romancistas negras afro-americanas e afro-brasileiras, publicadas no mercado editorial brasileiro. Investiga como autoras afro-americanas Maya Angelou e Zora Neale Hurston e as afro-brasileiras Carolina Maria de Jesus e Conceição Evaristo, representam em suas obras as suas escolhas afetivas. Examina as experiências individuais das autoras, analisa como o tema da afetividade é tratado em suas produções usando como eixo central o trabalho comparativo entre as autoras escolhidas e investiga sobre a relação de gênero, raça x autoria na construção de intelectuais negras, tendo como fio condutor a perspectiva comparatista na narrativa literária / The research summarizes the works of some African-American female writers published in Brazil, in Brazils editorial market, and compares them to some Afro-Brazilian female writers. It analyzes how authors Maya Angelou and Zora Neale Hurston, on the one hand, and Carolina Maria de Jesus and Conceição Evaristo, on the other, introduce their affective choices in their writings. It looks at each authors experiences and how affection as a subject is dealt with in their literary work. The author does so by using comparative literature theory and by exploring how gender and race influence authorship in the making of black female intellectuals

A pesquisa apresenta um inventário das obras literárias produzidas por romancistas negras afro-americanas e afro-brasileiras, publicadas no mercado editorial brasileiro. Investiga como autoras afro-americanas Maya Angelou e Zora Neale Hurston e as afro-brasileiras Carolina Maria de Jesus e Conceição Evaristo, representam em suas obras as suas escolhas afetivas. Examina as experiências individuais das autoras, analisa como o tema da afetividade é tratado em suas produções usando como eixo central o trabalho comparativo entre as autoras escolhidas e investiga sobre a relação de gênero, raça x autoria na construção de intelectuais negras, tendo como fio condutor a perspectiva comparatista na narrativa literária / The research summarizes the works of some African-American female writers published in Brazil, in Brazils editorial market, and compares them to some Afro-Brazilian female writers. It analyzes how authors Maya Angelou and Zora Neale Hurston, on the one hand, and Carolina Maria de Jesus and Conceição Evaristo, on the other, introduce their affective choices in their writings. It looks at each authors experiences and how affection as a subject is dealt with in their literary work. The author does so by using comparative literature theory and by exploring how gender and race influence authorship in the making of black female intellectuals

Nesta tese de doutorado, apresentamos e examinamos memórias de escritoras negras brasileiras e moçambicanas. Além disso, fazemos uma aproximação entre temas enfrentados por depoimentos e por textos literários das escritoras. As entrevistadas, a pesquisadora e os autores eleitos para a pesquisa emergem ali como diferentes vozes, mas de mesma dignidade comunicativa, todas participando do diálogo estabelecido na tese. Foram, portanto, duas nossas fontes de dados. De um lado, a pesquisa organizou-se pela análise conteudista de obras literárias, quatro livros de contos As andorinhas (Paulina Chiziane), Insubmissas lágrimas de mulheres (Conceição Evaristo), Malungos e milongas (Esmeralda Ribeiro) e Ninguém matou Suhura (Lilia Momplé) , aí privilegiando a atenção ao quadro social dos textos tal como se deixou apanhar no interior de cada obra (o contexto político, cultural e histórico das tramas) e aos seguintes temas: a pobreza, a condição dos negros, a subordinação da mulher, as respostas de mulheres a eventos ou circunstâncias de racismo e sexismo (respostas ao rebaixamento econômico-político longamente formado contra mulheres negras, o que necessariamente incluiu respostas à opressão e reificação da mulher negra, respostas à subordinação e aos atributos de coisa que lhe foram historicamente impingidos). Por outro lado, a pesquisa recorreu a entrevistas semidirigidas e ao exame de depoimentos: os mesmos temas, primeiro tirados da literatura, foram retomados em conversas diretas com cada uma das quatro escritoras / In this Doctorate thesis, we present and examine memories of Brazilian and Mozambican black female writers. Furthermore, we make an association between themes faced by the authors testimonies and literary pieces. The interviewees, the researcher and the authors chosen for the research emerge as distinct voices, but of equal communicative dignity, all of whom taking part in the dialogue established in the thesis. Therefore, there were two data sources. On one hand, the research was organized by content analysis of literary works, four short-story books As andorinhas (Paulina Chiziane), Insubmissas lágrimas de mulheres (Conceição Evaristo), Malungos e milongas (Esmeralda Ribeiro) and Ninguém matou Suhura (Lilia Momplé) , favoring attention to the texts social picture as apprehended from within each work (the political, cultural, and historical context of the plots) and to the following themes: poverty, the condition of the black people, womens subordination, womens responses to events or circumstances of racism and sexism (responses to the economic and political demotion long formed against black women, which necessarily included responses to the oppression and reification of black women, responses to the subordination and to the thing attributes that were historically imposed on them). On the other hand, the research resorted to semi-guided interviews and to the examination of testimonies: the same themes, first taken from the literature, were recovered in direct conversation with each of the four writers

This thesis examines four translations and retranslations of novels by British female writers. They are Elizabeth Gaskell’s Cranford, Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, George Eliot’s Silas Marner, and Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre. The translations and retranslations, eight target texts in total, are mapped onto the sociopolitical and sociocultural milieu of China from the late 1920s to 1930s. During the span of time when the eight translations were published, China was undergoing a special period of political turbulence intertwined with literary vibrancy. With the literary field of China segmented into various literary societies or political organizations subscribing to their respective doctrines and principles, Chinese intellectuals including translators from various backgrounds produced literature and translation within the agenda of their respective literary or political societies. The heart of this thesis’s theoretical framework is the role of agents of translation involved the practice of translation production. The interaction amongst the human and nonhuman agents: translators, patrons, intellectuals, literary institutions, publishers and more, are examined in order to identify the translation motivations of the translators. The seven translators covered in the present study are categorized into three distinctive groups: the leftists, the humanists and the commercial translators. A collective analysis of the translators’ behaviour should shed light on the general understanding of the intended social functions of these translated novels written by British female writers published during Republican China.

In the last few decades, Dominican female writers have contributed significantly to the literary representation of the city of Santo Domingo and urban life. This dissertation studies how these female writers produce a cultural paradigm for criticizing the urban crisis in the Dominican Republic that at times is at odds with much narrative written by men and with key concepts in Urban Theory that are taken for granted. The authors I study, Ángela Hernández, Emilia Pereyra, Emelda Ramos, Aurora Arias and Rita Indiana Hernández, understand the city and redefine the urban model by expressing their dissatisfaction in the civilizing and modernizing potential of urban space in their texts. I specifically analyze novels and short stories through a reinterpretation of Henri Lefebvre’s concept of “the Right to the City” that considers issues such as gender, race and identity by using an interdisciplinary theoretical framework that includes Geography, Urban Studies, Feminism, Queer Studies and Sociology.

Edna O'Brien and Marian Keyes are two sexually candid female writers. They are both from Ireland and their novels have caused many spectacular headlines over the years. These female authors have been greatly acclaimed, but also sharply criticised for their outspoken way of writing. However they have enjoyed huge success and their novels have been read by many people. This essay will focus on two of the many novels written by these Irish authors: The Country Girls by Edna O'Brien and Anybody Out There? by Marian Keyes. In the following essay I will focus on Irish women represented in the novels of Keyes and O'Brien, and their relation to men but also to their daughters. In these novels, women are forced into strict gender roles, very different from those of men. Still, even though the older women in the novels are trapped in their roles, they encourage their daughters to develop and grow beyond such roles. I would argue that the novels and also the feminist actions that still occur in Ireland are built upon a long time of subordination for women, and also from the twisted structure in many of the Irish men-women-relationships. I would argue that the rules and roles created in historical Ireland, have formed an inequality between the sexes that still exists.

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