Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-06-20T12:21:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 José do Socorro Assis.pdf: 981227 bytes, checksum: 4e2868869711e770d5f230644639437d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-20T12:21:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 José do Socorro Assis.pdf: 981227 bytes, checksum: 4e2868869711e770d5f230644639437d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-07 / The key factors when analyzing invested capital returns versus the risks assumed by financial institutions have been widely discussed in corporate finance. The goal of this study is to understand the contribution of economic-financial factors when explaining the risk-adjusted return on capital: RAROC. In this context, this metric, in its starting point, was used on the foundation of capital management in financial institutions under the approaches of risk mitigation versus maximization return. Therefore, this study considers a sample of eleven banks with capital being traded on BM&FBOVESPA and was distributed in three groups: (i) large, (ii) medium and (iii) small size, with the size defined according to the BACEN criteria described in the Financial Stability Report. The analysis of the economic-financial factors are based on the DuPont model, starting from the ROE (Return On Equity), and afterwards, calculating RAROC in financial institutions, considering three factors: i) capital financial leverage, as the ratio between assets allocated to risks and available risk capital; ii) assets profitability, calculated by the ratio between net revenues and risk-weighted assets, and iii) profit margin rate, which measures the operational and tax efficiency based on the ratio of economic profit to net revenues. The period considered in this analysis is from 2010 to 2015 with semiannual data obtained in the Financial Statements and Risk and Capital Management Documents released by financial institutions, which as selected for being the period after the banking crisis of 2008 and 2009. The methodology adopted is empirical-analytic and the type of research that is characterized as quantitative, descriptive and documentary. The results obtained with the use of Pearson (r) statistical correlation techniques and multiple linear regression in the stepwise method (r2 adjusted), as well as the hypothesis tests, indicated the existence of peculiar characteristics to the studied groups. The group of large banks presented the profit margin rate as the one with the highest explanatory capacity of RAROC with a correlation of 0.982 and r2 of 96.3%, thus demonstrating that the efficient management of the structure costs was presented as a differentiating factor in the Risk-adjusted return on capital. Regarding the group of medium-sized banks, the factors of profitability and profit margin rate profitability presented a modest explanatory capacity and quite similar with r2 of 48.4% and 43.1%, respectively. In the group of small banks, the profit margin rate had a high explanatory power with r2 of 76.1%. It should be considered that the market of medium and small banks is more vulnerable to economic crises and presents a higher cost of funding, thus requiring a continuous search for high specialization, differentiation and flexibility in their businesses. The justification for this work is based on the relevance and timeliness of the theme for the academic community and the representativeness of banking activity in the country's economic development / Os fatores determinantes na geração de retornos de capital investido frente aos riscos assumidos nas instituições financeiras têm sido tema amplamente discutido nas finanças corporativas. O objetivo desta pesquisa é compreender a contribuição dos fatores econômico-financeiros na explicação do desempenho do retorno ajustado ao risco do capital: RAROC (Risk-Adjusted Return On Capital). Neste contexto, a utilização desta métrica teve, como ponto de partida, o fundamento da gestão do capital em instituições financeiras sob os enfoques da alocação em riscos versus a maximização retorno. Para tanto, a pesquisa considera a amostra de onze bancos com ações negociadas na BM&FBOVESPA e distribuídos em três grupos: (i) grande, (ii) médio e (iii) pequeno porte, tendo o porte definido conforme critério do BACEN descrito na Relatório de Estabilidade Financeira. A análise dos fatores econômico-financeiros apoia-se nos fundamentos do modelo DuPont, partindo da decomposição do ROE (Return On Equity) para a calcular o RAROC em instituições financeiras, onde se consideram três fatores: i) alavancagem financeira do capital, sendo a razão entre os ativos alocados em riscos e o capital disponível para riscos; ii) rentabilidade dos ativos, apurada pela razão entre as receitas líquidas e os ativos ponderados pelos riscos, e iii) taxa de lucratividade, medindo a eficiência operacional e tributária a partir da razão entre o lucro econômico e as receitas líquidas. O período selecionado foi de 2010 a 2015, com dados semestrais obtidos nas Demonstrações Financeiras e nos Documentos de Gerenciamento de Riscos e Capital divulgados pelas instituições financeiras, sendo considerado como o período posterior à crise bancária de 2008 e 2009. A metodologia adotada é de natureza empírico-analítica e o tipo de pesquisa caracteriza-se como quantitativa, descritiva e documental. Os resultados obtidos com a utilização de técnicas estatísticas de correlação de Pearson (r) e regressão linear múltipla no método stepwise (r2 ajustado), bem como os testes de hipóteses, onde indicaram a existência de características próprias para os grupos estudados. O grupo de bancos de grande porte apresentou o fator de lucratividade como o de maior capacidade de explicação do RAROC com correlação de 0,982 e r2 de 96,3%, demonstrando assim que a gestão eficiente dos custos da estrutura se apresentou como um fator diferenciador na geração do retorno ajustado ao risco do capital. No que diz respeito ao grupo de bancos de médio porte, os fatores lucratividade e rentabilidade apresentaram moderada capacidade de explicação e bastante similares com r2 de 48,4% e 43,1%, respectivamente. No grupo de bancos de pequeno porte, o fator lucratividade apresentou alta capacidade de explicação com r2 de 76,1%. Deve-se considerar que o mercado de bancos de médio e pequeno porte é mais vulnerável às crises econômicas e com maior custo de captação, exigindo assim a busca contínua da alta especialização, diferenciação e flexibilidade nos seus negócios. A justificativa deste trabalho baseia-se na relevância e atualidade do tema para a comunidade acadêmica e pela representatividade da atividade bancária no desenvolvimento econômico do país

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Max Hermann Filho.pdf: 1985582 bytes, checksum: 8ec2531d52ed0c21750dd838bb876b1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-24 / Since the failure of Barings Bank in 1995, the corporate world has experienced a series of financial scandals, which losses have gone up exponentially and reached almost five billion Euros in the Société Générale case. Those losses are generated by the dealing desks, where traders take advantage of, amongst other things, a broken control framework to take non authorized positions that resulted in severe losses due to unfavorable market moves (rogue trader type of fraud). The objective of this work is to conduct a case study approach comparing the key deficiencies amongst five important losses: Baring Bank, Allied Irish Bank, Enron, National Australian Bank and Société Générale. The key finding, which can be very helpful to prevent occurrence of new similar cases, brings up the common causes in all cases: internal environment lenient with internal controls and ethical standards; inadequate measurement and understanding of risks; ineffective systems and controls carried out with scarce and unqualified human resources; failures related to information sharing, communication and monitoring / Desde a quebra do banco Barings em 1995, o mundo corporativo enfrenta uma série de escândalos financeiros, cujos valores sobem de forma exponencial, chegando a quase cinco bilhões de euro em 2008 (perda enfrentada pelo banco francês Société Générale). Essas perdas estão diretamente relacionadas com mesas de tesouraria, onde traders se aproveitaram, dentre outras coisas, de falhas de controle para assumirem posições de mercado, muito além do autorizado pelas instituições, sofrendo, assim, com oscilações negativas, que resultaram em perdas enormes (este tipo de fraude é conhecido no meio financeiro como Rogue Trader type of fraud). A justificativa deste trabalho é fazer uma análise detalhada das falhas de controle que resultaram nesse tipo de situação, utilizando como base cinco importantes casos: Barings, Allied Irish Bank, Enron, National Australian Bank e Société Générale. Os resultados obtidos, por meio deste estudo, que devem ser utilizados, como ponto de atenção, na prevenção a novos incidentes similares, mostram que as causas comuns, em todos os casos, são um ambiente interno leniente com controles e valores éticos; inadequada avaliação e entendimento dos riscos assumidos; atividades de controles ineficazes, com poucos recursos humanos, problemas de sistemas e baixa qualificação profissional; falhas nas atividades de informações, comunicações e monitoramento

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wilton Moises Modro.pdf: 1762868 bytes, checksum: 37683595c1b75e15b2ac5d6da474f7ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-05 / The purpose of this study was to analyze if the main financial indicators, value metrics and economic factors are relevant to explaining the performance of common shares return of the three largest Brazilian banks, Banco do Brasil, Banco Itau and Banco Bradesco, during the period between 2001 and 2010. Such rationale begins with the assumption, based on the modern theory of finance, that certain factors may contribute to the explanation of stock return behavior. Accordingly, were selected the top accounting indicators and value metrics exposed in the studies and in finance literature and, additionally, the top economic factors that could be related to stock return. Considering the growing importance of the Brazilian banking sector and the lack of studies focused on companies in this sector, it was decided to apply the selected indicators and metrics to these key Brazilian banks, which together accounted, at the end of 2010, for about half of the performance of the banking sector in the country. Through an empirical-descriptive study, based on documentary research, having the financial statements and the stock market performance of the three selected banks as the main sources of data, it was verified which independent variables showed positive correlation and explanatory power on the stock return of the following period of these banks. The results obtained by correlation analysis and multiple regressions, applied to the accumulated variation of common shares return and the 26 (twenty six) independent variables studied, showed the price-to-earnings ratio (P/E) as the main explanatory variable statistically significant to common shares return, with r2 of 77.7% (Banco do Brasil), 69.8% (Banco Itaú) and 64.3% (Banco Bradesco). Other variables with significant explanatory power, although smaller, were the index of operational efficiency (16.5%) for Banco Itau and the ratio loans/deposits (7.6%) and inflation (6.7%) for Banco Bradesco. These results demonstrate the importance of the P/E ratio, which shows the investors expectation about the generation of future cash flows by companies and, therefore, it is expected to be associated with stock returns. Some limitations of this study, however, should be taken into consideration, especially regarding the use of accounting data, the events occurred during the period of analysis (accounting changes, mergers and acquisitions, subprime crisis, etc..), and the calculations and results of value metrics, since several studies indicate value metrics, specifically the EVA®, as more closely related to the return or the market price of the shares / O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar se os principais indicadores contábeis, métricas de valor e fatores econômicos são relevantes para a explicação do desempenho do retorno das ações ordinárias dos três maiores bancos brasileiros, Banco do Brasil, Banco Itaú e Banco Bradesco, no período entre 2001 e 2010. Tal objetivo parte do pressuposto, fundamentado na teoria moderna de finanças, de que certos fatores podem contribuir para a explicação do comportamento do retorno das ações. Nesse sentido, foram selecionados os principais indicadores contábeis e métricas de valor expostos nos estudos e na literatura de finanças e, além destes, os principais fatores econômicos que podem ter relação com o retorno das ações. Tendo em vista a crescente relevância do setor bancário brasileiro e a escassez de estudos voltados para empresas desse setor, optou-se por aplicar os indicadores e métricas selecionados, aos principais bancos brasileiros, os quais responderam em conjunto, no final de 2010, por cerca de metade do desempenho do setor bancário no país. Por meio de um estudo empírico-descritivo, baseado em pesquisa documental, sendo as principais fontes de dados as demonstrações contábeis e o desempenho bursátil dos três bancos selecionados, verificou-se quais variáveis independentes apresentaram correlação positiva e poder explicativo sobre o retorno das ações ordinárias do período seguinte, desses bancos. Os resultados obtidos pelas análises de correlação e regressão múltiplas, aplicadas sobre a variação acumulada do retorno das ações ordinárias e das 26 (vinte e seis) variáveis independentes pesquisadas, indicaram o índice preço/lucro (P/L) como principal variável explicativa estatisticamente significante do retorno das ações ordinárias, com r2 de 77,7% (Banco do Brasil), 69,8% (Banco Itaú) e 64,3% (Banco Bradesco). Outras variáveis que apresentaram relevante poder explicativo, embora menor, foram o índice de eficiência operacional (16,5%) para o Banco Itaú e o índice empréstimos/depósitos (7,6%) e inflação (6,7%) para o Banco Bradesco. Tais resultados demonstram a importância do índice P/L, o qual evidencia a expectativa dos investidores quanto à geração de fluxos de caixa futuros pelas empresas e, portanto, espera-se que esteja associado ao retorno das ações. Algumas limitações deste estudo, entretanto, devem ser consideradas, principalmente em relação ao uso dos dados contábeis, aos eventos ocorridos no período da análise (mudanças contábeis, fusões e aquisições, crise do subprime, etc.) e aos cálculos e resultados das métricas de valor, já que diversos estudos indicam as métricas de valor, mais especificamente o EVA®, como mais fortemente relacionadas ao retorno ou ao preço de mercado das ações

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adeildo Paulino.pdf: 1436645 bytes, checksum: 839ec64f05dc7a5a424691bc10252d00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-14 / Derivatives are financial instruments used by companies to manage risks arising from financial assets and liabilities included in its balance sheet or that will appear in future by operations already contracted. Risks mitigated by derivatives may be exposure to foreign exchange, interest rate, price of commodities or credit. Besides the protective function, the derivative can also be used for the purpose of speculation or arbitrage. Financial institutions operates in the derivatives market to protect the risk of their economic activities but also for intermediate risk of customers. In order to protect their assets and liabilities, financial institutions use, in large-scale, of the derivative financial instruments. The major challenge in the control of derivatives is their accounting. International standards already implemented in Brazil since 2008 as the CPC 14 and standards set by the Central Bank of Brazil require institutions to measure the derivatives at market price (fair value). The volumes traded, called notional amount, or better, the risk transferred or assumed, are controlled in off-balance sheet accounts. The variations in the price of derivatives are recorded in income statement accounts periodically, at least at the closing of its financial statements or monthly statements as in the case of financial institutions. In the case of hedging transactions, the rules currently in effect opens the possibility of variations of the market are registered in different accounts of result. This possibility is covered in the rule of hedge accounting. The rule of hedge accounting the financial institutions can account the variations in market value of hedging instruments (derivatives) in the same time they are recorded variations of the object market hedge (active or passive at risk). If a risk hedge cash flow changes in derivative financial instrument and are subject to hedge recorded accounts highlighted the equity and if the market risk, changes in market prices of the hedging instrument (derivative) and subject to hedge are recorded in income statement accounts. However, despite being technically still the best way to account for variations in market value of a hedge transaction for hedge accounting, as a case study developed, the use of this possibility requires the financial institution fulfill a number of requirements which are very complex to implementation. These requirements are, apparently, causing financial institutions not motivate themselves to apply the rule of hedge accounting, as analysis of the notes disclosed in the financial statements for 2007 and 2008 from 10 major private financial institutions / Os derivativos são instrumentos financeiros utilizados pelas companhias para gerenciar riscos financeiros oriundos de seus ativos e passivos financeiros que constam do seu balanço patrimonial ou que venham a constar no futuro em operações já contratadas. Os riscos mitigados pelos derivativos podem ser de exposição à variação cambial, de taxas de juros, de preço de commodities ou mesmo de crédito. Além da função de proteção, o derivativo também pode ser utilizado com o objetivo de especulação ou arbitragem. As instituições financeiras atuam no mercado de derivativos para proteger de risco suas atividades econômicas como também para intermediar riscos de clientes. Com o objetivo de proteger os seus ativos e passivos financeiros, as instituições financeiras se utilizam em grande escala dos instrumentos financeiros derivativos. Um dos grandes desafios no controle dos derivativos é a sua contabilização. As normas internacionais, já implementadas no Brasil desde 2008, conforme o CPC 14 e as normas definidas pelo Banco Central do Brasil obrigam as instituições a mensurarem os derivativos pelo preço de mercado (valor justo-fair value). Os volumes transacionados, ou seja, o risco transferido ou assumido (Valores de Referência-), é controlado em contas fora do balanço (off balance account). As variações no preço de mercado dos derivativos são registradas em contas de resultados periodicamente; ao menos no momento do fechamento de suas demonstrações financeiras ou balancetes mensais como é o caso das instituições financeiras. No caso das operações de hedge, as normas atualmente em vigor abrem a possibilidade de as variaçoes de mercado serem registradas em contas diferentes de resultado. Essa possibilidade é abrangida na regra de hedge accounting. Pela regra do hedge accounting as instituições financeiras podem contabilizar as variações de mercado dos instrumentos de hedge (derivativos) no mesmo momento em que são registradas as variações a mercado do objeto de hedge (ativo ou passivo em risco). Caso seja um hedge de risco de fluxo de caixa, as variações do instrumento financeiro derivativo e do objeto de hedge são registradas em contas destacadas do patrimônio líquido e, se for de risco de mercado, as variações nos preços de mercado do instrumento de hedge (derivativo) e dos objetos de hedge são registradas em contas de resultado. Porém, apesar de ser tecnicamente a melhor forma de contabilizar as variações de mercado de uma operação de hedge pelo hedge accounting, conforme estudo de caso desenvolvido, a utilização dessa possibilidade exige que a instutuição cumpra uma série de exigências que tornam complexa a sua implementação. Essas exigências estão, aparentemente, fazendo com que as instituições financeiras não se motivem a aplicar a regra do hedge accounting, conforme análise das notas explicativas divulgadas nas demonstrações financeiras de 2007 e 2008 das dez principais instituições financeiras privadas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:13:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-Lavinia Barros de Castro.pdf: 1709487 bytes, checksum: 7e7fd53427d965f069a10b1cdcf3c8f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-15 / The purpose of this work is to analyze investment finance in economic development. The central hypothesis of this study is that the Korean and Brazilian financial structure offers us an important key to understand their swift to industrialization during the period 1950-80. Numerous comparisons have been made between Brazil and Korea, most of them stressing the differences and similarities of the industrial development (catch up). Few analyses emphasizes (and compare) the evolution of financial systems. Also, most treatments of finance are static, missing the Gerschenkronian developmental perspective which would tell us that a credit system based in equity and securities markets is an artifact of early industrialization (as it is the case of England and U.S industrialization), and that the model of state or bank-influenced industrialization is a consequence of lateness vis-?-vis the absence of abundant capital in the private sector. This thesis is organized in four different and independent articles. Article I is a review on the literature about investment finance. Article II examines Korean economic and financial development during the period 1950-80. The third article is a shorter essay, presenting a panel data model to test the relevance of banking finance in explaining economic growth in the case of Korea during the 1950s and the 1960s. Finally, the fourth compares Brazilian and Korean development outcomes (1950-80) in a broad sense. Together, the articles form a set that discusses the needs and challenges of investment finance in economic development, using two late-late-comers experiences. / O objetivo desta tese ? analisar o processo de financiamento do desenvolvimento em duas experi?ncias de industrializa??o tardia. A hip?tese central deste estudo ? que as estruturas financeiras da Cor?ia e do Brasil desempenharam um papel fundamental na transforma??o de economias de base agr?cola para economias de base industrial, ao longo do per?odo 1950-80. Diversas compara??es j? foram feitas entre o desenvolvimento industrial brasileiro e coreano, enfatizando o processo de catch up. Poucas an?lises, por?m, enfatizam e comparam a evolu??o dos sistemas financeiros. Al?m disso, a maioria dos estudos financeiros comparativos s?o est?ticos, sem uma perspectiva hist?rico-institucional. S?o, por isso, desprovidos do insight Gershenkroniano que nos alerta que uma estrutura financeira baseada em mercado de capitais ? comum em pa?ses que se industrializaram precocemente, como a Inglaterra e os EUA. Alternativamente, estruturas baseadas no cr?dito banc?rio privado ou estatal s?o uma conseq??ncia do atraso (lateness); uma resposta adaptativa ? escassez de recursos de capital. Esta tese ? organizada em quarto artigos, independentes entre si. O primeiro artigo ? uma revis?o da literatura sobre o financiamento do desenvolvimento. O segundo examina o desenvolvimento econ?mico e financeiro da Cor?ia durante o per?odo 1950-80. O terceiro ? um ensaio mais curto, onde apresentamos um modelo econom?trico de painel, cruzando dados de cr?dito banc?rio setorial com dados de produ??o industrial coreana nos anos 1950 e 1960. Por fim, o quarto artigo compara os processos de desenvolvimento coreano e brasileiro numa perspectiva ampla, ressaltando as alternativas institucionais para o financiamento do desenvolvimento (1950-80). Juntos, os artigos formam um conjunto que discute as necessidades e desafios para o financiamento do investimento em pa?ses emergentes, utilizando duas experi?ncias de industrializa??o tardia.

Purpose: To critically investigate the effect/impact the implementation of both team and individual based pay has when responses are measured in terms of teamworking, job satisfaction, culture and commitment in 2 Nigerian financial institutions. Design/methodology/approach: The study presents the first empirical case-study research carried out in Nigeria. The data are based on 2 Nigerian financial institutions surveys from 2002 to 2006. The analysis addresses the impact of the introduction of PRP within these institutions. Questionnaires were sent out to the 226 employees. Interviews and focus groups were also carried out with both managers and employees across both organisations. Findings: The findings indicate the importance of valence for monetary incentives, the instrumentality of performance for the monetary incentives and clear individual and group objectives for improving performance. On the basis of the analysis of the data from employees covered by the scheme, the results suggests that there are clear indications that it has raised motivational levels, though employees prefer working with individual performance related pay than in teams, but would not mind working in teams if it is linked to a reward, but the responses indicate that individual performance related pay has damaged the concept of team working. The results indicated a positive link of PRP having a positive effect with employees on higher grade levels; this result support other results from a number of earlier UK studies. The results also indicate that the introduction of PRP can enhance culture change and enhanced performance but may not ultimately lead to commitment from employees. The findings also indicate a positive link between PRP, improved individual and organisational performance, change in culture and job satisfaction. Though the research indicates positive outcomes from one organisation it also indicates negative outcomes from the other organisation. Why would that occur, as both organisations operate the same form of individual PRP? It leads the researcher to conclude that PRP must be modified to take into account the cultural (national & organisational) implications of the transference western management practices into non-western organisations. The research finishes by listing out implications for management and recommendations. Research limitations: As this study utilises data from Nigerian financial institutions only, its results cannot be generalised to other sectors and countries characterised by different cultures and contexts. However, what is critical though is that the approach used to finding these results can be applied in a wide variety of situations, thus enabling the examination of external validity. ORIGINALITY/VALUE – This study is one of the first to explore the effect/impact of the introduction of performance related pay in Nigerian financial institutions and reflecting on the historic cultural context of gift giving and culture within organisations and the impact this has on the success or failure of PRP schemes. It also provides a new empirical evidence on the use of performance related pay. The results also show a link between the introduction of performance related pay and a change in the psychological contract from a relational contract to a transactional psychological contract, where commitment (bought) and loyalty is based on the monetary aspects of the relationship. The results supports an interpretation of incentive pay as motivated by expectancy theory and provides new evidence on the relationship between the success of performance related and its use by employees as a bargaining tool for salary increases and new job roles. Its implications should be of interest to human resource managers when designing reward strategies for their organisations.

Thesis (M.B.A.)-Business Studies Unit, Durban University of Technology, 2006 v, 96 leaves, Annexures A-F / The marginal and low-income groups face a number of obstacles in their quest to secure housing finance to improve their living conditions. South Africa has a sophisticated and effective finance system. However, it appears that the only beneficiaries from it are the middle and upper income groups of the housing market. The whole system of accessing housing finance has proven to be problematic for the marginal and lower income groups for various reasons, among others: it is not user friendly and is not easily understood by an illiterate or poorly educated person. The key challenge for the South African housing finance system is to find ways of bridging the gap between those who have a regular income and those who do not. The credit gap exists because of the relationship between risk and cost which is a standard lending issue across the globe. The study has unpacked the obstacles by looking at the literature and role players in the housing finance.

The National Credit Act aggressively addresses problems in the South African credit market. The purpose of the NCA is to promote socio-economic and ethical values that will serve to protect consumers, through the application and enforcement of various laws. The research was conducted in the Durban area. Literature was surveyed with the aim to determine the views of Durban consumers concerning the National Credit Act. The study adopted an exploratory and quantitative research method using a survey (questionnaire) as its main data-collection instrument. This was administered via email. The sampling technique used is a non-probability sampling with a target population comprising of natural persons in the Durban area, who have been affected by credit. Data were analysed using the SPSS statistical package, which was appropriate for this research since its nature was quantitative rather than qualitative. Significance and correlations were the basis of the data analysis in this research and cross-tabulations were used in order to enable presentation of results. Only the variables that were relevant to the research questions were used for further analysis after the significance tests were done. The findings on the research reflected that most of the respondents had higher education degrees, which indicated that the research covered well-educated people; most respondents were satisfied with the way the NCA was explained when it was introduced, although the research highlighted a need for further consumer awareness of the Act to eliminate major default. Some recommendations that include the further research on the same topic with a larger sample were made. It is concluded that it is necessary to make improvements on the Act. / MBA. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 2013.

金融機構預警制度在性質上兼具金融管理及經營評鑑之雙重功能，且對於金融危機具有預防及警戒作用之制度，其意義係依據有關之金融法規與金融業務之經營原則，選定若干變數而訂定一套預警函數、指標、臨界值或基準值、判別模型等，將能夠數據化之部份，利用電腦處理資料並進行統計分析與審察，對於未符合規定、逾越警戒範圍之異常數或脫軌狀況，經過測試與核算後，發出預警信號，以促使主管機關或金融機構（或稱銀行）本身提早注意，並加以防範、及時糾正與改善，以促進其健全經營之制度。 近幾年來，在金融國際化與自由化影響下，金融機構業務已日趨複雜，金融監理機關所擔負的責任也越加沈重，為解決此一困境，如何善用場外監控工具，以彌補實地檢查之不足，應是強化當前金融監理制度的有效方案。我們都知道金融監理機關越來越重視場外監控工作，其中最廣為人知且有效發揮其功能的就是「金融預警系統」，它能評估金融機構績效、篩選問題金融機構及顯示有關警訊等功能，如今已成金融監理機關重要輔助工具之一。 關鍵詞：金融機構預警制度、金融機構、金融監理 / Financial early warning system is a line both in the nature of financial management and operational evaluation of the dual function. To the financial crisis, With the role of prevention and warning system. The significance of means in accordance with relevant laws and regulations of the financial business and financial management principles. Certain number of selected variable set of a number of warning function, indication), cutoff or decimal value, discriminant model. According to the number of data, after testing with the accounting, it cause alarm or signal, so that the issue of the fail to meet the requirement, beyond the scope of the warning or to derail the number of abnormal conditions. To encourage the competent authorities or financial institutions (or banks) early attention to itself. By prevent and promptly correct and improve, to promote the sound management of the system. In recent years, financial institutions have become increasingly complex business and responsible for financial supervision authorities increasingly heavy responsibility, under the influence of the financial internationalization and liberalization. To solve this dilemma, how to make the best use of off-site monitoring tool, make up for lack of spot checks. It should be an effective program to strengthen the current financial supervision system. We all know that more and more attention to the financial supervisory authorities to the work of off-site monitoring. One of the most well-known and effective functioning is the “financial early warning system”. It could assess the performance of financial institutions, financial institutions and the issue of screening show that the functions of the police. For the financial supervision authorities, one of the important auxiliary tool, today. Keywords: financial early warning system, financial institutions, financial supervision

This study was motivated by the researcher's, as well as his superior's, concern that a fundamental area of business, information technology investment and evaluation, continues to be problematic for many organisations. The lack of an integrated and methodical approach to the problem, as well as the fragmented research done to date on the effective measurement of IT-business-value, amplified the need for this study. The main objective of this study was to propose a new, more comprehensive model of the dimensions constituting IT-business-value, as well as related measures. The resultant ITIEM model dimensions were designed into a practical and holistic ITIEM methodology, intended to aid practice with: * Demonstrating how IT investments can enable measurable IT business-value * Determining which IT investments will yield the most IT-business-value for the organisation; and * Ensuring that IT investments and business initiatives support each The study has also endeavoured to contribute to the growth of knowledge by raising new problems, mapping out a program for future research on ITIEM, and putting 1 "Dimensions" refers to "groupings" of IT-business-value measures. forward a benefits framework that is verifiable by empirical observation, with the use of both case studies as well as action research. The study design includes: 1) A literature survey to identify the dimensions of IT-business-value, to identify the measures of IT-business-value, and to identify a candidate starting ITIEM methodology that is most comprehensive, addressing the most relevant measures of IT-business-value. This information is used to produce a draft case study protocol. 2) A single, exploratory pilot case study of a South African bank and a resultant revised case study protocol. 3) A cross-case analysis of a multiple case study of five South African banks (including the pilot) yielding a draft ITIEM model. 4) A cross-case analysis of three Australian banks, further enhancing the draft ITIEM model; and a cross-country comparison of the South African and Australian banks. The multiple case studies within South Africa and within Australia represent literal replications, while the cross-country comparison represents theoretical replication. 5) The existing ITIEM methodology selected in (1) is revised to reflect the draft ITIEM model and a new hybrid ITIEM methodology is proposed. 6) This hybrid ITIEM methodology is implemented and revised with action research resulting in the final ITIEM methodology and final ITIEM model.