Die algemene persepsie bestaan dat dit 'n struikelblok is om 'n enigste kind te wees omdat hierdie kinders meestal sosio-emosionele probleme ervaar. Hulle word getipeer as onder andere selfsugtig, eensaam, afhanklik, ongelukkig, dominerend en bederf. Daar bestaan betreklik min navorsing omtrent die enigste kind as sodanig. Die meeste inligting wat omtrent hierdie kinders beskikbaar is, is verkry uit"'vergelykende studies waarvan enigste kinders toevallig deel gevorm het en waarin die invloed van veranderlikes soos geboorterangorde en gesinsgrootte op aspekte soos intelligensie, persoonlikheid en gedrag ondersoek is. Die gebruik van hierdie veranderlikes het wye kritiek uitgelok omdat dit aanleiding gegee het tot teenstrydige navorsingsresultate wat sowel negatiewe as positiewe persoonseienskappe uitgewys het. 'n Sterk pleidooi is gelewer vir 'n holistiese benadering tot die persoonlikheidsontwikkeling van die enigste kind met grater klem op die bepalende invloed van f aktore binne en buite die gesin. In hierdie studie word die invloed van ouerlike opvoedingsgedrag op die persoonlikheidsontwikkeling van die enigste kind ondersoek. Die vertrekpunt van die studie is 'n ondersoek na die rol wat gehegtheid en die gesin as sosiale sisteem as grondslag van 'n ouer-kind-verhouding speel. Albei ouers dra vanuit hul onderskeie ouerhuise bepaalde opvoedingsinhoude, gebaseer op die opvoedingsgedrag wat hulle as kinders ervaar het, in hul huwelik en gesin in. Dit dien as grondslag vir die opvoedingsgedrag wat hulle teenoor hul kind openbaar. Sodoende skep hulle 'n eie opvoedingskultuur. Die literatuur Die literatuur bevestig die regstreekse verband tussen ouerlike opvoedingsgedrag en die persoonlikheidsontwikkeling van die enigste kind. In hierdie studie word agt dimensies van - ouerlike opvoedingsgedrag beskryf, asook die invloed daarvan op die persoonlikheid van die enigste kind. In die empiriese ondersoek word die opvoedingsgedrag van vyf ouerpare, asook hul enigste kinders se betekenisgewing daaraan en belewing daarvan, aan die hand van vraelyste en ongestruktureerde onderhoude kwalitatief geevalueer. Op grond hiervan is bevind dat die populere stereotipering van die enigste kind ongegrond is en dat daar nie sprake is van 'n tipiese enigste kind nie. 'n Waardering van die persoonlikheidsontwikkeling van die enigste kind, trouens van enige kind, is eerder gelee in die kind se belewing van en betekenisgewing aan sy ouers se opvoedingsgedrag. / A general perception exists that it is an impediment to be an only child because these children frequently experience socio-emotional problems. They are typified as self-centred, lonely, dependent, domineering and spoit Little research exists to verify this description. Most of the available information has been obtained through comparative studies in which only children participated through sheer coincidence. These studies investigated the effects of variabl~ such as position in family and family size on aspects such as intelligence, personality and behaviour. The use of these variables elicited wide criticism since it resulted in contradictory research findings which indicated the presence of both negative and positive personality traits. This prompted a plea for a holistic approach to the personality development of the only child, with a greater emphasis on the determining influences of factors within and outside the family. This study investigates the influence of parental educational behaviour on the personality development of the only child. The point of departure is an inquiry into the roles played by the family as a social system and attachment in the foundation of the parent-child relationship. From their respective parental homes, both parents bring certain educational contents into their marriage, based on the educational behaviour that they experienced as children. This serves as a basis for the behaviour that they display towards their children. The literature establishes a linear relationship between parental educational behaviour and the personality development of the only child. In this study, eight dimensions of parental educational behaviour are described, as well as the influence of these on the personality of the only child. In the empirical investigation, the educational behaviour of five couples was quantitatively evaluated using questionnaires and unstructured int~rviews. The only child's attribution of meaning to and experience of this behaviour were also evaluated. Based on these results, it was found that the popular stereotyping of the only child is unfounded, and that there is no such thing as a typical only child. An appreciation of the personality development of the only child, and indeed any child, lies rather in the child's experience of and meaning attribution to his parents' educational behaviour. / D.Ed. (Psychology of Education)

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) has been rapidly on the ascendency in the recent years globally due to its co-infection with HIV/AIDS. TB case finding is one of the technical pillars of the Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS) TB strategy and there has been advocacy for early TB case detection to be the new focus of TB control efforts. PURPOSE: The purpose of this non-experimental study was to assess the determinants of TB case finding among pulmonary TB patients registered for treatment in Makana Municipality METHOD: A quantitative, non-experimental, cross sectional descriptive study among PTB patients registered for treatment at the primary health care clinics in Makana Municipality was done. Data collection was by self-administered questionnaires while sampling was by systematic sampling of PTB patients at five systematically selected clinics. RESULTS: Patient–related delay contributed more to total delay, in this study sample, than health system-related delay. Health system delay was found to be significantly associated with poorer finances, passive smoking history, seeking care from multiple health providers, initially visiting a non- NTCP health provider, TB stigma , overcrowding in the household and having difficulty with breathing as an initial symptom (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: There was a significant delay in TB case finding among PTB patients in this local municipality and patient related determinants contributed more than health system related determinants to this delay. There is need for the municipal TB programme to embark on an aggressive health education programme to furnish the populace with accurate information about TB, improve their health seeking behaviour and help address the issue of stigma associated with TB. / Health Studies

<p>Ricin je prirodni protein, toksin koji spada među najpristupačnije i najsmrtonosnije otrove. Nalazi se u biljci Ricinus (Ricinus communis), sa najvećim sadržajem u semenu (1-5 %). Ricin se smatra potencijalnim bioterorističkim oružjem i prema riziku za ljudsko zdravlje svrstan je u B kategoriju biolo&scaron;kog oružja. U novije vreme kori&scaron;ćen je za konstruisanje imunotoksina protiv tumorskih ćelija u terapiji maligniteta. Dokumentovana su mnoga trovanja ricinom, kako zadesna, tako i samoubilačka i ubilačka. U tu svrhu koristilo se intaktno seme ricinusa ili ekstrahovani ricin. Osim ricina, u semenu ricinusa je prisutan toksični alkaloid ricinin u količini 0.3-0.8 %. Ricinus je jedini poznati prirodni izvor ricinina, koji se ko-ekstrahuje sa ricinom iz semena biljke. Ricinin se jednostavno detektuje u kliničkim uzoracima metodom tečne hromatografije i masene spektrometrije i, s obzirom na komplikovanu identifikaciju ricina u biolo&scaron;kim uzorcima, smatra se biomarkerom za intoksikaciju ricinusom, odnosno ricinom. Osnovni ciljevi ovog istraživanja su da se uz pomoć HS-GC metode i patohistolo&scaron;kom&nbsp; analizom dokaže prisustvo ricinina u krvi laboratorijskih pacova u odnosu na vremenski interval koji je protekao od oralne aplikacije suspenzije do vremena žtvovanja, da se odredi distribucija i koncentracija ricinina u organima laboratorijskih pacova u različitim vremenima žrtvovanja, kao i da se utvrdi da li postoji značajna razlika u razvoju patomorfolo&scaron;kih promena na organima laboratorijskih pacova u različitim vremenima žrtvovanja. Istraživanje je bilo otvoreno, randomizirano i prospektivnog tipa. Laboratorijski pacovi su u istom vremenu oralno tretirani suspenzijom koja je sadržaja subletalnu koncentraciju ricina. Nakon žrtvovanja u precizno definisanim vremenskim intervalima uzeti su uzorci krvi i unutra&scaron;njih organa radi daljih analiza. Odgovarajući uzorci su analizirani metodom HC-GS u cilju određivanja koncentracije i distribucije ricinina, kao pouzdanog markera trovanja ricinom, u krvi i unutra&scaron;njim organima. Takođe je izvr&scaron;ena patohistolo&scaron;ka analiza uzoraka tkiva unutra&scaron;njih organa u cilju utvrđivanja promena izazvanim delovanjem ricina u odnosu na vreme proteklo od aplikacije suspenzije. Dobijeni rezultati su obrađeni odgovarajućim statističkim metodama. Rezultati istraživanja omogućavaju standardizaciju postupaka odabira reprezentativnih uzoraka prilikom sumnje na trovanje ricinusom i metode dokazivanja akutnog trovanja. Na taj način može se pouzdano i efikasno dokazati trovanje ricinusom.</p> / <p>Ricin is a naturally occurring protein, a toxin which belongs to the category of the most accessible and the most lethal poisons. It is obtained from the castor oil plant ( Ricinus communis), whose seeds contain its highest content (1-5%). Ricin is also thought to be a potential weapon of bioterrorism and taking into account the risk for human health, it is classified as a biological weapon category B. Lately it has been used for the construction of the immunotoxins against tumor cells in the therapy of malignant diseases. Numerous poisonings using ricin have been documented, not only accidental poisoning, but also in case of suicides and homicides. In those cases, intact ricin seeds or extracted ricin were used. Apart from ricin, castor oil plants also contain a toxic alkaloid ricinine (0.3-0.8%). Castor oil plants are the only known natural source of ricinine, which is co-extracted with ricin from the seeds of this plant. Ricinine is simply detected in clinical samples by using the method of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Taking into account a complicated identification of ricin in biological samples, it is considered to be a biomarker for the intoxication by castor oil plant, or ricin itself. The main aim of this research is to use the HS-GC method and pathohistological analysis in proving the existence of ricinine in the blood of experimental rats in relation to the time interval between the oral application of solution of castor seeds in water and the time of sacrificing, to determine the distribution and concentration of ricinine in the organs of experimental rats, as well as to establish whether there was a significant difference in the development of pathomorphological changes on the organs of experimental rats at various points of sacrificing. The research was open, randomised and prospective. Experimental rats were simultaneously orally tested by the solution which contained sublethal concentration of ricin. After sacrificing, blood samples were taken from inner organs in specifically defined intervals of time and used for further analysis. The appropriate samples were analysed by HC-GS method in order to determine the concentration and distribution of ricinine as a reliable marker of ricin poisoning in blood and inner organs. Also, pathohistological analysis of the samples of inner organ tissues was made with the purpose of establishing the changes caused by the effects of ricinine in relation to time which passed from the application of the solution. The obtained results were processed by appropriate statistical methods. The results of this research allow for the standardisation of the actions in selecting the representative samples in case there is a possibility of ricin poisoning and the method of proving the acute poisoning. Following these steps, ricin poisoning can be proved in a reliable and an efficient way.</p>

This thesis finds out how the concepts of the divine in African Traditional Religions are similar or different, particularly in Ghana and Lesotho and in other parts of Africa in general. In doing so, the researcher combines literature review of eminent scholars who have studied the religious and socio-cultural life of the people of Ghana and Lesotho in particular and Africa in general, with personal field study through dissemination of questionnaires, interviews and personal observations. Through this approach he finds out the various religious phenomena that reveal the concept of the divine in the two countries concerned and in other African countries through comparison of their worships and socio-cultural activities in order to come out with the differences and the similarities that may call for synthesis of the concept in Africa. He also finds out how the concept of the divine in Africa has been influenced by foreign religions and culture particularly Christianity, Islam, Western culture and Education. And how their services and disservices have affected the concept of the divine in Africa. The researcher also looks at the issue of monotheism as against polytheism in African religious perspective to find out whether the African Traditional Religions are polytheistic, monotheistic or monolatry. The study reveals that the concept of the divine, in the two countries under study, ends up in one Supreme deity-God- .but that the approach to the concept is not always the same. There are some differences and similarities, which also prevail in other African Traditional Religions and in Christianity. There is also a look into whether the term "African Traditional Religions" is appropriate for the religious belief and practices found in Africa, and whether a synthesis of religious practices in Africa would be possible in future. In the final analysis the study reveals that the African concept of the divine as pertains in the two countries is not different from that of Christianity and Islam but that the approach to the concept differs due to differences in the perception of the divine through sociocultural and religious milieus. / Religious Studies and Arabic / D. Litt. et Phil. (Religious Studies)

Assessment is an integral component of outcomes-based education which requires a paradigm shift in assessment processes. Outcomes-based assessment is more intense than traditional assessment since it reports on many dimensions of performance. Performance is analysed in relation to outcomes and the learning demonstrated and record-keeping is more complex. This study explored the experiences of the Senior Management Team and Foundation Phase educators of a selected primary school regarding outcomes-based education, outcomes-based assessment and its management. A literature review of outcomes-based education, outcomes-based assessment and instructional leadership and an empirical study using a qualitative approach were conducted. Document analysis and semi-structured interviews with educators and school management were used for data-gathering. Findings indicated that the initial implementation of outcomes-based education was problematic, however, effective instructional leadership had improved educators' understanding and implementation of assessment. Thereafter recommendations were made for the improvement of practice. / Educational Studies / Thesis (M.Ed.)

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / The study explores the beliefs and wishes of respondents in Pretoria concerning crime seriousness and criminal sentencing in South Africa. It is suggested that in a democracy, the legal system must reflect the values of the individual citizen if it is to achieve a legitimacy based upon the concepts of moral consent and universality, and argues that this can only be achieved when all citizens have a voice. The study undertakes and reports on a survey of 400 units, across race divisions in and around the City of Pretoria by initially emulating, and thereafter extending, the British Crime Survey. The thesis offers seven chapters divided into two primary components. The first component, chapters one to four, systematically debate the historical/theoretical foundations of sentencing practice (both globally and in respect of South Africa), and identifies the inherent problems faced by contemporary criminal justice systems. The study utilises sentencing literature to provide an in-depth appraisal of theoretical paradigms and, thereafter, evaluates the successes and failures of various sentencing options. The second component, chapters five to seven, unpack the Pretorian research in relation to various other foreign research surveys, and culminates by offering a South African sentencing guide (severity index) based upon the research findings. The findings identify the people of Pretoria to be punitive. Respondents are shown to regard rape and driving whilst over the legal alcohol level causing the death of an innocent victim as the most serious crimes, followed by deliberate murder, selling illegal drugs and terrorism. Percentage differential between these "most serious" crimes is negligible. Many respondents indicate long prison sentences or the death penalty for these specific offences. Overall, Blacks prefer imprisonment whilst Whites are shown to be more conservative and more amenable to other sentencing options. Gender differences in relation to seriousness and sentence scores are slight, but females and the older age group are noted to be more fearful of being victimised even though this fear is not supported by actual victimisation rates. The study justifies the motivation fot the inclusion of public opinion into sentencing policy by recording a 72 percent positive response to people involvement in the sentencing of offenders. / Hierdie navorsing verken respondente in Pretoria se menings en verwagtinge aangaande die erns van misdaad en vonnisoplegging in Suid·Afrika. Die uitgangspunt is dat die regsplegingstelsel veronderstel is om die waardes van die gemeenskap te reftekteer, gebaseer op die konsepte van morele eenstemmigheid en universaliteit, en argumenteer dat dit binne 'n demokrattese bestel slegs kan realiseer as alle inwoners inspraak daarin het. Die navorsing en rapportering gaan oor 'n opname van 400 eenhede in en om die stad Pretoria oor rassegrense heen. Die Britse misdaadopname het as vertrekpunt gedien vir die ontwikkeling van die opname. Die tesis bestaan uit sewe hoofstukke wat verdeel is in twee hoofkomponente. Die eerste komponent, hoofstukke een tot vier, debatteer sistematies die histories/teoretiese begrondings van die vonnisopleggingspraktyk (beide globaal en ten opsigte van Suld-Afrika), en identifiseer die inherente probleme waarmee kontemporere strafregsplegingstelsels gekonfronteer word. Die navorsing gebruik vonnisopleggingsliteratuur om 'n in-diepte beoordeling te maak aan teoretiese paradigma om die sukses en mislukking van die verskillende vonnisopleggingaopsies te evalueer. Die tweede komponent, hoofstukke vyf tot sewe, behels die navorsing in Pretoria in vergelyking met verskeie ander buitelandse navorsingsondersoeke en bereik 'n hoogtepunt deur 'n Suid-Afrikaanse vonnisopleggingsgids (ernsindeks) voor te hou, gebaseer op die navorsingsbevindings. Die navorsingsbevindings identlfiseer respondente van Pretoria as strafgeorienteerd. Respondente beskou verkragting en bestuur van 'n motor terwyl die persoon se alkoholbloedinhoud oor die wettige perk is en die dood van 'n onskuldige slagoffer veroorsaak, as die ernstigste misdade. Dit word gevolg deur opsetlike moord, die handel in onwettige dwelmmiddels en terrorisme. Persentasie afwykings tussen die "ernstige" misdade is onbeduidend. Menige respondente is van mening dat lang termyne van gevangenisstraf of die doodsvonnis vir hierdie misdade toepaslik is. Oorhoofs gesien, verkies Swartmense gevangesetting, terwyl blankes meer konserwatief maar ook meer ontvanklik blyk te wees met betrekking tot ander vonnisopsies. Genderverskille in verhouding tot die erns- en die vonnistellings is gering, maar vroue en die ouer ouderdomsgroepe vertoon groter vrees vir viktimisasie, alhoewel hierdie vrees nie ondersteun word deur werklike viktimisasieratio's nie. Hierdie navorsing onderskryf die motivering vir die oorweging van die gemeenskapsmening in formulering van vonnisopleggingsbeleid met die resultaat dat 72 persent respondente gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid in die vonnisoplgeging voorstaan. ' / Criminology and Security Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)

Die algemene persepsie bestaan dat dit 'n struikelblok is om 'n enigste kind te wees omdat hierdie kinders meestal sosio-emosionele probleme ervaar. Hulle word getipeer as onder andere selfsugtig, eensaam, afhanklik, ongelukkig, dominerend en bederf. Daar bestaan betreklik min navorsing omtrent die enigste kind as sodanig. Die meeste inligting wat omtrent hierdie kinders beskikbaar is, is verkry uit"'vergelykende studies waarvan enigste kinders toevallig deel gevorm het en waarin die invloed van veranderlikes soos geboorterangorde en gesinsgrootte op aspekte soos intelligensie, persoonlikheid en gedrag ondersoek is. Die gebruik van hierdie veranderlikes het wye kritiek uitgelok omdat dit aanleiding gegee het tot teenstrydige navorsingsresultate wat sowel negatiewe as positiewe persoonseienskappe uitgewys het. 'n Sterk pleidooi is gelewer vir 'n holistiese benadering tot die persoonlikheidsontwikkeling van die enigste kind met grater klem op die bepalende invloed van f aktore binne en buite die gesin. In hierdie studie word die invloed van ouerlike opvoedingsgedrag op die persoonlikheidsontwikkeling van die enigste kind ondersoek. Die vertrekpunt van die studie is 'n ondersoek na die rol wat gehegtheid en die gesin as sosiale sisteem as grondslag van 'n ouer-kind-verhouding speel. Albei ouers dra vanuit hul onderskeie ouerhuise bepaalde opvoedingsinhoude, gebaseer op die opvoedingsgedrag wat hulle as kinders ervaar het, in hul huwelik en gesin in. Dit dien as grondslag vir die opvoedingsgedrag wat hulle teenoor hul kind openbaar. Sodoende skep hulle 'n eie opvoedingskultuur. Die literatuur Die literatuur bevestig die regstreekse verband tussen ouerlike opvoedingsgedrag en die persoonlikheidsontwikkeling van die enigste kind. In hierdie studie word agt dimensies van - ouerlike opvoedingsgedrag beskryf, asook die invloed daarvan op die persoonlikheid van die enigste kind. In die empiriese ondersoek word die opvoedingsgedrag van vyf ouerpare, asook hul enigste kinders se betekenisgewing daaraan en belewing daarvan, aan die hand van vraelyste en ongestruktureerde onderhoude kwalitatief geevalueer. Op grond hiervan is bevind dat die populere stereotipering van die enigste kind ongegrond is en dat daar nie sprake is van 'n tipiese enigste kind nie. 'n Waardering van die persoonlikheidsontwikkeling van die enigste kind, trouens van enige kind, is eerder gelee in die kind se belewing van en betekenisgewing aan sy ouers se opvoedingsgedrag. / A general perception exists that it is an impediment to be an only child because these children frequently experience socio-emotional problems. They are typified as self-centred, lonely, dependent, domineering and spoit Little research exists to verify this description. Most of the available information has been obtained through comparative studies in which only children participated through sheer coincidence. These studies investigated the effects of variabl~ such as position in family and family size on aspects such as intelligence, personality and behaviour. The use of these variables elicited wide criticism since it resulted in contradictory research findings which indicated the presence of both negative and positive personality traits. This prompted a plea for a holistic approach to the personality development of the only child, with a greater emphasis on the determining influences of factors within and outside the family. This study investigates the influence of parental educational behaviour on the personality development of the only child. The point of departure is an inquiry into the roles played by the family as a social system and attachment in the foundation of the parent-child relationship. From their respective parental homes, both parents bring certain educational contents into their marriage, based on the educational behaviour that they experienced as children. This serves as a basis for the behaviour that they display towards their children. The literature establishes a linear relationship between parental educational behaviour and the personality development of the only child. In this study, eight dimensions of parental educational behaviour are described, as well as the influence of these on the personality of the only child. In the empirical investigation, the educational behaviour of five couples was quantitatively evaluated using questionnaires and unstructured int~rviews. The only child's attribution of meaning to and experience of this behaviour were also evaluated. Based on these results, it was found that the popular stereotyping of the only child is unfounded, and that there is no such thing as a typical only child. An appreciation of the personality development of the only child, and indeed any child, lies rather in the child's experience of and meaning attribution to his parents' educational behaviour. / D.Ed. (Psychology of Education)

<p>Главно маслинасто једро је највећи део доњег маслинастог комплекса. На пресеку главно маслинасто једро има изглед наборане врећице са дном које гледа ка спољашњој површини продужене мождине и отвором који је окренут унутра и дорзално. Главно маслинасто једро је укључено у просторну и временску организацију покрета и моторног учења, учења које је повезано са вежбањем, просуђивања времена интервала и брзине покретних стимулуса и когнитивних операција у простору. Популацију неурона главног маслинастог једра чине мултиполарни (90%) и интернеурони (10%). Дендритска арборизација неурона главног маслинастог једра је веома комплексна и различитог је облика (сферична или асиметрична), а правац пружања дендрита може да буде радијалан или кружан. Структурну и функционалну потпору неуронима пружају глијалне ћелије (астроцити, олигодендроцити и микроглија). Глијалне ћелије окружују неуроне и окупирају међунеуронске просторе где одржавају микросредину погодну за активност и виталност неурона. Старење представља природан и временски зависан процес који је карактерисан прогресивном појавом иреверзибилних промена у ћелијама, што резултира опадањем саморегулаторних способности јединке. У току старења, долази до нарушавања природног окружења неурона и глијалних ћелија што се одражава на њихов број, величину и изглед тела, дендритску крошњу и синаптичку организацију. Циљеви: Циљеви истраживања су да се утврди да ли се параметри морфологије неурона и глијалних ћелија разликују између старосних група, као и да се квантитативном анализом провери могућност класификације неурона и глијалних ћелија према квалитативном опису. Материјал и методе: Узорак студије је чинило 30 обостраних исечака главног маслинастог једра подељених у три старосне групе (други период сазревања (36-60 год.), рани период старења (61-75 год.) и касни период старења (76-90 год.)). Извршена је хистолошка обрада узорака Голџијевом методом импрегнације а микроскопске слике резова су дигитализоване а затим трансформисане у бинарне и скелетонизоване слике. Квалитативно су процењиване особине слика неурона (259) и глијалних ћелија (419) а квантитативна анализа величине, облика, гранања, дужине и сложености испитиваних ћелија спроведена је израчунавањем 22 (геометријска, компјутациона и фрактална) параметра. Резултати: Квалитативном проценом уочене су разлике у изгледу тела и неуронског поља, дендритске крошње, правца пружања дендрита, и распореда неурона у главном маслинастом једру. Квалитативна процена глијалних ћелија омогућила је њихов опис према врстама (астроцити, олигодендроцити и микроглија). Квантитативно испитивање геометријских параметара је показало да се неурони и глијалне ћелије не могу класификовати према величини. Неурони треће старосне групе имају мање вредности параметара који квантификују сложеност тела, неуронског поља и дендритске крошње, као и параметре дужине неурона. Површина тела, параметри дужине глијалне ћелије и сложеност глијалне крошње астроцита, значајно су мањи у узорку треће старосне групе, у поређењу са првом и другом. Олигодендроцити прве и друге старосне групе имају веће параметре који дефинишу величину и дужину ћелија, а мање вредности фракталне димензије сложености (тела, глијалног поља и глијалне крошње), од треће старосне групе. Закључци: Касни период старења нервног система резултирао је појавом регресивних промена на неуронима. Астроцити већ у раном периоду старења подлежу атрофичним променама на нивоу тела, глијалног поља и наставака, док олигодендроцити у касном периоду старења задржавају сложеност у грађи.</p> / <p>Glavno maslinasto jedro je najveći deo donjeg maslinastog kompleksa. Na preseku glavno maslinasto jedro ima izgled naborane vrećice sa dnom koje gleda ka spoljašnjoj površini produžene moždine i otvorom koji je okrenut unutra i dorzalno. Glavno maslinasto jedro je uključeno u prostornu i vremensku organizaciju pokreta i motornog učenja, učenja koje je povezano sa vežbanjem, prosuđivanja vremena intervala i brzine pokretnih stimulusa i kognitivnih operacija u prostoru. Populaciju neurona glavnog maslinastog jedra čine multipolarni (90%) i interneuroni (10%). Dendritska arborizacija neurona glavnog maslinastog jedra je veoma kompleksna i različitog je oblika (sferična ili asimetrična), a pravac pružanja dendrita može da bude radijalan ili kružan. Strukturnu i funkcionalnu potporu neuronima pružaju glijalne ćelije (astrociti, oligodendrociti i mikroglija). Glijalne ćelije okružuju neurone i okupiraju međuneuronske prostore gde održavaju mikrosredinu pogodnu za aktivnost i vitalnost neurona. Starenje predstavlja prirodan i vremenski zavisan proces koji je karakterisan progresivnom pojavom ireverzibilnih promena u ćelijama, što rezultira opadanjem samoregulatornih sposobnosti jedinke. U toku starenja, dolazi do narušavanja prirodnog okruženja neurona i glijalnih ćelija što se odražava na njihov broj, veličinu i izgled tela, dendritsku krošnju i sinaptičku organizaciju. Ciljevi: Ciljevi istraživanja su da se utvrdi da li se parametri morfologije neurona i glijalnih ćelija razlikuju između starosnih grupa, kao i da se kvantitativnom analizom proveri mogućnost klasifikacije neurona i glijalnih ćelija prema kvalitativnom opisu. Materijal i metode: Uzorak studije je činilo 30 obostranih isečaka glavnog maslinastog jedra podeljenih u tri starosne grupe (drugi period sazrevanja (36-60 god.), rani period starenja (61-75 god.) i kasni period starenja (76-90 god.)). Izvršena je histološka obrada uzoraka Goldžijevom metodom impregnacije a mikroskopske slike rezova su digitalizovane a zatim transformisane u binarne i skeletonizovane slike. Kvalitativno su procenjivane osobine slika neurona (259) i glijalnih ćelija (419) a kvantitativna analiza veličine, oblika, grananja, dužine i složenosti ispitivanih ćelija sprovedena je izračunavanjem 22 (geometrijska, kompjutaciona i fraktalna) parametra. Rezultati: Kvalitativnom procenom uočene su razlike u izgledu tela i neuronskog polja, dendritske krošnje, pravca pružanja dendrita, i rasporeda neurona u glavnom maslinastom jedru. Kvalitativna procena glijalnih ćelija omogućila je njihov opis prema vrstama (astrociti, oligodendrociti i mikroglija). Kvantitativno ispitivanje geometrijskih parametara je pokazalo da se neuroni i glijalne ćelije ne mogu klasifikovati prema veličini. Neuroni treće starosne grupe imaju manje vrednosti parametara koji kvantifikuju složenost tela, neuronskog polja i dendritske krošnje, kao i parametre dužine neurona. Površina tela, parametri dužine glijalne ćelije i složenost glijalne krošnje astrocita, značajno su manji u uzorku treće starosne grupe, u poređenju sa prvom i drugom. Oligodendrociti prve i druge starosne grupe imaju veće parametre koji definišu veličinu i dužinu ćelija, a manje vrednosti fraktalne dimenzije složenosti (tela, glijalnog polja i glijalne krošnje), od treće starosne grupe. Zaključci: Kasni period starenja nervnog sistema rezultirao je pojavom regresivnih promena na neuronima. Astrociti već u ranom periodu starenja podležu atrofičnim promenama na nivou tela, glijalnog polja i nastavaka, dok oligodendrociti u kasnom periodu starenja zadržavaju složenost u građi.</p> / <p>The principal olivary nucleus is the largest part of the inferior olivary complex. On the cross-section, the principal olivary nucleus has the appearance of a folded bag with a bottom looking to the outer surface of the medulla oblongata and hilum that is turned inward and dorsally. The principal olivary nucleus is involved in spatial and temporal organization of movement and motor learning, learning which is related to exercise, coordination of interval time with speed of stimuli and cognitive operations. Neuronal population of principal olivary nucleus is consists of multipolar neurons (90%) and interneurons (10%). Dendritic arborization of olivary neurons is very complex with a spherical and asymmetrical shape and radial or circular dendrites. Structural and functional support for neurons is provided by the glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia). Glial cells surround neurons and occupy interneuronal spaces where they maintain a suitable microenvironment for the neuronal activity and vitality. Aging is a physiological and time-dependent process characterized by the progressive irreversible changes of the cells, resulting in a decrease in self-regulatory capabilities. During aging, the natural environment of neurons and glial cells is affected, which reflects on their number, size and body structure, the dendritic arborization, and synaptic organization. Aims: The aims of the research were to determine whether the morphology of neurons and glial cells differ between age groups and to quantitatively analyze the possibility of classification of neurons and glial cells according to their qualitative description. Material and methods: The study sample consisted of 30 two-sided sections of the principal olivary nucleus divided into a three age groups (the second period of maturation (36-60 years), early aging (61-75 years) and late aging (76-90 years)). Histological preparation of samples (by Golgi&#39;s method of impregnation) was performed and the microscopic images were digitized and then transformed into a binary and skeletonized forms. Neurons (259) and glial cells (419) were qualitatively evaluated and the quantitative analysis of the size, shape, branching, length and complexity was carried out by calculating 22 (geometric, computer and fractal) parameters. Results: Qualitative estimation revealed the differences in the appearance of the neuronal body and neuronal field, dendritic arborisation, direction of dendrites and position of neurons inside the principal olivary neucleus. A qualitative evaluation of glial cells enabled description of their types (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia). Quantitative testing of geometric parameters has shown that neurons and glial cells cannot be classified according to their size. Neurons from third age group have lesser values of parameters that quantify the body complexity, the neuronal field, and the dendritic arborization, as well as parameters of the neuronal length. The body area, parameters of the astrocytes length and the astrocyte arborization complexity, are significantly lower in the sample of the third age group, in compared with the first and the second. Oligodendrocytes of the first and second age group have larger parameters that define the cell length, and lower values of the fractal dimension of body, glial field and glial arborization complexity, from the third age group. Conclusions: Late aging period of the nervous system resulted in a regressive changes on neurons. During the early aging period astrocytes undergo to atrophic changes of body, glial filed and processes, while the oligodendrocytes in the late period of aging retain their structure complexity.</p>

No description available.

This thesis addresses the three principal questions concerning the development of CT urography for investigating haematuria and each question is the subject of a separate chapter. The questions are: What is the reasoning behind using CT urography? What is the optimum diagnostic strategy using CT urography? What are the problems with using CT urography and how may solutions be provided? Haematuria can signify serious disease such as urinary tract stones, renal cell cancer, upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) and bladder cancer (BCa). CT urography is defined as contrast enhanced CT examination of kidneys, ureters and bladder. The technique used here includes unenhanced, nephrographic and excretory-phases for optimized diagnosis of stones, renal masses and urothelial cancer respectively. The reasoning behind using excretory-phase CT urography for investigating haematuria is based on results showing its high diagnostic accuracy for UTUC and BCa. Patients with haematuria are classified as low risk or high risk for UTUC and BCa, by a risk score, determined by the presence/absence of risk factors: age > 50 years, visible or nonvisible haematuria, history of smoking and occupational exposure. The optimum diagnostic strategy for patients at high risk for urothelial cancer, uses CT urography as a replacement test for ultrasonography and intravenous urography and as a triage test for flexible and rigid cystoscopy, resulting in earlier diagnosis and potentially improving prognosis. For patients at low risk, ultrasonography, unenhanced and nephrographic-phase CT urography are proposed as initial imaging tests. Problems with using CT urography include false positive results for UTUC, which are eliminated by retrograde ureteropyelography-guided biopsy, an innovative technique, for histopathological confirmation of diagnosis. Recommendations for the NHS and possible future developments are discussed. CT urography, including excretory-phase imaging, is recommended as the initial diagnostic imaging test before cystoscopy for patients with haematuria at high risk for urothelial cancer.