A principal fonte de escoamento da piscicultura no Brasil, são os pesqueiros comerciais (\"pesque-pagues\"), que recebem cerca de 90% da produção. A tilápia é um dos peixes mais utilizados nestas criações dado a sua rusticidade, fácil manejo, alto rendimento e grande aceitação. É inegável a contribuição que os pesqueiros trazem para a atividade, pois propiciam, além do lazer, uma divulgação do produto, aumento do consumo e até mudanças nos hábitos alimentares. Porém, com a internacionalização dos hábitos alimentares, pratos com peixes crus, típicos da culinária japonesa, tem sido servidos ao consumo nos pesqueiros sem qualquer controle sanitário ou inspeção veterinária. Estes peixes podem contrair uma variada gama de microrganismos em águas poluídas por contaminação fecal tornando o pescado um importante veiculador de agentes patogênicos responsáveis por diversas doenças no homem. O crescimento desordenado deste segmento, oferece portanto, produtos de qualidade duvidosa colocando em risco a saúde do consumidor, sendo indispensável desenvolver o setor buscando a qualidade e segurança do pescado produzido. O presente trabalho pesquisou coliformes totais, fecais e Salmonella spp em tilápias (Oreochromis spp) em 30 pesqueiros da região metropolitana de São Paulo. Foram analisados 180 peixes na época seca e fria, entre os meses de setembro e outubro de 2001; e 180 peixes na época chuvosa e quente, entre fevereiro e março de 2002. Os resultados revelaram que 70% dos pesqueiros estudados apresentaram coliformes fecais e/ou Salmonella spp em desacordo com a legislação, sendo que 63,3% dos pesqueiros apresentaram coliformes fecais, em níveis acima do permitido pela legislação e 20% a presença de Salmonella spp, independentemente do período do ano estudado. Conclui-se portanto que nos pesqueiros estudados foram encontrados peixes contaminados por coliformes fecais e Salmonella spp, com valores em desacordo com a legislação, estando impróprios para o consumo humano direto. / The main source of drainage of the fish farming in Brazil, are the \"pesqueiros comerciais\" (fish and pay), they receive about 90% of the production. The tilapia is one of the fish more used in these fish farming for their rusticity, easy handling, high income and great acceptance. It is undeniable the contribution that the \"pesqueiros\" bring for the activity, because they propitiate, besides the leisure, a popularization of the product, increase of the consumption and changes in the alimentary habits. However, with the internationalization of the alimentary habits, plates with raw fish, typical of the Japanese cookery, has been served to the consumption in the \"pesqueiros\" without any sanitary control or veterinary inspection. These fish can contract a varied range of microorganisms in waters polluted by fecal contamination turning the fish an important pathogenic agent disseminator responsible for several diseases in the man. The disordered growth of this segment, offers products of doubtful quality putting in risk the consumer\'s health, being indispensable to develop the section looking for the quality and safety of the produced fish. The present work researched total, fecal coliforms and Salmonella spp in tilapias (Oreochromis spp) in 30 \"pesqueiros\" of the metropolitan area of São Paulo. They were analyzed 180 fish at dries and cold time, between the months of September and October of 2001; and 180 fish at rainy and hot time, between February and March of 2002. The results revealed that 70% of the \"pesqueiros\" studied presented fecal coliforms and/or Salmonella spp in disagreement with the legislation, and 63,3% of the \"pesqueiros\" presented fecal coliforms, in levels above allowed by the legislation and 20% the presence of Salmonella spp, independently of the period of the studied year. It was concluded that in the \"pesqueiros\" studied fish were found contaminated by fecal coliforms and Salmonella spp, with values in disagreement with the legislation, being inappropriate for the direct human consumption.

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aqüicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2011. / Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-17T01:12:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 furg - dissertao maria angelica dos reis garrido pereira.pdf: 911472 bytes, checksum: 983e6452fd9febc8f8a9a026e1fce50b (MD5) furg - dissertao maria angelica dos reis garrido pereira.pdf: 911472 bytes, checksum: 983e6452fd9febc8f8a9a026e1fce50b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-09-22T18:10:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 furg - dissertao maria angelica dos reis garrido pereira.pdf: 911472 bytes, checksum: 983e6452fd9febc8f8a9a026e1fce50b (MD5) furg - dissertao maria angelica dos reis garrido pereira.pdf: 911472 bytes, checksum: 983e6452fd9febc8f8a9a026e1fce50b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-22T18:10:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 furg - dissertao maria angelica dos reis garrido pereira.pdf: 911472 bytes, checksum: 983e6452fd9febc8f8a9a026e1fce50b (MD5) furg - dissertao maria angelica dos reis garrido pereira.pdf: 911472 bytes, checksum: 983e6452fd9febc8f8a9a026e1fce50b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / O bijupirá (Rachycentron canadum) é um peixe marinho que apresenta bom potencial para seu cultivo. Muitas pesquisas demonstram os efeitos benéficos do probiótico Bacillus spp. na aquicultura, porém não há estudos sobre os efeitos de probióticos em sistemas de recirculação de água (SRA). Este trabalho analisa os efeitos do probiótico Bacillus spp. na performance de larvas de bijupirá criadas em SRA. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Virginia Tech (EUA). As larvas foram estocadas em dois SRA independentes entre si - tratamento probiótico (TP) e tratamento controle (TC) - na densidade de 15 larvas/L, durante 26 dias após a eclosão. Um dos sistemas (TP) recebeu a adição de probiótico comercial composto por B. subtilis, B. licheniformis e B. pumilus diretamente na água e via alimento vivo, conforme o fabricante. As análises de microbiologia e qualidade de água foram feitas diariamente por medição de parâmetros físico e químicos e plaqueamento em meio de cultura para contagem de Bacillus totais e Vibrio totais. Ao final do experimento foram realizados biometria e contagem total dos animais, teste de resistência ao estresse salino e fixação de larvas para imunohistoquímica do timo para avaliar a expressão dos complexos multirreceptores de antígenos CD3 e CD4 de linfócitos T e morfometria do rim cefálico. A sobrevivência foi similar e de 14,9±2,4% e 15,1±0,9% para TP e TC respectivamente. O peso final foi de 170±10 mg para TP e 160±10 mg TC, não havendo diferença estatística entre os tratamentos. Na microbiologia da água não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos na contagem de víbrios totais (TP: 3.366±522 UFC/mL; TC: 4.964±902 UFC/mL). Na contagem de Bacillus totais os tratamentos diferiram estatisticamente, sendo maior a concentração no TP pela adição dos Bacillus spp. (901±88 UFC/mL e 61±24 UFC/mL). O teste de estresse por salinidade demonstrou uma maior resistência ao estresse salino pelas larvas do tratamento probiótico. A análise imunohistoquímica mostrou uma maior expressão de CD4 no timo em PT (TP: 43,7 ± 6,16% CD4 células/mm²; TC: 25,4 ± 3,5% CD4 células/mm²), o que pode indicar uma melhor resposta imune contra patógenos. A análise morfométrica do rim cefálico indica que este órgão é maior no TP (TP: 0,97 ± 0,33 milímetros; TC: 0,69 ± 0,22 milímetros), provavelmente devido a um aumento na quantidade de linfócitos B. Estes resultados indicam que o probiótico utilizado em um sistema de recirculação de água é efetivo quanto à imunoestimulação e aumenta a resistência ao estresse salino. / Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) is a marine finfish with good potential for mariculture. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of probiotic Bacillus spp. on the performance of cobia larvae reared in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). Many studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of probiotic Bacillus spp. in aquaculture, but there are no studies on the effects of probiotics in RAS, requiring research on their effectiveness, since in open systems the beneficial effects are already known. The trial was conducted at Virginia Tech VSAREC (USA). Larvae were stocked into two independent RAS - probiotic treatment and control - at a density of 15 larvae L-1, for 26 days after hatching. One of the systems (Probiotic treatment) received the addition of a commercial probiotic consisting of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus pumilus directly into the water and by live feed, according to the manufacturer. At the end of the experiment we performed biometrics, larvae counts, stress test and larvae were fixed for morphometric analysis of head kidney and for immunohistochemistry of thymus to evaluate the phenotypic expression of complex antigens CD3 and CD4 in T-lymphocytes. Survival and final weight had no significant difference between groups. The analysis of water microbiology had no significant differences between treatments in total counts of Vibrio, but in the total count of Bacillus treatments differed statistically, with a higher concentration in Probiotic treatment because of the addition of Bacillus spp. in this group. The salinity stress test was expressed by stress sensitivity index (SSI), which demonstrated a greater resistance to salt stress by larvae of probiotic treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a higher expression of CD4 in Probiotic treatment, which may indicate better immune response against pathogens. The morphometric analysis of head kidney indicates that this organ is larger in Probiotic treatment, probably due to an increase in the quantity of B-lymphocytes. These results indicate that Bacillus spp. probiotics used in RAS may stimulate the immune system and increase the general stress resistance of cobia larvae.

Submitted by Naiara Dantas (naiarasmd@hotmail.com) on 2018-09-27T17:44:44Z No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dantas, Naiara Silva Menezes, 2018. Larvicultura do pirarucu em sistema de bioflocos.pdf: 1218709 bytes, checksum: 213b02ee7990da341a78103dd76747b0 (MD5) CartaEncaminhamentoAutodepósito Pedro.pdf: 143442 bytes, checksum: 75844e2eba1a4950b63502ccdb712793 (MD5) ata.pdf: 181412 bytes, checksum: 1015e0dd0d3aecb8e98294006e80a524 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by PPGCAN Ciência Animal (ppgcan.ufam@gmail.com) on 2018-09-27T19:45:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dantas, Naiara Silva Menezes, 2018. Larvicultura do pirarucu em sistema de bioflocos.pdf: 1218709 bytes, checksum: 213b02ee7990da341a78103dd76747b0 (MD5) CartaEncaminhamentoAutodepósito Pedro.pdf: 143442 bytes, checksum: 75844e2eba1a4950b63502ccdb712793 (MD5) ata.pdf: 181412 bytes, checksum: 1015e0dd0d3aecb8e98294006e80a524 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-09-27T20:33:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dantas, Naiara Silva Menezes, 2018. Larvicultura do pirarucu em sistema de bioflocos.pdf: 1218709 bytes, checksum: 213b02ee7990da341a78103dd76747b0 (MD5) CartaEncaminhamentoAutodepósito Pedro.pdf: 143442 bytes, checksum: 75844e2eba1a4950b63502ccdb712793 (MD5) ata.pdf: 181412 bytes, checksum: 1015e0dd0d3aecb8e98294006e80a524 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-27T20:33:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dantas, Naiara Silva Menezes, 2018. Larvicultura do pirarucu em sistema de bioflocos.pdf: 1218709 bytes, checksum: 213b02ee7990da341a78103dd76747b0 (MD5) CartaEncaminhamentoAutodepósito Pedro.pdf: 143442 bytes, checksum: 75844e2eba1a4950b63502ccdb712793 (MD5) ata.pdf: 181412 bytes, checksum: 1015e0dd0d3aecb8e98294006e80a524 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-28 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FAPEAM / Arapaima is considered the largest carnivorous species of Amazon and can reach up to 200 kg in the natural environment. Its high market value is due to its fast growth, the peculiar taste of its flesh and the possibilities of use of its byproducts. One of the main challenges of the Arapaima farming is to offer its early stages because there is a high rate of mortality during the larval phase. In this phase, the larvae are usually in the ponds together with the breeding fish, when they are susceptible to parasites, predators and lack of live food. As an alternative, the intensive larviculture allows the control of the environment, creating appropriate conditions for the larvae development. The biofloc technology (BFT) fits this possibility because it provides a better control of the quality of water and pathogens, and the biofloc could be an additional source of food. The objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of the Arapaima larvae reared in BFT. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments, a system with clear water (AC) as control and a system of biofloc (BFT), composed of five replication tanks. Arapaima larvae were (0.778 ± 0.02 g and 4.84 ± 0.11 cm) were housed in PVC tanks (20 L; 25 fish per tank). Initially and at the end of the experiment, water were collected and five fish from each treatment were euthanized for microbiological analyzes of the gastrointestinal tract. At the end of the experiment, the water of the BFT was filtered for determination of the proximate composition of the biofloc. There was no significant difference between the performance variables in both treatments; such result was attributed to the inadequate ingestion of food due to the high need of airing for the biofloc floating, causing stress and possibly altering the immunity of the larvae, making them susceptible to pathogenic bacteria; in addition to the elevated levels of nitrogenous compounds, due to the high excretion of the larvae, becoming toxic to the fish. The BFT presented the greatest diversity of bacteria, being identified the genus Aeromonas, Bacillus, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Hafnia, Klebsiella, Morganella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Serratia, Staphylococcus and Yersinia. The biofloc presented 41% of crude protein. Although BFT is an ecologically system for reducing water use and recycling effluents, adjustments are still needed, such as keeping the biofloc at low levels, so that its use is feasible for Arapaima larvicultura. / O pirarucu é considerado a maior espécie carnívora da Amazônia e pode atingir até 200 Kg no ambiente natural. Seu alto valor no mercado deve-se ao bom desempenho zootécnico, sabor peculiar da sua carne e possibilidades para o aproveitamento de seus subprodutos. Um dos maiores desafios da cadeia produtiva do pirarucu é a oferta de formas jovens, pois há um índice elevado de mortalidade durante a fase larval. Geralmente, as larvas ficam nos viveiros junto com os reprodutores, e estão susceptíveis à presença de parasitos, predadores e falta de alimento vivo. Como alternativa, a larvicultura intensiva permite o controle do ambiente criando condições adequadas para o desenvolvimento dos peixes. A tecnologia do BFT se enquadra nesta possibilidade, pois proporciona melhor controle da qualidade de água e patógenos, além do biofloco ser uma fonte adicional de alimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho zootécnico das larvas de pirarucu no BFT. O desenho experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos, um sistema com água clara (AC), como controle e, um sistema com a tecnologia bioflocos, composto por cinco repetições (tanques de PVC). Foram selecionadas 250 larvas de pirarucu (0,778 ± 0,02 g e 4,84 ± 0,11 cm) e distribuídas em tanques de PVC (20 L; 25 peixes por tanque). Inicialmente e ao final do experimento, cinco peixes de cada tratamento foram eutanasiados para análises microbiológicas do trato gastrointestinal, assim como amostras de água dos sistemas. Ao final do experimento, a água do BFT foi filtrada para determinação da composição centesimal do floco. Não houve diferença significativa entre as variáveis de desempenho em ambos os tratamentos; atribui-se tal resultado à inadequada ingestão do alimento devido à forte aeração necessária para a flutuabilidade do floco, pois ocasionou estresse e possivelmente alterou a imunidade das larvas, tornando-as susceptíveis a bactérias patogênicas; além dos níveis elevados de compostos nitrogenados, devido à elevada excreção das larvas, tornando-se tóxicos para os peixes. O BFT apresentou a maior diversidade de bactérias dos gêneros Aeromonas, Bacillus, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Hafnia, Klebsiella, Morganella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Serratia, Staphylococcus e Yersinia. Os flocos microbianos apresentaram 41% de Proteína Bruta. Apesar do BFT ser vantajoso ecologicamente por reduzir o uso de águas e reciclar efluentes, ainda são necessários ajustes, como manter o biofloco em níveis baixos, para que seja viável sua utilização para a larvicultura. / Achei tranquilo / Primeiro trabalho com a espécie neste sistema

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:18:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Acsa Josino Muniz Cavalcante.pdf: 1794381 bytes, checksum: ca0c667c748f356871795f1aef78b8be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The study aimed to evaluate the impact of fish farming in cages in the water quality and the possibility of the use of the zooplankton community, as an indicator of these impacts, characterizing the effects caused by the increase of nutrients after this activity in the water body. The study area was the Carneiro dam, Jericó, Paraíba. The variables were sampled monthly (Jun-Nov/2009) at three stations: the amount of tanks of intensive cultivation of fish next to and downstream of the tanks, along the water column in vertical profiles, following the rate of extinction of light (100%, 1% and 0% of light). The trophic state index of Carlson (1977) modified by Toledo Jr. et al. (1983) was used to determine the trophic level of the dam. The zooplankton samples were accomplished using a bucket (10L), filtered with a plankton net (mesh 68 mm) and fixed in neutral formalin with sucrose. The influence of fish farming in cages on the density fluctuations of the zooplankton community and water quality was not clearly detected. The results showed rain events exerting a negative influence on water quality and zooplankton, contributing to the increase of nutrients (N and P), algal biomass and consequently the trophic condition of the ecosystem, a result confirmed by the modified Carlson EIT, classifying it as eutrophic. The phylum Rotifera was the most representative in richness and density followed by Copepoda and Cladocera. The density showed an increase during the dry season and eutrophic condition to determine the presence of species, with dominance: Brachionus calyciflorus, Filinia opoliensis, Ceriodaphnia cornuta, copepod nauplii and copepodites cyclopoides. / O estudo objetivou avaliar o impacto da piscicultura em tanques-rede na qualidade da água e a possibilidade do uso da comunidade zooplanctônica, como indicadora desses impactos, caracterizando os efeitos causados pelo incremento de nutrientes decorridos dessa atividade no corpo d água. A área de estudo foi o açude Carneiro, Jericó, Paraíba. As variáveis foram amostradas mensalmente (jun- nov/2009), em três estações de coleta: a montante dos tanques de cultivo intensivo de peixes, próximos aos tanques e a jusante dos tanques, ao longo da coluna d água, em perfis verticais, seguindo o índice de extinção de luz (100%, 1% e 0% de luz). O índice de estado trófico de Carlson (1977) modificado por Toledo Júnior et al., (1983) foi utilizado para determinar o nível trófico do açude. As coletas de zooplâncton foram realizadas com auxílio de balde (10L), filtradas com rede de plâncton (malha de 68 µm) e fixadas em formol neutro com sacarose. A influência da piscicultura em tanques-rede sobre as flutuações de densidade da comunidade zooplanctônica e qualidade de água não foi claramente detectada. Os resultados mostraram eventos de chuvas exercendo influência negativa sobre a qualidade da água e zooplâncton, contribuindo para o aumento de nutrientes (N e P), biomassa algal e consequentemente da condição trófica do ecossistema, confirmada pelo resultado do IET de Carlson modificado, classificandoo como eutrófico. O filo Rotifera foi o mais representativo em riqueza e densidade seguido de Copepoda e Cladocera. A densidade apresentou-se maior na época seca e a condição eutrófica determinou a presença de espécies, com abundância de: Brachionus calyciflorus, Filinia opoliensis, Ceriodaphnia cornuta, naúplios de copépodos, copepoditos ciclopóides.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:44:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dieterson_Debus.pdf: 1859784 bytes, checksum: 40bbc43ad96719601d931a98589141a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-26 / Family farming is configured as an important strategy for sustainable rural development, food production, job creation and community building and productive practices. In this context, the cities of Toledo and Maripá have increased both in fish production and productivity. Toledo is the first state of the producer in the fish farming sector with a production of about 50 million fry and about six million kilos of fish killed in 2015. But the municipality of Maripá in addition to the production there are the productivity. There are 89 fish farmers, who cultivate an area of about 125.0 ha of water surface, with an average yield of 7.0 t/ha, while the state average is about 2.5 t/ha. As such, good management of small rural property is of great importance for both tax requirements as to the knowledge of the results of the activity. Balance sheets, income statements and other reports based on rural accounting tools are of paramount importance for property management. Thus, this thesis analyzed the financial control of the activity of fish farming in family farming in the cities of Toledo and Maripá in the west of Paraná, listing the aspects of family farming, sustainable development and management real estate. Therefore, on the basis of documentary literature interviews, literature and field-directed fish farmers Toledana Aquaculture Association - Atoaqui and the Association of Aquaculture Aquaculture Producers - Aquimap. The results highlighted the low level of education of fish farmers, a greater financial dependence on activity by Maripá fish farmers, lack of effective financial control in the activity, the situation has an impact development of strategies and future investment. Also noteworthy are the weak provision of technical assistance by associations and the highest percentage of issuance of producer tax notes among Maripá fish farmers. As far as the environmental aspects are concerned, most of the properties comply with the legislation in force. In addition, there is no effective treatment of effluent produced by fish farms in both cities. In addition, research has shown the importance that activity on the income of the families surveyed, which contributes to the improvement of the quality of life of these. However, the major challenge in dealing with this same time, with all the daily financial, political and environmental activities and still manage related to rural properties. Thus, it is expected that this research will contribute to future studies, as well as contribute to the development of family farming, which has an important role in the development of cities and the country / A agricultura familiar configura-se como uma importante estratégia para o Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável, produzindo alimentos, gerando empregos e estimulando práticas associativas e produtivas. Nesse contexto, os municípios de Toledo e Maripá vem se destacando tanto na produção quanto na produtividade piscícola. Toledo é o 1º produtor do Estado no setor da piscicultura com uma produção de aproximadamente 50 milhões de alevinos e cerca de seis milhões de kg de peixes abatidos em 2015. Já o município de Maripá, além da produção, destaca-se pela produtividade. São 89 piscicultores, os quais cultivam uma área de aproximadamente 125,0 ha de lâmina d água, com produtividade média de 7,0 t/ha, enquanto a média do Estado gira em torno de 2,5 t/ha. Nessa capacidade produtiva, uma boa gestão da pequena propriedade rural é de grande importância, tanto para exigências fiscais quanto para o conhecimento dos resultados da atividade. Os balanços patrimoniais, demonstrações de resultados e outros relatórios extraídos da contabilidade rural são ferramentas de extrema importância para a gestão da propriedade. Assim, a presente dissertação analisou o controle financeiro na atividade da piscicultura na agricultura familiar nos municípios de Toledo e Maripá no Oeste do Paraná, elencando aspectos da agricultura familiar, do desenvolvimento sustentável e da gestão da propriedade. Para tanto, baseou-se em pesquisa documental, bibliográfica e de campo, com entrevistas direcionadas aos piscicultores da Associação Toledana de Aquicultura Atoaqui e da Associação dos Aquicultores de Maripá - Aquimap. Os resultados apontaram para a baixa escolaridade dos piscicultores, maior dependência financeira da atividade por parte dos piscicultores de Maripá, falta de um controle financeiro efetivo na atividade, situação está que impacta negativamente em estabelecer estratégias e projetar investimentos futuros. Indicaram, ainda, a baixa prestação de assistência técnica por parte das associações e o maior percentual de emissão de notas fiscais do produtor entre os piscicultores de Maripá. Em relação a aspectos ambientais, a maioria das propriedades atende à legislação vigente. Por outro lado, não existe um efetivo tratamento dos efluentes produzidos pelas pisciculturas em ambos os municípios. Ademais, a pesquisa evidenciou a importância que a atividade tem na renda das famílias pesquisadas, contribuindo com a melhoria da qualidade de vida destas. No entanto o grande desafio este em trabalhar, ao mesmo tempo, com as questões financeiras, políticas e ambientais e ainda lidar com todas as atividades diárias inerentes as propriedades rurais. Assim, espera-se que está pesquisa contribua com estudos futuros, além de colaborar para o desenvolvimento da agricultura familiar, a qual possui um papel relevante no desenvolvimento dos municípios, bem como do país

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um estudo exploratório sobre o mercado da tilápia no estado de São Paulo, identificando os tipos de produtos oferecidos, estimando as quantidades comercializadas e consumidas, analisando os preços dos produtos e propondo melhorias no processo de comercialização. Para tanto, os determinantes de oferta e demanda foram levantados por meio de duas abordagens, uma exploratória e outra descritiva, baseadas em dados primários e secundários. Além das consultas feitas às referências disponíveis na literatura, pesquisas a campo, entrevistas e aplicação de questionário junto a consumidores foram realizadas. Para a análise dos resultados obtidos, a teoria da organização industrial (OI) foi utilizada para auxiliar nas conclusões de como os processos de mercado estão orientando os produtores a atenderem a demanda por tilápia, o que parece está falhando, e o que poderia ser ajustado para atingir um padrão satisfatório. Em suma, o estado de São Paulo produz aproximadamente 50.000 t de tilápia anualmente e, os seus consumidores consomem menos de 100 g de tilápia por semana. O estado é o quarto maior consumidor desta espécie de peixe, segundo dados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar de 2008-2009 e o maior consumo está concentrado nas classes com renda abaixo de R$ 2.490,00. O produto mais comercializado e consumido é a tilápia inteira e o motivo mais apontado por consumidores como sendo a causa de não consumirem mais foi \"não ter o hábito de comprar\". Além dessas conclusões, verificou-se que o país ainda não participa de forma significativa do mercado exportador de tilápia, apesar de uma demanda internacional grande e crescente, principalmente pelos Estados Unidos. Considerando que a carne desta espécie de peixe é bem aceita pelos consumidores devido suas características nutricionais, sensoriais e ausência de espinhas em \"Y\", e considerando as perspectivas do varejo, conclui-se que a demanda interna deve aumentar nos próximos anos. Há oportunidade de reduzir o custo de produção, elevar a rentabilidade da indústria via aproveitamento dos subprodutos e investir em processamento e inovação para atender às exigências do consumidor. Para tanto, é preciso que mais dados e estatísticas sejam gerados, com maior periodicidade, para que pesquisas e análises de viabilidade de negócios e investimentos sejam possíveis de serem realizadas, refletindo a realidade e permitindo projeções mais plausíveis. / This study aimed to develop an exploratory study on the tilapia market in the state of Sao Paulo, identifying the types of products offered, estimating the quantities sold and consumed, analyzing the product´s prices and proposing improvements in the commercialization process. Therefore the supply and demand determinants were raised through two approaches, exploratory and other descriptive, based on primary and secondary data. In addition to the research on the references available in the literature, field research, interviews, and an application of questionnaires to end-consumers were carried out. From the analysis of the results obtained, the industrial organization theory was used to aid the findings of how market processes are driving producers to meet the demand for tilapia, what seems to be failing, and what should be adjusted to an ideal standard. In short, the state of Sao Paulo produces about 50.000t tilapia annually and the population consumes, generally less than 100g of tilapia per week. The state is the fourth largest consumer of this kind of fish, according to the Household Budget Survey of 2008-2009, and the highest consumption is concentrated in the classes with income below R$ 2,490.00. The product most marketed and consumed is the whole tilapia, and the reason most mentioned by consumers as being the cause of not consuming more was \"not have the habit of buying\". In addition to these conclusions, it was found that the country still does not participate significantly in the tilapia exporter market, despite a large and growing international demand, especially by the United States. Whereas the meat of this fish species is well accepted by consumers because of its nutritional characteristics, sensory and absence of spines on \"Y\" and, considering the retail perspective, it is concluded that the domestic demand for this fish shall increase in the coming years. There is an opportunity to reduce production costs, increase profitability via the use of industrial by-products and investments in processing and innovation to meet consumer demands. Therefore, it is necessary that more data and statistics are generated with greater frequency, so that the research and business feasibility analysis and investment in this sector are able to be made, reflecting the reality and allowing projections more plausible.

There is a need of increasing fish production due to the rapidly growing population. The Amazon basin has around 1 million km2 of freshwater area, and a substantial part could be an ideal base for the development of the fish rearing industry. Currently, small-scale fish farming and fishery is commonly observed in the Amazon Basin, but these systems can negatively impact the environment, for example, via eutrophication and overfishing. Here I compare several fish production systems reported for the Amazon Basin to evaluate what is the most sustainable system that should be preferably implemented in that region. I also analyzed the potential of expanding fish farming at the Amazon basin, including a suggestion of the kind of the Amazonian water type and the fish species that should preferentially be recommended as the most appropriate for sustainable production. Blackwater and clearwater main tributaries have been pointed out as the most appropriate areas for fish farming and are recommended as the potential base of fish farming. As there is an existing market for the fishes Colossoma macropomum (Tambaqui); Arapaima gigas (Pirarucu) and Piaractus mesopotamicus (Pacu), these have been pointed out as the main species to start a sustainable fish production. The analysis of the fish production systems was performed in a way to allow a proper combination of the water self-purification mechanism and the fish culture industry. My main suggestion for sustainable fish production is that: a) fish rearing location should be changed on a yearly basis in order to decrease the local environmental impact. Water self-purification mechanisms are suggested as the main process to help to ameliorate the environmental impacts of fish farming. b) Tree seeds and fruits from 26 types of trees that naturally grow in the Amazon basin should be used for fish feeding, especially for tambaqui and pacu.

No description available.

The choice of a suitable site for any aquaculture practice is a critical decision to make since it has a large impact on the economic profitability of the venture, considering the fact that location defines the amount of capital needed, production costs, yield and access to market. The limited public and private sector support for small-scale aquaculture can be optimized if farms are zoned into areas with relatively similar performance and needs. Considering the high rate at which aquaculture is increasing globally and its consequent impact on the environment, it is projected that improvements will be made in the practices employed in aquaculture. As these improvements are made, there is the need for the review of the location of aquaculture infrastructure and services in order to increase the productivity of the sector. Also, aquaculture statistics such as location of farms and production estimates are fundamental to policy making and development planning at both national and global levels. Aquaculture statistics are however chronically scanty or unreliable in developing countries such as Ghana. Thus, the goal of this study was to show the relative suitability of areas in Ghana for aquaculture and identify the key variables to be considered in the development (including improvement of existing farms) of the aquaculture sector of the country. I used satellite imagery and GIS data in combination with field observations and questionnaires, to develop a map of the feasibility of pond aquaculture in Ghana and provide a reliable estimate of the number of ponds, their areas, productivity and aggregate production in the country. The main factors that have influenced the current distribution of pond aquaculture in Ghana are population density (indicating the availability of markets, input and labor) and proximity to stream and road networks. My results show a gross underestimation of the number of fish ponds in the country and smaller sizes of ponds than existing records suggest. The average water depth of ponds in Ghana is only half of the recommended depth which explained over 80% of the variation in productivity among farms. I estimated the contribution of ponds to domestic fish production to be two to three times what has been previously reported, but still well below the potential. The results of this study will be vital to current national and international efforts to improve aquaculture enterprises in Ghana. / Master of Science

L'aquaculture est en pleine expansion et fournit aujourd'hui la moitié des produits aquatiques destinés à la consommationhumaine. Elle constitue ainsi un secteur clé pour le maintien et l'amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire dans lemonde. Le développement de l'aquaculture est étroitement lié à celui des formules alimentaires. Ces dernières années,la part des farines de poisson dans la formulation des aliments a particulièrement diminué au profit des farines d'originevégétale pour répondre aux nombreuses contraintes économiques et environnementales. Néanmoins, ces matièrespremières sont moins adaptées aux besoins nutritionnels des poissons carnivores et leur utilisation peut entraîner unebaisse des performances de croissance et d'efficacité alimentaire. L'ajout d'additifs et d'ingrédients fonctionnels devientalors indispensable. Les hydrolysats protéiques issus des co-produits de la pêche et de l'aquaculture sont des ingrédientsà fort potentiel appétence, nutritionnel et bioactif. Ces ingrédients sont des mélanges complexes riches en peptides hydrolytiqueset en acides aminés libres, mais dont la composition varie en fonction de l'origine de la matière première etdes paramètres d'hydrolyse appliqués lors de leur fabrication. Au cours de ces travaux de thèse, nous avons développéet mis en pratique des outils permettant d'approfondir la caractérisation structurale et les propriétés fonctionnellesdes hydrolysats de protéines. Dans un premier temps, nous avons développé une méthode analytique basée sur unenormalisation des échantillons suivie d'une détermination de l'abondance et de la richesse en peptides par chromatographied'exclusion stérique et chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse de type électro-spray,respectivement. Les résultats présentés sous forme d'un diagramme 2D permettant de classer et comparer facilementles hydrolysats de protéines de forme galénique, d'origine et de process différents. Nous avons également développé unoutil in vitro sur l'intestin de bar européen, Dicentrarchus labrax, permettant de déterminer les activités myotropesdes hydrolysats. Nous avons pu notamment démontrer que l'hydrolysat de crevettes possède une plus forte activitémyotrope que les hydrolysats de poissons et que cette activité est portée par un pentapeptide KNPEQ clivé à partirde l'hémocyanine lors du process d'hydrolyse appliqué sur les co-produits de crevette. Enfin, dans un second temps,un conditionnement alimentaire de 65 jours a été conduit chez le bar européen nourri avec un aliment pauvre en farinede poisson supplémenté en hydrolysat de différentes origines et couplé à une analyse d'expression génique (approcheen RNA-Seq Illumina). Cette étude a permis de montrer que les hydrolysats de protéines appliqués sur un alimentfaible en farine de poisson (5%) sont capables de restaurer des performances de croissance équivalentes à celles d'unrégime contenant 20% de farine de poisson mais qu'ils portent par ailleurs des propriétés fonctionnelles spécifiques.Il a également été montré que le mélange des deux hydrolysats permet de moduler les transcriptomes intestinal ethépatique de façon plus profonde que lorsque que les hydrolysats sont utilisés séparément. Ces résultats confirmentl'intérêt des hydrolysats de protéines pour la formulation d'aliment à faible teneur en farines de poisson et apportentde nouveaux outils de caractérisation de ces ingrédients complexes, qui seront utiles pour leur optimisation et leurstandardisation ainsi que pour la compréhension de leurs mécanismes d'action chez les poissons. / Aquaculture is a key sector for supporting and improving the food security worldwide. The global production of farmedfish and shrimp has grown dramatically over the past decades and now contributes to half of the aquatic productsintended for human consumption. Aquaculture will require feeds to support its growth but availability of some raw materialssuch as fish meal are limited. The use of fish meal in aquafeed has particularly declined in favor of plant proteinsources to fit with economic and environmental constraints. But plant proteins do not meet perfectly the nutritionalrequirements of carnivorous fish and their utilization often results in lower growth and feed performances. Proteinhydrolysates manufactured from fishing and aquaculture co-products are ingredients with a high palatable, nutritionaland bioactive potential. They are rich in hydrolytic peptides and free amino acids, but they are complex mixtureswhose composition could vary according to raw material origin and hydrolysis parameters. During this PhD study, wedeveloped and implemented tools to further characterize the structure and functional properties hydrolysates. On afirst step, we developed a fast methodological tool based on sample standardization, followed by the determination ofthe abundance and richness of peptides using size exclusion chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled toelectro-spray mass spectrometry, respectively. We merged the results into a 2D diagram that made it easy to classifyand compare hydrolysates having different galenic, origin and process. We also developed a tool on isolated intestinefrom European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax ) to rank protein hydrolysates according to their myotropic property.We demonstrated that shrimp hydrolysate showed a higher myotropic activity than fish hydrolysates and that thisactivity was carried by a unique pentapeptide KNPEQ produced by the enzymatic clivage of haemocyanin during thehydrolysis process applied on shrimp co-products. On a second step, a 65-day feeding trial was conducted in Europeanseabass fed a low fish meal diet supplemented with protein hydrolysates of different origin, and coupled to a studyof the intestine and liver transcriptomic response (Illumina RNA sequencing). It has been shown that protein hydrolysatesincluded in a low fish meal diet (5%) restored growth performances to the same level than a diet containing20% of fishmeal, and that they exhibited very specific functional properties. These results showed that a mixture oftwo hydrolysates impacted more deeply the intestine and liver transcriptomes than hydrolysate tested alone. ThisphD study confirmed that protein hydrolysates are very interesting candidates for formulating low fish meal feed andoffer new tools for characterizing such complex ingredients, which will be useful to optimize and standardize proteinhydrolysate while understanding their mechanisms of action in fish.