Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-11-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:43:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lopes_ess_dr_rcla.pdf: 8893056 bytes, checksum: d240d8729b6b1662f31ac0ef417e5386 (MD5) / Um modelo dinamico com caracteristicas friccionais, que utiliza como parametros basicos o angulo de atrito interno do material ( int Ó ) e basal ( bed Ó ) com a superficie onde ocorre o movimento, foi calibrado e aplicado com objetivo de simular as mesmas condicoes em que ocorreram corridas de massa nos anos de 1985, 1994 e 1999, em tres bacias da Serra do Mar, na regiao de Cubatao (SP-Brasil), na escala 1:10.000. Um modelo estatico de estabilidade por talude infinito, definido atraves do indice de estabilidade (SI), foi aplicado para subsidiar o estudo de areas com potencial aos processos de escorregamentos translacionais rasos, que podem evoluir para corridas de massa. Um inventario de cicatrizes tambem foi elaborado a partir da interpretacao de produtos de sensoriamento remoto, utilizado para validar o modelo estatico, assim como para definir pilhas de materiais deflagradas no modelo dinamico. Os resultados com o modelo estatico mostraram-se mais adequados quando se utilizaram as unidades litologicas para variacao dos parametros geotecnicos. Mais de 85% das cicatrizes ficaram dentro dos limites inferior de estabilidade e superior de instabilidade. As simulacoes com o modelo dinamico permitiram criar diferentes cenarios, com caracteristicas como trajetoria e alcance do material mobilizado, semelhantes aos eventos ocorridos no passado. Para tal modelo, diferentes configuracoes de pilhas de materiais e variacoes do angulo de atrito basal, em funcao do mapa de materiais, permitiram simulacoes mais realistas. / A dynamic model with frictional characteristics that uses as basic parameters internal friction angle of the material ( int Ó ) and bed friction angle ( bed Ó ) with the surface where movement occurs was calibrated and applied to simulate the same conditions under which debris flows occurred in the years 1985, 1994 and 1999, in three watersheds of the Serra do Mar, in the region of Cubatao (Sao Paulo, Brasil), on a scale of 1:10.000. A static model of infinite slope stability, defined using the stability index (SI), was applied to inform the study of areas that have potential for processes of shallow translational landsliding that could evolve into debris flows. Landslide inventory data was also elaborated based on the interpretation of remote sensing products, used to validate the static model as well as to define deflagrated pile material in the dynamic model. The results with the static model proved to be more satisfactory when the lithological boundaries were used for variation of the geotechnical parameters. More than 85% of the scarps were within the lower threshold stability and upper threshold instability. The simulations with the dynamic model allowed the creation of different scenarios with characteristics, such as trajectory and range of the mobilized material, similar to the events that occurred in the past. For this model, different configurations of pile material and variations in the bed friction angle, as a function of the materials map, made it possible to carry out more realistic simulations.

This thesis presents an examination of the importance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) for economic growth and examines how sensitive employment in SMEs is to business cycle fluctuations in Brazil. The thesis uses different empirical techniques to investigate the role of SMEs in the Brazilian regional economic growth, using a panel dataset from 1980 to 2004 for 508 Brazilian micro-regions. It first uses standard panel data estimators (OLS, LSDV, system and first differenced GMM) to analyse the (augmented) Solow growth model encompassing the importance of the relative size of the SME sector measured by the share of the SME employment in total formal employment and the level of human capital in SMEs measured by the average years of schooling of SME employees. The results show that the size of the SME sector is not significantly important for regional economic growth, but that human capital embodied in SMEs is more important in this process.

One of the characteristics of the high speed ows over blunt bodies is the detached shock formed in front of the body. The distance of the shock from the stagnation point measured along the stagnation streamline is termed as the shock stand o distance or the shock detachment distance. It is one of the most basic parameters in such ows. The need to know the shock stand o distance arises due to the high temperatures faced in these cases. The biggest challenge faced in high enthalpy ows is the high amounts of heat transfer to the body. The position of the shock is relevant in knowing the temperatures that the body being subjected to such ows will have to face and thus building an efficient system to reduce the heat transfer. Despite being a basic parameter, there is no theoretical means to determine the shock stand o distance which is accepted universally. Deduction of this quantity depends more or less on experimental or computational means until a successful theoretical model for its predictions is developed. The experimental data available in open literature for spherical bodies in high speed ows mostly lies beyond the 2 km/s regime. Experiments were conducted to determine the shock stand o distance in the velocity range of 1-2 km/s. Three different hemispherical bodies of radii 25, 40 and 50 mm were taken as test models. Since the shock stand o distance is known to depend on the density ratio across the shock and hence gamma (ratio of specific heats), two different test gases, air and carbon dioxide were used for the experiments here. Five different test cases were studied with air as the test gas; Mach 5.56 with Reynolds number of 5.71 million/m and enthalpy of 1.08 MJ/kg, Mach 5.39 with Reynolds number of 3.04 million/m and enthalpy of 1.42 MJ/kg Mach 8.42 with Reynolds number of 1.72 million/m and enthalpy of 1.21 MJ/kg, Mach 11.8 with Reynolds number of 1.09 million/m and enthalpy of 2.03 MJ/kg and Mach 11.25 with Reynolds number of 0.90 million/m and enthalpy of 2.88 MJ/kg. For the experiments conducted with carbon dioxide as test gas, typical freestream conditions were: Mach 6.66 with Reynolds number of 1.46 million/m and enthalpy of 1.23 MJ/kg. The shock stand o distance was determined from the images that were obtained through schlieren photography, the ow visualization technique employed here. The results obtained were found to follow the same trend as the existing experimental data in the higher velocity range. The experimental data obtained was compared with two different theoretical models given by Lobb and Olivier and was found to match. Simulations were carried out in HiFUN, an in-house CFD package for Euler and laminar own conditions for Mach 8 own over 50 mm body with air as the test gas. The computational data was found to match well with the experimental and theoretical data

abstract: Many physical phenomena and industrial applications involve multiphase fluid flows and hence it is of high importance to be able to simulate various aspects of these flows accurately. The Dynamic Contact Angles (DCA) and the contact lines at the wall boundaries are a couple of such important aspects. In the past few decades, many mathematical models were developed for predicting the contact angles of the inter-face with the wall boundary under various flow conditions. These models are used to incorporate the physics of DCA and contact line motion in numerical simulations using various interface capturing/tracking techniques. In the current thesis, a simple approach to incorporate the static and dynamic contact angle boundary conditions using the level set method is developed and implemented in multiphase CFD codes, LIT (Level set Interface Tracking) (Herrmann (2008)) and NGA (flow solver) (Desjardins et al (2008)). Various DCA models and associated boundary conditions are reviewed. In addition, numerical aspects such as the occurrence of a stress singularity at the contact lines and grid convergence of macroscopic interface shape are dealt with in the context of the level set approach. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2015

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:16:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6772.pdf: 3983195 bytes, checksum: dd5ca85de8981645939e02e56ee6dd5c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / Many studies have been conducted recently in order to understand cervical cancer and the best way to prevent it. The most successful mechanism for the prevention of cervical cancer is the Pap test. This popular exam is performed continuously throughout Brazil, and although the Pap test is quick and painless, the results can take as long as up to six months. This ultimately causes many women to give up on the exam. In recent years, science and technology has allowed for the creation of new ways to conduct noninvasive diagnosis. The general objective of this research is to propose a method to reduce the response time in delivering the result of a Pap test through the analysis of information flows and the incorporation of information and communication technologies. The methodology used in this research was exploratory. The literature search was performed through the use of scientific databases, covering books, articles, publications, dissertations, theses, among other sources of information relevant. Data collection was carried out by reading multiple sources and examples of existing models. As a starting point, information from the literature was used to understand the operation of the collection Pap tests and following information about the exam in São Carlos / SP, including the advice of experts. As a comparative object for research, a technological tool that was used in Colombia, optimizes the information flows of the Pap test. The results were obtained in relation to the identification of information flows proposed model of more efficient than traditional models surveyed by data collection and evaluation test. The information flows were analyzed composing the Information System for the realization of the Pap smear, including Galenic Tele Salud software modified to Brazilian conditions and was obtained using the model proposed a time of 76.85 minutes with 20 simulations, demonstrating that the proposed model is more efficient than the traditional models studied. It is believed that this research offers a contribution to enable new studies and new methods to facilitate and improve the activities required for the realization of the Pap smear. / Diversos estudos vêm sendo desenvolvidos a fim de entender o Câncer de Colo de Útero e a melhor maneira de preveni-lo. O mecanismo de maior êxito na prevenção do Câncer de Colo de Útero é o exame Papanicolau, o qual é realizado de maneira contínua em todo o território brasileiro, embora o exame Papanicolau seja um teste rápido e indolor, a demora de até seis meses na entrega do resultado do exame pode fazer com que várias mulheres desistam de realizar o exame. Através da Ciência e Tecnologia é possível criar novas maneiras para conduzir o diagnostico não invasivo na medicina nos últimos anos. O objetivo geral dessa pesquisa consiste em propor um método para a diminuição do tempo de resposta na entrega do resultado do exame Papanicolau através da análise dos fluxos informacionais e a incorporação de tecnologias da informação e comunicação. A metodologia utilizada nessa pesquisa foi exploratória. A pesquisa bibliográfica foi efetuada em base de dados científicas, contemplando livros, artigos, publicações, dissertações, teses, entre outras fontes de informação de acesso pertinentes e reconhecidas. A coleta de dados foi efetuada através da leitura de múltiplas fontes e de exemplos de modelos existentes. Como ponto de partida, foram utilizadas informações da literatura para compreender o funcionamento da coleta de exames Papanicolau e a seguir informações sobre o exame na cidade de São Carlos/SP, incluindo o assessoramento de especialistas. Como objeto comparativo para a pesquisa, foi usada uma ferramenta tecnológica que, na Colômbia, otimiza os fluxos informacionais do exame Papanicolau. . Os resultados foram obtidos em relação à identificação de uma proposta de modelo de fluxos informacionais mais eficiente que os modelos tradicionais pesquisados, através da coleta de dados e teste de avaliação. Foram analisados os fluxos informacionais que compõem o Sistema de Informação para a realização do exame Papanicolau, incluindo o software Galénica Tele Salud modificado para as condições brasileiras e se obteve usando o modelo proposto um tempo de 76,85 minutos com 20 simulações, demonstrando que o modelo proposto é mais eficiente que os modelos tradicionais pesquisados. Acredita-se que a presente pesquisa oferece uma contribuição para possibilitar novos estudos e novos métodos para facilitar e melhorar as atividades necessárias para a realização do exame Papanicolau.

A imigração aos Estados Unidos se tornou um dos maiores fenômenos globais durante o sécu-lo XX. Alguns fatores, entretanto, estariam indicando que, especialmente a partir da crise e-conômica de 2008, os fluxos migratórios ao país norte-americano poderiam estar diminuindo. Este trabalho busca analisar tal movimento recente de imigração aos Estados Unidos à luz do histórico das políticas migratórias adotadas no país, partindo da hipótese de que a aparente redução da imigração aos Estados Unidos se trata de uma questão temporária. Inicialmente, é examinado o histórico da imigração aos Estados Unidos desde os primeiros imigrantes do país até a década de 1970, em que são abordados os principais acontecimentos históricos desta fase e sua influência na imigração, com destaque às políticas migratórias adotadas no período. A seguir, analisa-se a maneira como os índices migratórios se elevaram fortemente ao final do século XX. São debatidos os motivos que levaram a este aumento e a forma como os Estados Unidos lidaram com a questão. Por fim, o trabalho aborda alguns fatores da década de 2000 que poderiam estar causando uma redução nos índices migratórios aos Estados Unidos. São eles a crise econômica de 2008; o aumento da segurança da fronteira americana com o Méxi-co; as políticas migratórias do final dos anos 2000 (com destaque à proposta da reforma do sistema migratório de Barack Obama e a lei SB 1070 do estado americano do Arizona); e as condições internas de alguns dos países de origem dos migrantes (México, América Central e Caribe, Brasil e alguns países asiáticos) e a maneira como elas afetam a imigração de nacio-nais destes países aos Estados Unidos. A análise realizada aponta que, embora tenha havido uma redução dos índices migratórios em comparação aos anos 1990, a leve tendência de que-da apresentada ao final da década de 2000 não configura um movimento permanente, mas, sim, insere-se na tradição da imigração aos Estados Unidos de apresentar diferentes fluxos de crescimento e queda ao longo de sua história. / Immigration to the United States became a major global phenomena during the twentieth cen-tury. Some factors, however, could be indicating that, especially since the 2008 economic crisis, migration flows to the North American country could be slowing. This paper analyses this recent flow of immigration to the United States in light of the history of immigration pol-icies adopted in the country, based on the assumption that the apparent reduction in immigra-tion to the United States is a temporary issue. Initially, we analyze the history of immigration to the Unites States since the country's first immigrants until the 1970s, in which we focus on the main historical events of this phase and its influence on immigration, especially migration policies adopted in this period. Next, we analyze how migration flows rose sharply at the end of the twentieth century. We debate the reasons that took to this increase and the way the United States dealt with the subject. Finally, we discuss some factors of the 2000s which could be causing a reduction in the immigration rates in the United States. They are the 2008 economic crisis; the enforcement in the security of the American border with Mexico; the migration policies of the late 2000s (particularly Barack Obama's proposed migration system reform and the SB 1070 law of the U. S. state of Arizona); and the internal condition of some of the migrants' countries of origin (Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, Brazil and some Asian countries) and the way they affect immigration from nationals of these countries to the United States. The analysis indicates that, though there has been a reduction in migra-tion flows compared to the 1990s, the slight downward trend shown by the end of the 2000s does not configure a permanent process, but rather is part of the tradition of immigration to the United States to present different flows of rises and falls of migrations throughout its his-tory.

Em um ecossistema pastoril natural, entender as relações entre a produção primária, o processo de pastejo e o ambiente é de inegável importância, pois a compreensão destes fatores influenciará no correto gerenciamento dos ambientes pastoris, garantindo a produtividade e contribuindo para a segurança alimentar. O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental Agronômica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (EEA-UFRGS), município de Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, em uma pastagem natural heterogênea, característica do Bioma Pampa. O objetivo do trabalho foi compreender os fluxos de biomassa, bem como, determinar as características morfogênicas e entender o processo de desfolhação. Duas espécies de gramíneas mais representantes do Bioma, pertencentes a dois grupos funcionais distintos: paspalum notatum, representando as espécies utilizadoras de recursos, e andropogon lateralis, representando as conservadoras de recursos, foram avaliadas. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro ofertas de forragem: 4, 8, 12 e 16% (kg de matéria seca para cada 100 kg de peso vivo animal), manejados sob pastoreio contínuo, dispostos em um delineamento em blocos casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 4X2, com duas repetições Adotou-se a técnica de perfilhos marcados, com 30 perfilhos marcados por espécie, distribuídos em três transectas por unidade experimental. Houve interação entre oferta de forragem e espécie forrageira para taxa de elongação foliar, comprimento final de folhas e densidade de perfilhos (P<0,05). A maioria das características morfogênicas apresentou diferença entre espécies, sendo maiores para a espécie utilizadora de recursos (P. notatum). As ofertas de forragem influenciaram as taxas de senescência, número de folhas senescentes e de folhas novas surgidas por perfilho. O filocrono encontrado foi de 208,3 ºC para P. notatum e, 366,2 ºC para A. lateralis. Houve diferença entre espécies para o intervalo entre desfolhas sucessivas, sendo de 25 dias para P. notatum e 27 dias para A. lateralis (P=0,0140), bem como para intensidade de desfolha, de 52% para P. notatum e 61% para A. lateralis. Os fluxos de biomassa apresentaram interação oferta de forragem e espécie forrageira para os fluxos de senescência e consumo. O balanço final do fluxo de biomassa (crescimento menos senescência e consumo) apresentaram balanço negativo tanto para ofertas como entre os grupos funcionais estudados. / Understanding the relationship between pasture primary production, the grazing process and the environment in natural pastoral ecosystems is of undeniable importance, since the interactions between these factors will influence the correct ecosystems management, ensuring productivity and contributing to food security. The study was carried out at the Experimental Station of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (EEA-UFRGS), in the municipality of Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, in a natural heterogeneous grassland typical of the Pampa Biome. The aim of this study was to understand the biomass fluxes, as well as to determine morphogenetic characteristics and to understand the defoliation process. Two species of grasses with different growth strategies: paspalum notatum, representing higher growth species (or acquisitive resource plant strategy) and andropogon lateralis, representing lower growth species (or conservative resource plant strategy), were evaluated. Treatments consisted of four forage allowances: 4, 8, 12 and 16% (kg of dry matter per 100 kg of animal live weight), managed under continuous grazing. We used the marked tillers technique, with 30 tillers per species and per treatment, divided into three transects The experimental design was a randomized complete block with factorial arrangement 4x2, in two replicates. There was interaction between forage allowance and species for leaf elongation rate, leaf final length and tiller density (P<0.05). Most of the morphogenetic characteristics presented differences between the species, being higher for the acquisitive resource plant strategy (P. notatum). The forage allowances influenced senescence rates, number of senescent leaves and new leaves emerged per tiller. The phyllochron was 208.3 ºC for P. notatum and 366.2 ºC for A. lateralis. There were differences in the interval between two successive defoliation, being 25 days for P. notatum and 27 days for A. lateralis (P=0,0140), and defoliation intensity, of 52% for P. notatum and 61% for A. lateralis. The biomass fluxes showed interaction forage allowance specie for the variables senescence flow and consumption flow. The final balance of the biomass flow (growth minus senescence and consumption) presented a negative balance both for forage allowances and between the functional groups studied.

Os conceitos de competência do escoamento e de capacidade de transporte foram desenvolvidos para escoamentos fluviais e acabam sendo transferidos para a modelagem de correntes de turbidez. No entanto, não é claro até que ponto o estabelecimento de analogias entre o ambiente fluvial e as correntes de turbidez pode ser realizado. Nesse contexto, o principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os conceitos de competência e de capacidade nas correntes de turbidez. O estudo foi desenvolvido experimentalmente, em um canal de inclinação variável de 4 m de comprimento, 40 cm de altura e 12 cm de largura. Um leito móvel foi construído em um trecho intermediário do canal utilizando sedimento - carvão mineral (ρ = 1405 kgm³) - com tamanho areia média. No total, 30 simulações de correntes de turbidez contínuas foram realizadas, utilizando o mesmo sedimento, porém com tamanho areia muito fina. Foram simuladas três declividades diferentes (6%, 0,3% e 0,015%), vazões de injeção entre 15 e 25 lmin, concentrações iniciais variando entre 0,03% e 5,5% e a duração dos ensaios ficou compreendida entre 3 e 30 min. O levantamento do perfil longitudinal do leito móvel, antes e após o ensaio, foi realizado e todo o sedimento foi coletado. Três quantidades distintas de sedimento foram quantificadas: a quantidade depositada antes do leito móvel, a quantidade depositada no leito móvel e a quantidade depositada depois do leito móvel. O cálculo da eficiência de transporte das correntes de turbidez no trecho do leito móvel, bem como das suas descargas sólidas, foi realizado. Também foram realizadas análises granulométricas do sedimento depositado antes e após do leito móvel. Por fim, parâmetros do fluxo foram obtidos (altura e velocidade) através de análises visuais e números adimensionais clássicos do transporte sólido em canais abertos foram avaliados. A partir da interpretação dos dados, conclui-se que os conceitos de competência do escoamento e de capacidade de transporte não foram capazes de refletir o diâmetro característico do sedimento transportado pelas correntes simuladas e a capacidade máxima de transporte desses fluxos, como normalmente ocorre em escoamentos fluviais. A relação entre a eficiência de transporte desses fluxos e a descarga sólida dos mesmos indicou que a partir de uma região a eficiência tornou-se invariante. Essa relação possui curvas com tendência logarítmica e as suas assíntotas ocorreram em valores de eficiência da ordem de 50% (inclinação de 6%) e de 40% (inclinações de 0,3% e 0,015%). A relação entre o diâmetro característico do sedimento depositado depois do leito e antes do leito indicou uma diminuição de cerca de 18% no tamanho dos grãos depositados a jusante. / The modeling of turbidity currents uses the concepts of competence and flow capacity that have been developed based on river hydraulics. However, the analogies between the fluvial environment and turbidity currents are not very clear. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the competence and flow capacity of turbidity currents. The study was performed using an experimental channel 4 m long, 40 cm high, and 12 cm wide with variable slope. A mobile bed of medium sand-size - mineral coal (ρ=1405 kgm³) - was constructed in an intermediate area of the channel. In total, 30 simulations of continuous turbidity currents were performed and the sediment used in the turbidity currents was very fine sand-size mineral coal. The simulations were accomplished considering three different channel slopes (6%, 0.3% e 0.015%); injection discharge varied between 15 and 25 l/min, and initial volumetric concentrations varied between 0.03% and 5.5%. The simulations lasted between 3 and 30 minutes. The longitudinal profile of the mobile bed was analyzed before and after each simulation, and all the sediment was collected at the end. Three different amounts of sediment were quantified: the amount of sediment deposited before, on, and after the mobile bed. Based on this data, both the transport efficiency and solid discharge of the turbidity current on the mobile bed were determined. Particle-size distribution of the deposited sediment before and after the mobile bed was also carried out. Finally, flow parameters were obtained (high and velocity) considering visual evaluation and the classical dimensional numbers in sediment transport in open channel flows were analyzed. The data interpretation revealed that the competence and flow capacity parameters were not able to reflect the grain diameter transported by the simulated currents and a maximum flow capacity of these flows, as usually is observed in fluvial flows. The relation between the transport efficiency and solid discharge of these flows demonstrated that after a certain point, the efficiency became constant. This relation resulted in log trend curves with asymptotes located at efficiency values of approximately 50% (6% slope) and 40% (0.3% and 0.015% slopes). The characteristic diameter of the sediment deposited after the mobile bed presented a reduction of 18% when compared to the sediment deposited before the mobile bed.

The basis of lean manufacturing is to minimize the inventories to reveal the disfunctions of the production system and to optimize process to avoid every kind of wastes. Lean systems are characteristic with smooth pull production system with one piece flow and just in time supplements of inventories. The layout of the line is transformed to the U work cell and the material is ordered by using kanban tickets. To receive the potential of implementation of the lean manufacturing principles we can use indicators IE - industrial efficiency and PLT - pruduction lead time.

The thesis deals with logistic processes in a chosen brush company. The aim of this thesis is analysis of used methods of management of a material and information flow which are dependent on a production program and improvement.There were carried on analysis off lows and relations with suppliers and buyers. Next there were mentioned a relation between flows and logistic center.Evaluations and recommendations are included in all the chapters of the thesis.