HER2 breast cancer is an aggressive disease that occurs in 20 - 30% of the breast cancer population. Treatment for HER2 breast cancer includes use of an anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody, trastuzumab. Testing for HER2 is of critical importance due to the adverse side effects and substantial costs associated with this anti-HER2 treatment. Currently, two kinds of tests, Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC), are FDA approved for determination of HER2 status in breast cancers. Clinical and non clinical factors that affect the choice HER2 test and the use of anti-HER2 therapy in breast cancer were analyzed using a data set containing information from six outpatient oncology clinics in the United States. The analysis showed that geographic location, cancer stage, and diagnosis date (pre- or post-publication of testing guidelines) have significant effects on choice of test. With regard to trastuzumab prescription, geographic location and HER2 status have significant effects on the prescription of trastuzumab. In addition, there was a non-significant trend for certain Medicare patients not to receive trastuzumab therapy. These findings indicate that disparities are present in breast cancer care based on geography and cancer stage, and highlight the importance of testing guidelines. The cost effectiveness of FISH vs. IHC was determined, by considering the financial and health-related costs associated with testing and subsequent treatment as well as the accuracy of each test. The results show that FISH is the optimal choice for HER2 testing and is more cost-effective than IHC.

The aim of this dissertation thesis is to emphasize the sense of extended cultivation of embryos to the stadium of blastocyst and its influence on success of assisted reproduction and facilitation of pre implantation diagnosis, analysis of cultivation media and derivation of human embryonic stem cells. Author summarizes current literary findings in assisted reproduction and examines the currently used methods. Author also submits his own published experimental works, in which he compares his own results of infertility treatment with usage of extended cultivation to blastocyst with results of other techniques. Furthermore author submits his own published experimental works which are using extended cultivation for pre implantation diagnosis and its improvement. Another experimental works includes possibility of stem cells derivation. Usage of extended cultivation to blastocyst convincingly leads, according to author's own experiments and simultaneously to available literary findings, to higher success of infertility treatment. This is especially significant by middle-aged mothers. Sufficient term of cultivation enables not just selection, but also biopsy and its generic treatment. Long-term cultivation also enables analysis of cultivation media - but these didn't met the expectations for increase of...

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-31 / We report here on a girl who, despite her 45,X/46,X,der(Y) karyotype, showed no signs of virilization or physical signs of the Ullrich-Turner syndrome [UTS], except for a reduced growth rate. After prophylactic gonadectomy due to the risk of developing gonadoblastoma, the gonads and peripheral blood samples were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH] and polymerase chain reaction [PCR] to detect Y-specific sequences. These analyses allowed us to characterize the Yderived chromosome as being an isodicentric Yp chromosome [idic(Yp)] and showed a pronounced difference in the distribution of the 45,X/46,X,idic(Yp) mosaicism between the two analyzed tissues. It was shown that, although in peripheral blood almost all cells (97.5%) belonged to the idic(Yp) line with a duplicated SRY gene, this did not determine any degree of male sexual differentiation in the patient, as in the gonads the predominant cell line was 45,X (60%). / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-04-07T19:01:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseKZ.pdf: 6268573 bytes, checksum: 3d50abb73f159705b9efa45eb5cc20cf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-19T17:57:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseKZ.pdf: 6268573 bytes, checksum: 3d50abb73f159705b9efa45eb5cc20cf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-19T17:57:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseKZ.pdf: 6268573 bytes, checksum: 3d50abb73f159705b9efa45eb5cc20cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T18:05:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseKZ.pdf: 6268573 bytes, checksum: 3d50abb73f159705b9efa45eb5cc20cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Parodontidae is organized in three genera according to their morphological characteristics: Parodon, Saccodon and Apareiodon. The diploid number is conserved in this group with 2n=54 chromosomes, with species without heteromorphic sex chromosomes systems and other with sex chromosomes system, with female heterogamety, ZZ/ZW or ZZ/ZW1W2. Studies of chromosome localization using repetitive DNAs chromosomes of species show possible origin, differentiation and evolution of sex chromosomes in Parodontidae. However, further studies using repeats DNAs are fundamental for a better comprehension of its pathway genomic structural or functional. In this study were described the chromosome location of the (GATA)n and (TTAGGG)n sequences in eight species of Parodontidae, with aim to evaluate the probable mechanisms of chromosomal diversification, especially those related to molecular differentiation of W chromosome. Also were mapped 16 microsatellites sequences in five species of the family to check the accumulation of the repetitive DNAs in the chromosomes and verify its performance in the karyotype and sex chromosomes differentiation. Yet, partial sequences of the histone H1, H3 and H4 were determined and had chromosomal localization in six species of Parodontidae. The data show two H1 sequences in Parodontidae genomes, herein called H1 partial and H1+ ERV, in addition to partial sequences for the genes H3 and H4. The chromosomal localization of histone genes show H1, H3 and H4 in main cluster and the presence of the orphans genes for H1 + ERV. Hence, this study provide some advances in the understanding of the repetitive DNA mechanism in the karyotypic differentiation and evolution in the family Parodontidae. / Parodontidae é organizada em três gêneros agrupados de acordo com suas características morfológicas: Parodon, Saccodon e Apareiodon. O número diploide é conservado nesse grupo com 2n=54 cromossomos, com espécies sem sistemas de cromossomos sexuais heteromórficos e outras com sistemas de cromossomos sexuais do tipo ZZ/ZW ou ZZ/ZW1W2. Estudos com mapeamento de DNAs repetitivos por hibridação in situ fluorescente nos cromossomos de algumas espécies demonstraram possível origem, diferenciação e evolução dos sistemas de cromossomos sexuais desta família. No entanto, estudos mais aprofundados são fundamentais para um maior esclarecimento do papel genômico das sequências repetitivas. Neste estudo foram descritas a localização das sequências (GATA)n e (TTAGGG)n em oito espécies de Parodontidae, com o objetivo de avaliar os prováveis mecanismos de diversificação cromossômica, especialmente aqueles relacionados à diferenciação molecular do cromossomo W. Também foram mapeadas 16 sequências de microssatélites em cinco espécies da família, com objetivo de verificar o acúmulo de DNA repetitivo nos cromossomos e sua atuação na diferenciação cariotípica dos cromossomos sexuais heteromórficos. Por fim, sequências parciais das histonas H1, H3 e H4 e também dos DNAr 5S e 18S foram determinadas e tiveram sua localização cromossômica em seis espécies desta família. Com os resultados, foi possível determinar duas sequências de H1 para Parodontidae, H1 parcial e H1+ERV, além das sequências parciais para os genes H3 e H4. Todas essas análises propiciam uma melhor compreensão dos processos de diferenciação e evolução cariotípica na família Parodontidae.

Orientador: Eliana Regina Forni Martins / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T09:44:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferrari_Fernanda_M.pdf: 4024604 bytes, checksum: fadaeedca82d057b615fd5bfb85b4706 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A cana-de-açúcar assumiu grande importância no cenário econômico mundial, não só pela produção de açúcar, mas também de etanol. Variedades modernas de cana-de-açúcar são essencialmente derivadas de hibridações feitas no início do século XX entre duas spécies de Saccharum, S. officinarum (2n = 80) e S. spontaneum (2n = 40-128), seguidas de retrocruzamentos dos híbridos com S. officinarum. Devido à poliploidia natural do gênero e a aneuploidia das variedades híbridas o estudo citogenético em cana-de-açúcar é complexo. O advento da citogenética molecular, mediante a técnica de hibridização de DNA in situ (FISH e GISH), vem propiciando avanços no entendimento da organização genômica de Saccharum e de gêneros relacionados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar análises cromossômicas, de número e sítios de rDNA, nas duas principais espécies do gênero, S. officinarum e S. spontaneum, e em mais três importantes variedades brasileiras, RB72454, RB835486 e RB867515. Foi possível confirmar as identidades das espécies S. officinarum (2n = 80) e S. spontaneum (2n = 64) mediante a contagem do número cromossômico. Foram caracterizados, pela primeira vez, os números cromossômicos das variedades RB72454 e RB835486 (2n = 112) e na RB867515 (2n = 110). Através de técnicas de hibridização in situ fluorescente foram quantificados os sítios de rDNA 45S e 5S. As espécies S. officinarum e S. spontaneum, conforme já descrito na literatura, apresentaram 8 sítios de cada locus. As variedades RB72454 e RB835486 apresentaram 12 sítios de cada locus e a variedade RB867515 apresentou 11 sítios do rDNA 45S e 9 sítios do rDNA 5S. Os loci de rDNA 45S e 5S encontram-se em grupos homó(eó)logos distintos e por isso, esses dois genes caracterizam-se dois marcadores cromossômicos em Saccharum spp. A localização do locus de rDNA 45S em posição distinta nos cromossomos de S. officinarum (terminais) e S. spontaneum (intersticiais), possibilitou a quantificação da contribuição dessas espécies, no respectivo grupo homeólogo, para as variedades RB72454 e RB867515 / Abstract: Sugarcane has assumed an eminent position in the world economical scenario, not only for sugar, but also for ethanol production. Current sugarcane varieties are hybrids from initial interspecific crosses involving mainly two species of Saccharum, S. officinarum (2n = 80) and S. spontaneum (2n = 40-128), followed by backcrossing with S. officinarum. Due to the polyploidy nature of the genus Saccharum and the aneuploidy occurring in the interspecific hybrids, the cytogenetic study of sugarcane is complex. Moreover, chromosomes are small and morphologically similar. The molecular cytogenetics, with technique of DNA in situ hybridization (GISH and FISH), has provided advances in the understanding of genomic organization of this crop. The goal of this study was to realize chromosomal analysis, including chromosome number and sites of rDNA of two species, S. officinarum and S. spontaneum, and of three Brazilian varieties, RB72454, RB835486 and RB867515. The identities of the species S. officinarum (2n = 80) and S. spontaneum (2n = 64) were confirmed counting their chromosome numbers. We also counted the chromosome numbers of the varieties RB72454 and RB835486 (2n = 112) and RB867515 (2n = 110). Using FISH techniques, we could quantify the rDNA 45S and 5S sites of all the accesses. S. officinarum and S. spontaneum, as described in the literature, had 8 sites at each locus. For the varieties RB72454 and RB835486, 12 sites at each locus were detected and for RB867515, 11 sites of rDNA 45S and 9 sites of rDNA 5S were detected. The loci rDNA 45S and 5S are in different homo(eo)logues groups being thus characterized as two chromosomal markers for Saccharum spp. Since the rDNA 45S is located in different positions in S. officinarum (terminals) and S. spontaneum (interstitial), this marker could be applied in the quantification, in this homeologue group, of the chromosome numbers inherited from S. officinarum and S. spontaneum by the varieties RB72454, RB867515 / Mestrado / Biologia Vegetal / Mestre em Biologia Vegetal

Orientador: Louis Bernard Klaczko / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T08:34:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Brianti_MitsueTaukeuti_D.pdf: 10353784 bytes, checksum: 0344027abe18c39b3dd4826fe982299a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Acredita-se que no gênero Drosophila, o subgênero Drosophila é procedente do subgênero Sophophora e deu origem a outros gêneros e subgêneros e, particularmente, a duas radiações: virilis-repleta e immigrans-Hirtodrosophila. Esta última teve uma origem paleotropical, onde inicialmente se diversificou e se expandiu, enviando a radiação tripunctata aos Neotrópicos. A radiação tripunctata sofreu uma diversificação neotropical importante e atualmente é composta por 9 grupos de espécies adaptadas a áreas florestais. Este projeto se insere num amplo contexto de compreender a evolução da radiação tripunctata de Drosophila. Para isso foram usadas duas abordagens: a) analisamos a posição do rDNA nos cromossomos mitóticos de 16 espécies da radiação tripunctata; b) e, com cromossomos politênicos, focalizamos nossa atenção no estudo detalhado de um agrupamento monofilético dentro do grupo tripuntata - o agrupamento de espécies relacionadas com D. mediopunctata (D. mediopunctata, D. unipunctata e D. roehrae) - usando métodos de citogenética clássica e molecular. Deste modo os objetivos deste trabalho foram: - Examinar a variação da posição dos genes codificantes do RNA ribossomal (rDNA) em espécies da radiação tripunctata. - Produzir fotomapas de cromossomos politênicos de D. roehrae e D. unipunctata. - Caracterizar as inversões cromossômicas (pontos de quebra) que ocorrem em populações de D. roehrae e D. unipunctata - Identificar os elementos cromossômicos de Muller pela localização, através de hibridação in situ, de genes de cópia única de D. melanogaster em cromossomos politênicos das espécies D. mediopunctata, D. roehrae e D. unipunctata. As conclusões gerais foram: - A presença de uma NOR em cada cromossomo sexual é uma condição ancestral no gênero Drosophila e este caráter é bem conservado neste gênero. - Os cromossomos politênicos das três espécies são bem similares, sendo possível determinar com relativa facilidade a homologia dos cromossomos menos polimórficos. - Existe um padrão de polimorfismo de inversões entres os elementos de Muller nestas espécies: o elemento E é o mais polimórfico, com muitas inversões em cada espécie; o elemento C é o segundo mais polimórfico, enquanto B e D são os menos polimórficos. - Drosophila unipunctata apresenta uma conformação cariotípica singular, a despeito das espécies D. mediopunctata e D. unipunctata serem consideradas filogeneticamente mais próximas que D. roehrae, o que sugere uma rápida evolução cromossômica / Abstract: In the genus Drosophila, the subgenus Drosophila arose from the subgenus Sophophora and subsequently gave rise to various subgenera and genera, and to two particularly important radiations: virilis-repleta and immigrans-Hirtodrosophila. The latter originated in the Paleotropics, where it initially diversified and expanded, taking the tripunctata radiation to the Neotropics. The tripunctata radiation suffered significant Neotropical diversification and, at present, is composed of nine species groups adapted to forest habitats. The ultimate aim underlying this project is to understand the evolution of the tripunctata radiation of Drosophila. To address this matter, two approaches were used: a) we investigated the rDNA position, on mitotic chromosomes, in 16 species of the tripunctata radiation; b) and, with polytene chromosomes, we focused our attention in the detailed study of three closely related species of the tripunctata group. (d. mediopunctata, D. unipunctata and D. roehrae) - using classical and molecular cytogenetic analysis. More specifically, we aimed to: - investigate the rDNA position in species of tripunctata radiation through in situ hybridization on mitotic chromosomes. - prepare photomaps of the polytene chromosome of D. roehrae and D. unipunctata, locating the breaking points of the inversions. - identify Muller's elements, in polytene chromosomes of D. mediopunctata, D. roehrae and D. unipunctata through in situ hybridization using genes of D. melanogaster as probes. Our conclusions were: - The presence of a single nucleolus organizer region (NOR) on each sex chromosome is an ancestral and conserved state in the genus Drosophila. - Drosophila mediopunctata, D. roehrae and D. unipunctata have similar polytene chromosomes, which allowed us to establish the homology of chromosomal elements through the comparison of banding patterns. - In these species, the distribution of breaking points through the Muller's elements is non-random: element E is the most polymorphic, with many inversions in each species; and element C is the second most polymorphic; while B and D are the least polymorphic. - With the help of molecular genetic markers it has been previously established that D. mediopunctata is more closely related to D. unipunctata than to D. roehrae. However, D. unipunctata shows a notably different karyotype configuration, which suggests rapid chromosomal evolution / Doutorado / Genetica Animal e Evolução / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-18T10:44:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 aryanecamposreis.pdf: 2882567 bytes, checksum: 1a13439227f336c21faf2248369b319c (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: on 2017-08-18T12:29:10Z (GMT) / Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-18T13:17:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 aryanecamposreis.pdf: 2882567 bytes, checksum: 1a13439227f336c21faf2248369b319c (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: on 2017-08-24T11:27:59Z (GMT) / Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-24T15:19:15Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-30T14:32:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-30T14:32:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-03-03 / Lippia alba (Verbenaceae), é uma espécie herbácea tropical com grande plasticidade fenotípica e genômica, amplamente utilizada na medicina popular. Recentemente, a espécie foi descrita como um novo complexo autopoliploide contendo cinco números cromossômicos (2x=30, 2x=30+8, 3x=45, 4x=60 e 6x=90), e esforços têm sido feitos a fim de entender sua origem e evolução. No presente trabalho, foram descritos perfis cariotípicos mais detalhados da espécie, por meio de mapeamento cromossômico utilizando sondas espécie-específicas e análises do comportamento meiótico e de viabilidade polínica. A partir do sequenciamento genômico de baixa cobertura (IIlumina MiSeq), foram desenvolvidos novos marcadores citogenéticos (denominados CL66 e CL98) os quais foram utilizados para o mapeamento cromossômico em acessos representando os cinco citótipos do complexo. Para a análise meiótica, seis estágios da divisão (metáfase I; anáfase I + telófase I; metáfase II; anáfase II + telófase II) foram quantificados, e aproximadamente, 100 células foram avaliadas para cada estágio. Os mesmos acessos foram avaliados quanto à viabilidade polínica (1.000 grãos de pólen foram quantificados para cada indivíduo). Os resultados da Hibridização Fluorescente in situ (FISH) revelaram que ambas as repetições satélite estão localizadas na porção terminal dos cromossomos. Em geral, a repetição CL98 mostrou um padrão uniforme nos diferentes acessos. Foram observados dois, três, quatro e seis cromossomos marcados em diploides, triploides, tetraploides e hexaploide, respectivamente, revelando que o número de cromossomos marcados variou proporcionalmente, de acordo com o nível de ploidia do acesso. Por outro lado, a repetição CL66 apresentou-se polimórfica. Variações foram observadas entre os acessos, principalmente, entre os indivíduos diploides. Com relação às análises meióticas, alto percentual de irregularidade foi observado nos citótipos poliploides. Entretanto, alguns acessos 2x também mostraram consideráveis erros durante a microsporogênese. Entre as irregularidades encontradas, destacam-se: pareamento cromossômico anormal; segregação cromossômica desigual; cromossomos perdidos; tríades e políades. Os resultados da viabilidade polínica corroboraram os dados da meiose. A partir do conjunto de dados obtidos foi possível concluir que 1) a metodologia para o desenvolvimento de marcadores cromossômicos específicos para L. alba mostrou-se eficiente; 2) as repetições satélite exibiram diferentes comportamentos (estável e dinâmico) no genoma de L. alba; 3) a ocorrência de microsporogênese irregular em diploides, associada à viabilidade polínica, sugerem que os acessos 2x sejam elementos importantes na formação do complexo poliploide e 4) a ampla variação cariotípica observada na espécie pode ser consequência de múltiplos e independentes eventos de duplicação genômica, aliado a rearranjos cromossômicos. Possivelmente, L. alba encontra-se em processo de estabilização do seu cariótipo tornando a espécie, um importante modelo para estudos de poliploides naturais nos trópicos. / Lippia alba (Verbenaceae) is a tropical aromatic shrub with extensive phenotypical and genomic plasticity widely used in traditional medicine. Recently, the species was described as a new natural autopolyploid complex with five distinct chromosome numbers (2x=30, 2x=30+8, 3x=45, 4x=60 and 6x=90). Strides have been done in order to understand the cytotypes origin and species evolution. In this study, a detailed karyotype of L. alba using Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) with species-specific probes was described. We also report the meiosis behavior and pollen viability in sixty accessions. Using massive parallel sequencing (IIlumina MiSeq platform) new cytogenetic landmarks (CL66 and CL98) were chosen for probing all cytotypes described for the species. For meiotic analysis, the percentage of abnormalities was quantified, evaluating around 100 cells in six stages (metaphase I; anaphase I + telophase I; metaphase II; anaphase II + telophase II). Around 1,000 pollen per accession were used to estimate pollen viability. FISH results revealed that both satDNA arrays are located preferentially on terminal sites of the chromosomes. In general, the CL98 repeat showed a uniform pattern in different accessions. We observed 2, 3, 4, and 6 marked chromosomes respectively in diploid, triploid, tetraploid and hexaploid accessions revealing that the number of depicted chromosomes varied proportionally according to the ploidy level. On the other hand, the CL66 repeat was polymorphic. Great variations were observed among the accessions mainly within the diploids. In general, the meiotic analysis revealed higher index of abnormalities in polyploid cytotypes. However, some 2x accessions also showed considerable irregularities during the microsporogenesis. Desynapsis, unequal segregation, lost chromosomes, triads and polyads were the most common irregularities observed. Pollen viability analysis corroborated the meiosis data. It was possible to conclude that 1) the development of specific landmarks for L. alba was efficient; 2) the karyotypic profiles of both satDNA revealed different behavior; 3) microsporogenesis analysis and pollen viability of 2x accessions suggest that diploids are the key point for the origin of the polyploid complex and 4) independent and multiples events of genome duplication associated to chromosome rearrangements may have generated great karyotypic variation in the species. L. alba karyotype is possibly under stabilization process making the species an important model to study natural polyploids in the tropics.

Fluorescenční in situ hybridizace (FISH) je široce používaná metoda pro detekci určité sekvence DNA na chromozomech. Cílem práce je porovnání tří různých chemických sloučenin (formamidu, ethylenkarbonátu a sodných kationtů) používaných ve směsích pro in situ hybridizaci. Složení těchto směsí ovlivňuje renaturaci DNA a je důležité porovnat jejich fyzikální vlastnosti. Práce je rozdělena do dvou hlavních částí. První část se zabývá otázkou termodynamických parametrů používaných pro experimenty FISH, jako je teplota tání, entalpie přechodu DNA ze dvoušroubovice na vlákno nám dává přehled o energii potřebné k tomto přechodu a interakcích mezi bázemi a každou složkou směsi. Kromě toho hodnoty entropie určují poř uvnitř směsi - systém DNA. Druhá část porovnává intenzitu fluorescenčního signálu při optimalizovaných teplotách tání sondy použité pro in situ hybridizaci. Jako sonda byla použita sub-telomerní repetice X43.1, která je umístěna na Y chromozomu rostlinného modelového organismu Silene latifolia. Směs obsahující formamid má nejlepší výkon při delším postupu hybridizace, zatímco ethylenkarbonát poskytuje vyšší intenzitu signálu, a proto je vhodnější pro rychlé FISH protokoly.

Supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) are a relatively rare cytogenetic phenomenon. Their laboratory examination is often difficult, and the clinical interpretation is even more challenging. The main reason is that most sSMC carriers have no clinical manifestations. The chromosome origin and exact range of the aberration are very important, as well as the fact that sSMCs are often found in mosaics that can strongly influence both the phenotype and the interpretation of result. Prenatal sSMC finding is one of the most challenging situations in both clinical and laboratory genetics. This work deals with the investigation process of sSMC carriers using molecular cytogenetic techniques, especially fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We investigated a total of 67 families collected both prospectively and retrospectively, and we found 70 unique sSMCs in a total of 74 individuals. Six cases were familial and in three cases two sSMCs were found in one individual. According to the initial karyotype finding, the cases were divided into two groups, sSMCs supernumerary to a normal karyotype (group A) and sSMCT s supernumerary to the Turner karyotype (group B). The chromosomal origin was successfully determined in 88,6 % sSMCs. In group A the most common findings were sSMCs derived from chromosome 15,...

No description available.