Darbo tikslas buvo įvertinti suaugusių Lietuvos gyventojų mitybos ypatumus ir ryšius su lipidų apykaitos sutrikimais 1987–2007 metais. Taikant standartizuotas epidemiologinių tyrimų metodikas, tirtos atsitiktinės penkių Lietuvos savivaldybių 25-64 m. gyventojų imtys. Įvertinus Lietuvos gyventojų maisto davinio sudėtį ir palyginus su Pasaulio sveikatos organizacijos ir Lietuvos sveikatos apsaugos ministerijos patvirtintomis rekomendacijomis, nustatytos svarbiausios gyventojų mitybos klaidos, į kurias būtina kreipti dėmesį planuojant lėtinių neinfekcinių ligų profilaktikos programas. Analizuojant Lietuvos gyventojų maisto davinio sudėtį, nustatytos maisto produktų grupės, iš kurių gaunama daugiausiai energijos ir maisto medžiagų. Nustatyti mitybos ryšiai su lipidų koncentracija kraujyje. Pirmą kartą įvertintas Lietuvos gyventojų mitybos pokyčių indėlis į lipidų koncentracijos kraujyje pokyčius per dvidešimt metų. Darbe pirmą kartą analizuojamos sąsajos tarp mitybos, apolipoproteino E genotipo ir lipidų koncentracijos kraujyje. Rasti ryšiai patvirtino, kad nesveika mityba gali didinti cholesterolio koncentraciją net ir esant sveikatai palankiam genotipui, todėl sveikai maitintis turi būti raginami visi gyventojai. / The aim of the study was to evaluate dietary intake of population in five Lithuanian regions and to assess the relationship between diet and dyslipidemias in 1987–2007. For each survey, a stratified independent random sample was drawn from the lists of the inhabitants aged 25–64 years. Food frequency questionnaire and 24-h recall was used for dietary assessment. The diet of Lithuanian adult population did not meet the recommendations for healthy nutrition. It was characterized by high intake of fat, especially saturated, cholesterol, and sugars. The food groups, which are the main sources of energy and nutrients in the diet of Lithuanians, were indentified. The association between dietary pattern and serum lipid profile was assessed. For the first time in Lithuania, the contribution of dietary changes on the changes of serum total cholesterol over 20 years was evaluated. This is the first study, which assessed the association of apolipoprotein E genotype, saturated fatty acids intake and lipid level in Lithuanian population. Analysis of gene-diet interaction did not confirm that effects of diet on total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol statistically significant depend on APOE genotype.

Thesis (MTech (Consumer Science: Food and Nutrition))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / Objective: To determine whether nutritional information provision would influence the choice of a popular fast food by young adults employed in the City of Cape Town, South Africa (SA), within the professional and clerk occupational classifications as consumer group, using a beef burger as exploratory item. Methodology: A survey, in the form of a self-administered questionnaire comprising closedended multiple-choice questions, was used to obtain information on the respondent fast food consumption, fast food consumption on nutritional information provision using a beef burger as exploratory item, demographic, biographic and lifestyle characteristics, and eating practices. Through the purchasing of beef burgers across four major leading fast food franchises located within the Western Cape, and specifically those based in the City of Cape Town competitive in this fast food category, information pertaining to beef burger ingredients and the individual ingredient weights were obtained, to compile 16 representative beef burger-types to be presented in the questionnaire. Beef burgers were presented as two menu-options (i.e. the first containing energy provision alone, vs. the second containing extended nutritional information as energy, total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol provision) within the questionnaire, to obtain information on whether nutritional information provision would influence the respondents’ choice, and if so, which provision would do so. The questionnaire was assessed for content- and face-validity by an expert panel, and on the research receiving ethics approval, piloted and adapted before being distributed. Questionnaires were distributed according to the respondent preference for ease of use as either a hard printed copy or an electronic questionnaire. This was done via means of purposive and convenience sampling and by way of snowball sampling, to obtain young adults aged 20 to 34 years who were consumers of fast food and specifically beef burgers, within the selected occupational classifications working for small- to medium-sized companies in the City of Cape Town. Via the Pearson’s chi-squared and Fisher’s exact test and a logistic regression (Wald chisquare statistic) applied on the analysis, the factors to significantly influence the respondents to change their beef burger choice on the nutritional information provison were determined. Results: The final sample consisted of 157 respondents. A near-even split occurred between the respondents who would (52.2%) and wouldn’t (47.8%) be influenced by the nutritional information provision. Of the respondents who indicated that they would be influenced, the extended nutritional information provision had the highest influence. Twelve factors comprising a combination of the respondent biographic and lifestyle characteristics (n = 2), eating practices (n = 7), and fast food consumption (n = 3), were found to significantly (p < 0.05) influence the respondent choice of a beef burger on the nutritional information provision, and on application of the logistic regression, one factor strongly (p < 0.001) in each of the three domains. Of the respondents who indicated that they would not be influenced, more than half (54.4%) gave their reason as even though they were aware, or had an idea of the nutritional content of burgers, that they would still purchase their original choice even if the nutritional information was available, followed by one-quarter (25%) who indicated that they did not understand nutritional information. Conclusions: Extended nutritional information provision was found to positively influence a popular fast food choice among young adults employed within the City of Cape Town, SA, with health-consciousness being the overall factor identified to influence the choice of a healthier option on the nutritional information provision, as the identified significant factors were all related to health-conscious consumer attributes.

Pimentas do gênero Capsicum estão entre as especiarias mais consumidas e valorizadas na culinária mundial como temperos. São altamente susceptíveis a deterioração pós-colheita, assim, o emprego da irradiação pode contribuir para conservação deste fruto que apresentam expressivo valor nutricional, econômico e social. Foram avaliados os efeitos da radiação gama do 60Co no aumento da vida útil e na conservação da qualidade de pimenta Dedo-de-MoçaCapsicumbaccatumvar. pendulum in natura e em polpa combinada ou não com outros métodos de conservação. Investigaram-se doses de radiação gama de0,25; 0,50; 0,75; 1,00; 1,25; 1,50; 2,00 e 3,00 kGy no fruto in natura e de 1,50; 2,00; 3,00; 4,50 e 6,00 kGy na polpa de pimenta. O emprego da pasteurização em bancada (85 °C/3min), da adição de ácido cítrico a 5% e de 5% de NaCl foram pesquisados na polpa de pimenta. As amostras foram conservadas a5 °C e ou 25 °C. Foram realizadas análises: visuais (incidência de doenças, turgidez e cor); compostos bioativos (carotenoides, capsaicinoides, capacidade antioxidante e compostos fenólicos); físico-químicas (perda de massa fresca, firmeza, sólidos solúveis (SS), pH, acidez titulável (AT), ratio,cor e umidade); taxa respiratória e produção de etileno; composição centesimal (umidade, fibra solúvel e insolúvel,cinzas, proteínas, extrato etéreo, carboidrato total e disponível); contaminação microbiana (microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios, coliformes a 45 °C, Salmonella spp. efungos filamentosos e leveduras) e sensoriais (teste de aceitação, teste de diferença e pareado preferência). As doses de radiação entre 0,25 e 3,00 kGy não foram efetivas para aumentar a vida útil e manter a qualidade dos frutos in natura durante a estocagem. Houve aumento da intensidade da cor vermelha, maior incidência de doenças, redução da turgidez e alterações nos parâmetros físicos, químicos e nutricionais. Na polpa, as doses de radiação gama de 4,50 e 6,00 kGy e a adição de 5% de NaClnão causaram alterações nas característicasfísico-químicas, nos compostos bioativos e nos atributos sensoriais. Apenas a atividade antioxidante e a cor foram influenciadas pela irradiação, durante a estocagem. Não foram detectados coliformes a 45 °C e Salmonella spp. nas amostras irradiadas e não irradiadas durante a estocagem.Na dose de 6,00 kGyhouve reduçãoda contagem inicial de fungos filamentosos e leveduras de 5 ciclos logarítmicos, enquanto as demais doses reduziram em 2 e 3 ciclos logarítmicos. No entanto, 21 dias após a irradiação, a contaminação por fungos filamentosos e leveduras aumentou em todos os tratamentos. Conclui-se que, na pimenta Dedo-de-moça in natura, a irradiação nas doses pesquisadas não contribuíu para conservar o fruto durante a estocagem. Na polpada pimenta, as doses de 4,50 e 6,00 kGy, associada a 5% de NaCl revelou-se promissora para aumentar a vida útil sem afetar os compostos bioativos, as características físico-químicas e os atributos sensoriais durante a estocagem a 25 °C / Capsicum peppers are among the most used and most valued seasoning spices in the world. They are highly susceptible to postharvest decay, therefore the use of irradiation may contribute to conservation of this fruit which has significant nutritional, economic and social value. Were evaluated the effects of gamma radiation furom60Co in increasing the shelf-life and preservation of quality of pepper \"Dedo-de-moça\" (Capsicum baccatumvar. Pendulum) fresh and pulp associated or not with another conservation methods. Gamma radiation doses were investigated of 0,25; 0,50; 0,75; 1,00; 1,25; 1,50; 2,00 e 3,00 kGy in fresh fruit and 1,50; 2,00; 3,00; 4,50 e 6,00 kGyin pepper pulp. The use of laboratorial pasteurization (85°C/3min), the addition of citric acid (5%) and 5% NaCl were also investigated in the pepper pulp. The samples were stored at 5 °C and or 25 °C. Were performed analysis: visual (disease incidence, turgidity and color); bioactive compounds (carotenoids, capsaicinoids, antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds); physicochemical (Weigth loss, firmness, soluble solids (SS), pH, titratable acidity (TA), ratio, color and moisture); respiratory rate and ethylene production; proximate composition (moisture, soluble and insoluble fiber, ash, protein, ether extract, total and available carbohydrate); microbiological contamination (mesophilic aerobic microorganisms, coliforms at 45 °C, Salmonella spp. and yeasts and molds) and sensory (acceptance test, difference test and paired preference). Radiation doses between 0.25 and 3.00 kGy were not effective to increase shelf-life and maintain fresh pepper quality during storage. There was increased intensity of red color, of incidence of disease, decreased turgidity and changes in physical, chemical and nutritional parameters. In pulp, the doses of gamma radiation of 4.50 and 6.00 kGy and the addition of 5% NaCl no changing sensory attributes, physical-chemical and bioactive compounds. Only the antioxidant activity and the color were influenced by irradiation during storage. Coliforms at 45 °C and Salmonella not were detected in irradiated and non-irradiated samples during storage. In the dose of 6.00 kGy there was reduction of the initial count of yeasts and molds of the 5 logarithmic cycles, while other doses decreased by 2 and 3 logarithmic cycles. However, 21 days after the irradiation, the contamination by yeasts and molds increased in all treatments. In pepperDedo-de-moçafresh, theirradiation doses studiednotcontributedtopreservingthefruitduringstorage. In the pulp pepper, doses of 4.50 and 6.00 kGy, associatedwith 5% NaCl proved promising to increase shelf-life without affecting thebioactivecompounds, physico-chemicalcharacteristicsandsensory attributes during storage at 25 °C

A Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimentos (TBCA-USP) tem como meta a disseminação de dados de qualidade sobre a composição química dos alimentos, sendo que sua base de dados é continuamente atualizada com a inserção de novos alimentos e nutrientes. Vários estudos tem sido realizados com o objetivo de quantificar vitaminas em alimentos brasileiros, entretanto estas informações encontram-se dispersas em diversas publicações. O objetivo do trabalho foi a elaboração de uma base de dados referente a composição das vitaminas A, C e E em alimentos brasileiros, visando sua futura disponibilização pela TBCA-USP. Na elaboração da base de dados de vitaminas foram compilados apenas os dados originados através de metodologias validadas para cada composto, sendo que para a base de dados de vitamina A foram incluidos dados de retinol e de sete tipos de carotenoides (&#945;-caroteno, &#946;-caroteno, &#946;-criptoxantina, licopeno, luteína, violaxantina e zeaxantina), enquanto que para a base de dados de vitamina C foram compilados dados de ácido ascórbico e dehidroascórbico, e para a base de dados de vitamina E foram compilados dados de todos os tocoferóis e tocotrienóis disponíveis. O conteúdo de vitamina A total foi calculado tanto na forma de Equivalentes de Retinol (Retinol Equivalent - RE) quanto de Equivalentes de Atividade de Retinol (Retinol Activity Equivalent - RAE); a vitamina C total foi calculada pela somatória dos ácidos ascórbico e dehidroascórbico; e, para a vitamina E os valores totais foram expressos tanto em Equivalentes de &#945;-tocoferol quanto em &#945;-tocoferol. O levantamento de dados foi realizado em periódicos nacionais e internacionais, dissertações e teses, totalizando 383 referências publicadas entre 1975 e 2011. Do total de referências, 148 foram compiladas e 235 descartadas, sendo que o maior motivo para a não utilização das referências foi a ausência de informações obrigatórias, como por exemplo sobre a validação das metodologias analíticas. A base de dados de vitaminas contem informações sobre 1.408 alimentos, sendo 825 com dados de vitamina A, 517 de vitamina C e 66 de vitamina E. A maior parte dos alimentos compilados pertencem aos grupos das hortaliças/derivados (32%) e frutas/derivados (29%), os quais representam os mais adquiridos pela população brasileira. Os dados dos 1.408 alimentos compilados geraram o banco de dados de vitaminas, os quais serão disponibilizados na TBCA-USP (www.fcf.usp/tabela). / Brazilian Food Composition Database (TBCA-USP) has aimed to disseminate quality information about food composition being constantly updated with new foods and nutrients. Several studies have been realized in order to quantify vitamins in Brazilian foods; however, the results of these efforts are found in many different published reference sources. The aim of this study was to evolve a Brazilian food composition database for vitamins A, C and E; and its provision in TBCA-USP. For vitamin database performing, it was compiled data from validated methodologies for each compound. For carotenoids and vitamin A database, it was compiled data from retinol and 7 different carotenoids (&#945;-carotene, &#946;-carotene, &#946;-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin); for vitamin C it was compiled data from ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids; and for vitamin E it was compiled data from all tocopherol and tocotrienol forms. The total vitamin A content was calculated considering both Retinol Equivalent (RE) and Retinol Activity Equivalent (RAE), while the total vitamin C content was calculated considering the sum of ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids, and finally, the total vitamin E content was expressed in both &#945;-tocopherol and &#945;-tocopherol equivalents. Data collection was realized in thesis, national and international publications, resulting in 383 references, published from 1975 to 2011. From the total, 148 were compiled and 235 were discarded, due to lack of mandatory information, such as, validation of the analytical methodologies. The vitamin database comprises information about 1408 foods, from which 825 are related to vitamin A, 517 to vitamin C and 66 to vitamin E. The majority of the food composition data is related to vegetables/derivatives (32%) and fruits/derivatives (29%), which represent the most acquired by Brazilian population. Compiled data from 1408 foods resulted in vitamin database, and will be available in TBCA-USP (www.fcf.usp/tabela).

Orientador: Admar Costa de Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:48:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_GiovanaErmeticedeAlmeida_M.pdf: 405804 bytes, checksum: 0e05a1531b70049aa90b951923b01957 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O baixo valor nutritivo das proteínas de leguminosas representa um de seus maiores problemas, sendo tipicamente inferior ao das proteínas animais. Alguns fatores responsáveis são conhecidos, porém, tem sido conferida alguma atenção à ação das fibras alimentares e substâncias semelhantes no organismo, embora os estudos sejam poucos. Neste estudo foram determinados o valor nutritivo e os teores de fibra alimentar e amido resistente de dietas contendo grãos das leguminosas: ervilha (Pisum sativum L.), feijão-comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), grão-de-bico (Cicer arietinum L.) e lentilha (Lens culinaris Med.). As leguminosas foram utilizadas como fonte protéica (12%) das dietas fornecidas ad libitum em ensaio biológico de 14 dias, utilizando-se 96 ratos albinos machos da linhagem Wistar, com 21-23 dias de vida e peso de 45-50g. Foram realizados também tratamentos para controle contendo caseína igualmente ao nível protéico de 12% e aprotéico para fins corretivos. Conforme os dados de Digestibilidade Aparente e Corrigida pela Dieta Aprotéica (DA e DCDA, respectivamente), Quociente de Eficiência Protéica Líquida (NPR) e Eficiência Alimentar (QEA), o grão-de-bico foi a leguminosa de maior destaque devido aos teores próximos aos da dieta contendo caseína, reconhecida por sua qualidade nutricional e por não ter sido detectada fibra solúvel nos seus grãos. Os resultados obtidos com a dieta contendo grão-de-bico foram 74,80 ± 3,29% para DCDA, 4,28 ± 0,41 para o NPR, e 0,47 ± 0,05 para o QEA, enquanto que os da dieta contendo caseína foram 85,21 ± 2,97% para DCDA, 4,24 ± 0,41 para o NPR, e 0,48 ± 0,05 para o QEA. Para o valor nutritivo de dietas contendo ervilha também se constatou qualidade da proteína, pois se por um lado foi obtida digestibilidade inferior à dos demais grupos (à exceção da dieta de feijão-comum), por outro, os resultados de NPR (4,53 ± 0,71) e de QEA (0,47 ± 0,10), indicadores da qualidade e eficiência da proteína da dieta e da dieta, respectivamente, foram equivalentes ou até superiores aos do grupo controle. O valor nutritivo do feijão-comum e da lentilha foi inferior ao das leguminosas ervilha e grão-de-bico, sendo que a eficiência nutricional dos alimentos pode em parte estar relacionada à quantidade presente de fibras e substâncias semelhantes. Para fibra alimentar solúvel verificou-se correlação negativa significativa para todos os índices de valor nutritivo, indicando ser este um dos fatores responsáveis pela diminuição da digestibilidade de proteína (r = -0,6582, p<0,001), especialmente no caso da dieta de feijão-comum que demonstrou os maiores conteúdos de fibra alimentar solúvel (1,41 ± 0,15 g/100g) e os menores valores de digestibilidade (47,59 ± 10,04%). Maiores conteúdos de Fibra Alimentar Insolúvel foram associados ao menor Quociente de Eficiência Protéica Líquida ¿ NPR, (r = -0,5296, p<0,001), mas sem correlação significativa com a digestibilidade de proteína. Houve correlação positiva entre os teores de Amido Resistente nas dietas e a digestibilidade (r = 0,7098, p<0,001), com melhoria da digestão da proteína fornecida nas dietas experimentais / Abstract: The low nutritional value of legumes proteins represents one of its notable problems, being typically lower than animal proteins. Some responsible factors are known, however some attention has been given to the action of dietary fibers and similar substances in the organism, even so the studies are few. In this study, the nutritional value and dietary fiber and resistant starch levels of legumes grains: pea (Pisum sativum L.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) e lentil (Lens culinaris Med.) were determined. Legumes were used as protein source (12%) of the diets supplied ad libitum in a biological assay of 14 days using 96 male albine Wistar rats with 21 to 23-days-old and 45-50g weight. Control treatments with casein also having protein level of 12% and free-protein diet for corrective proposals had been carried. According to the data of apparent digestibility and corrected by the free-protein diet (DA and DCDA, respectively), Net Protein Ratio (NPR) and Quotient of Alimentary Efficiency (QEA), chickpea was the leguminous of higher prominence due to values next to the ones of the casein diet recognized for yours nutritional quality and for not having been detected soluble fiber in its grains. The results founded for the diet containing chickpea were 74.80 ± 3.29% for DCDA, 4.28 ± 0.41 for the NPR, and 0.47 ± 0.05 for the QEA, while the results for the diet containing casein were 85.21 ± 2.97% for DCDA, 4.24 ± 0.41 for the NPR, and 0.48 ± 0.05 for the QEA. For the nutritional value of diets containing pea, protein quality was also verified, because if by one side it was founded a lower digestibility in comparison to the other groups (with exception to common-bean diet), on the other hand, the results of NPR (4.53 ± 0.71) and QEA (0.47 ± 0.10) indicators of quality and efficiency of the diet protein and the diet, respectively, values were equal or even higher than the control group. The nutritional value of common-bean and lentil were lower than the peas and chickpea legumes, considering that nutritional efficiency of foods can be, at least in part, associated with the levels of dietary fiber and related substances. For soluble dietary fiber it was verified significantly negative correlation for all nutritional value indices, indicating to be one of the responsible factors for diminishing the protein digestibility (r = -0,6582, p<0,001), especially for the diet containing common-bean, that has the highest contents of soluble dietary fiber (1.41 ± 0.15 g/100g) and the lowest values of digestibility (47.59 ± 10.04%). Higher levels of insoluble dietary fiber were associated with lower Net Protein Ratio ¿ NPR (r = -0.5296, p<0.001) but without significantly correlation with protein digestibility. There was positive correlation between resistant starch contents in the diets and digestibility (r = 0,7098, p<0,001), improving the digestion of the protein supplied by the experimental diets / Mestrado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

A anemia causada por deficiência de ferro é a forma mais comum de todas as anemias e afeta grande parcela da população mundial, especialmente o grupo materno-infantil: lactentes, pré-escolares, escolares, gestantes e nutrizes. A carência acarreta atraso no desenvolvimento psicomotor e cognitivo de crianças menores de dois anos, além de diminuição da eficiência da função imune, e agravamento de doenças infecciosas. O presente estudo teve por objetivos avaliar a disponibilidade de ferro em alimentos fontes deste e de vitamina A, ovo (o), cenoura (c) e couve (cv), bem como verificar a interação do ferro com &#945; e ß-caroteno, e com outros interferentes. As misturas foram de ovo com cenoura e ovo com couve em diferentes proporções (1:1), (1:1,5), (1:2), (1:2,5) e (1:3) e também dos 3 alimentos sozinhos, totalizando 13 amostras. As amostras, após pré-preparo e cocção, foram submetidas às análises de composição centesimal, ferro, taninos, ácido fítico, ácido oxálico, &#945;- e &#946;- caroteno e ferro dialisável. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística empregando o teste de Tukey, regressão polinomial e correlação, utilizando o software SAS (1996). Os valores para umidade variaram de 83,93 a 95,74 g/100g, apresentando diferenças significativas entre as distintas amostras, assim como para proteínas (0,55 a 7,22g /100g) e extrato etéreo (0,21a 5,94 g/100g). Foi observado que em relação à umidade, extrato etéreo, proteínas, cinzas e &#946;-caroteno houve correlação significativa para o ferro dialisável, sendo que para umidade e &#946;-caroteno essa correlação foi positiva e para os demais componentes foi negativa. Os teores para taninos, fitatos e oxalatos variaram de 0,78 a 1,40 mEqcatequina/g, 0,17 a 0,42 mg/g, e 0,06 a 0,30% respectivamente. A amostra 2 (1o:1,5c) apresentou teores mais elevados de taninos (1,40 mEqcatequina/g), e as amostras 6 (1o:1cv) e 7 (1o:1,5cv) apresentaram teores mais elevados de oxalato e teores de ferro dialisável mais baixo, em relação às outras misturas. O teor de &#945;-caroteno para as amostras contendo cenoura variou de 2.435,27 a 4.609,83 µg/100g. Quanto ao &#946;-caroteno observou-se variações de 2.406,75 a 7.881,55 µg/100g, sendo evidenciado valores mais elevados para as amostras com cenoura. Numericamente, as misturas com maior proporção de cenoura e couve apresentaram os maiores resultados para o ferro dialisável, que variou entre 0,99 a 7,43%, sendo que a amostra 5 (1o:3c) apresentou o melhor resultado, seguida pelas amostras 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 e 10. Pelos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que as misturas com maior proporção de cenoura e couve aumentaram a disponibilidade do ferro, principalmente pelo maior conteúdo de ß-caroteno. Não houve interferência significativa dos antinutricionais sobre o ferro dialisável, embora os taninos e ácido oxálico atuaram como fatores limitantes quando observados os valores numéricos nas amostras com maiores concentrações de cenoura e couve. O ß-caroteno apresentou correlação positiva significativa com o ferro dialisável, exercendo influência na redução do efeito dos antinutricionais, especialmente dos fitatos, na disponibilidade do ferro, principalmente nas amostras com cenoura. Assim, pode ser recomendada a utilização de misturas de alimentos como ovo e cenoura, sendo que este último deve estar em maiores proporções em refeições destinadas a populações carentes em ferro. / The anemia caused by iron deficiency, is the form more common of all the anemias and it affects large portion of the world population, especially the maternal-infantile group: infants, child-school, children, pregnant woman and nutrizes, carting delay in the development psicomotor and cognitive of smaller children two years old, besides decrease of the efficiency of the immune function, and worsening of infectious diseases. This research aims to estimate the iron availability in food iron sources and vitamin A, egg (e), carrot (c) and cabbage (cb), as well as to verify the interaction of the iron with &#945;, ß-carotene and with other interferents, being mixed the foods in study, resulted 13 food mixtures in different proportions (1:1), (1:1.5), (1:2), (1:2.5) and (1:3) include three food alone. The food mixtures, after prepare and cooking, was submitted the analyses of centesimal composition, levels of iron, tannin, phytic acid, oxalic acid, &#945;, ßcarotene and in vitro iron dialysability. The statistical analysis was determinate by SAS System include polynomial regression and correlation. The values for moisture varied from 83.93 to 95.74 g/100g, showing significant differences among the different mixtures, as well as for proteins (0.55 to 7.22 g/100g) and fat (0.21 to 5.94 g/100g). There was significant correlation with regard to moisture, fat, protein, ash and ß-carotene to in vitro iron dialysability, being positive correlation to moisture and ß-carotene, and negative to other components. The levels of tannins, phytate and oxalates ranged 0.78 to 1.40 mEqcatequina/g, 0.17 to 0.42mg/g and 0.06 to 0.30%, respectively. The mixture 2 (1e:1.5c) showed high levels of tannins (1.40mEqcatequina/g), and the mixtures 6 (1e:1cb) and 7 (1e:1.5cb) high levels of oxalates, and lower levels of in vitro dialysability iron, in relation to the other mixtures. The values for &#945;- carotene to mixtures with carrot ranged 2,435.27 to 4,609.83 µg/100g. With regard to ß-carotene, ranged variations to 2,406.75 from 7,881.55 µg/100g, being observed higher levels for the mixtures with carrot. The numbers showed that the mixtures with larger carrot and cabbage proportion showed the bigger results for the in vitro dialysability iron, ranges to 0.99 from 7.43 %, and the sample 5 (1e:3cb) it presented the bigger value, proceeded by the mixtures 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 and 10. It’s concluded that the mixtures with larger carrot and cabbage proportion increased the iron availability, especially for the largest content of ß-carotene. There was not significant interference of antinutritional in the in vitro iron dialysability, although tannins and oxalates were an inhibitor when observed the numeric values in the mixtures with larger carrot and cabbage concentrations. The ß-carotene showed significant positive correlation with in vitro iron dialysability, increasing influence in the reduction of the antinutritional factors effect, especially phytates, in the iron availability, mainly in the mixtures with carrot. Therefore, the use of food mixtures as egg and carrot can be recommended, and this last one should be in larger proportions in meals destined to lacking populations in iron.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (M Dietetics)--University of Pretoria, 1999. / Human Nutrition / unrestricted

Worldwide, millets are regarded as significant grains; however, they are the least exploited. Millet grain is abundant in nutrients and health-beneficial phenolic compounds, making it suitable as food and feed. The diverse contents of nutrients and phenolic compounds present in finger and pearl millet are good indicators that the variety of millet available is important when selecting it for use as food or feed. The phenolic properties found in millets comprise of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, which are beneficial to human health. Research has shown that millet phenolic properties have high antioxidant activity. Phytochemicals present in millet grains have positive effects on human health by lowering the cholesterol and phytates in the body. The frantic demands on maize and its uses in multiple industries have merit the search for alternative grains, to ease the pressure. Substitution of maize with pearl and finger millets in the diets of different animals resulted in positive impact on the performance. Of late, millet grain has been incorporated in other foods and used to make traditional beverages. In Chapter 1, the topic of the research was introduced, stating the importance of the study and to motivate on the significance of millet grains. Aims and objectives were also listed. Chapter 2 presented extensive literature review on millet and their uses in human and livestock nutrition. In addition, the use of tannin as alternative feed was also reviewed. Different studies have been conducted to investigate the suitability of millet grain as an energy source, in the animal industry. However, studies on the Southern African types of millet are limited; this might be due to lack of information on their nutritional composition and their suitability as animal feed. Overall, the aim of this study was to profile the nutritional characteristics of selected millet grains in South Africa and Zimbabwe, their suitability as energy source for human and livestock and to study the effect of pearl millet type on the performance indices of Ross 308 broiler chickens. In Chapter 3, the general materials and methods used to reach the scientific conclusion for this study was summarised. In Chapter 4, physical and chemical analysis were conducted on millet grains obtained from South Africa and Zimbabwe, the results revealed that the physiochemical characteristics of the millet grain qualify it as a suitable candidate in replacing maize as an energy source. To further understand the characteristics of the millet grain, Chapter 5 analysed the phenolic compounds available in the millet grain obtained from South Africa and Zimbabwe. The results showed that the grain is endued with valuable phenolic compounds beneficial in the nutrition of both human and animals and aid as health benefit. Chapter 6 investigated the various inclusion levels of pearl millet in a bid to establish the most suitable combination for the poultry sector. Pearl millet grain used in this experiment went through different breeding improvements and selections conducted at the Grain Crop Institute in Potchefstroom, South Africa. Pearl millet grain was used as the main source of energy for Ross 308 broiler chicks for a period of 42 days with performance indices investigated. The results revealed that pearl millet can be incorporated in the diets of broiler chickens, in replacement of maize, without adversely affecting the performance. In addition, the economic justification of replacing maize with pearl millet was studied. The cost of the grains was determined and the cost per weight gain was determined. The results showed that indeed it is economically sound to replace maize with pearl millet in the diet of poultry. The quadratic function best fitting optimum treatment combination in relation to performance parameters such as body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and internal organs was also examined. In Chapter 7, the research was generally discussed to tie up the conclusions of the experiments conducted. General recommendations were also given on the compounds of millet varieties and their health benefits to both humans and animals. / Kuwo wonke umhlaba, amabele athathwa njengezinhlamvu ezibalulekile, kodwa awasetshenziswa kakhulu. Uhlamvu lwebele lunemisoco eminingi kanye nenzuzo yempilo ngama-phenolic compound, okwenza ukuthi afaneleke kakhulu njengokudla kwabantu kanye nemfuyo. Imisoco eminingi equkethwe kanye nama-phenolic compound atholakala eminweni kanye nezinhlamvu zebele ayizinkomba ezinhle zokuthi izinhlobo zamabele ezitholakalayo zibaluleke kakhulu ekukhethweni njengokudla kanye nokudla kwabantu noma imfuyo. Amaphenolic properties atholakala kumabele aqukethe ama-phenolic acids, ama-flavonids, kanye nama-tannins, ayinzuzo kakhulu empilweni yabantu. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ama-phenolic properties amabele anomsebenzi wezinga eliphezulu lama-antioxidant. Ama-phytochemicals atholakala kwizinhlamvu zamabele anenzuzu enhle kakhulu kwimpilo yabantu ngokwehlisa izinga le-cholesterol kanye nama-phytate emzimbeni. Ukudingeka kakhulu kombila kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo kwizimboni eziningi, kubangele ukuthi kwenziwe ucwaningo ngezinye izinhlamvu ukwehlisa ingcindezi. Ukuthatha isikhundla sombila, sithathwa amabele kwidayethi yezilwane ezehlukene kwaba nomphumela omuhle kakhulu ngokusebenza. Kamuva nje, izinhlamvu zamabele zifakelwe kwezinye izidlo ezisetshenziswa ukwenza iziphuzo zomdabu. Kwisahluko 1, isihloko socwaningo sethulwa khona, ukuchaza ukubaluleka kocwaningo kanye nokuqikelela ngokubaluleka kwezinhlamvu zamabele. Izinhloso nezinjongo nazo zifakelwe kuhla. Isahluko 2, sethula ukubuyekezwa kwemibhalo ngamabele kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo kubantu kanye nokudla kwemfuyo. Nangaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-tannin njengokunye ukudla kwemfuyo kuye kwabuyekezwa. Kwenziwe ucwaningo olwehlukene ukuphenyisisa ngokufaneleka kwezinhlamvu zamabele njengomthombo wamandla (we-eneji) kwimboni yezilwane. Kodwa, ucwaningo ngezinhlobo zamabele eNingizimu ne-Afrika alukenziwa ngokwanele; lokhu kungenzeka kungenxa yokuswelakala kolwazi ngemisoco equkethwe kanye nokufaneleka njengokudla kwezilwane. Kanti ngokwengamele, inhloso yalolu cwaningo bekuwukwenza iprofayili yemisoco ngezinhlamvu zamabele athile eNingizimu Afrika kanye naseZimbabwe, ukufaneleka kwawo njengomthombo wamandla (we-eneji) kubantu kanye nemfuyo, kanye nokwenza ucwaningo ngemiphumela yenhlobo yamabele ngama-performance indices wamachwane e-ROss 308. Kwisahluko 3, kusetshenziswe imetheriyali kanye namamethodi asetshenzisiwe ukufinyelela isiphetho sezesayense kulolu cwaningo, kwafinyezwa. Kwisahluko 4 kwenziwe uhlaziyo lokubambekayo kanye namakhemikhali ngezinhlamvu zamabele ngokutholakale eNingizimu Afrika kanye naseZimbabwe, imiphumela ikhombise ukugqama kwe-physiochemical kwezinhlamvu zamabele ukufaneleka kwazo njengekhandideti ekuthatheni isikhundla sombila njengomthombo wamandla. Ukuqhubeka nokuqondisisa ukuphawuleka kwezinhlamvu zamabele, iSahluko 5 sihlaziye ama-phenolic compound kwizinhlamvu zamabele aseNingizimu Afrika neZimbabwe. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi uhlamvu lwamabele lunama-phenolic compound ayinzuzo ekudleni okunomsoco kubantu kanye nezilwane, kanye nokuba wusizo lwenzuzo kwimpilo. Isahluko 6 siphenyisise ngamazinga okubandakanywa kwamabele ukwenzela ukuthola ukufaneleka kwawo kumkhakha wezinkukhu. Izinhlamvu zamabele e-pearl zisetshenziswe kule ekspirimenti, eyenziwa ezigabeni ezehlukene zokuthuthukisa ukuzalisa kanye nokhetho olwenziwe ngabe-Grain Crop Institute ePotchefstroom, eNingizimu Afrika. Amabele e-pearl asetshenziswe njengomthombo omkhulu we-eneji kumachwane eRoss 308 isikhathi sezinsuku ezingu 42 kanti kwaphenyisiswa ngokusebenza kwama-indices. Imiphumela iveze ukuthi amabele epearl angafakelwa kwidayethi yamachwane, ukuthatha isikhundla sombila, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusebenza. Nangaphezu kwalokho, ukufaneleka kwezomnotho ngokuthatha isikhundla zombila sithathwa ngamabele e-pearl kuye kwacwaningwa. Izindleko zezinhlamvu ziye zabekwa kanti futhi nesisindo ngezinhlamvu kuye kwabekwa. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi kuyinto enhle kwezomnotho ukuthatha isikhundla sombila sithathwa ngamabele e-pearl kwidayethi yezinkukhu. Ukusebenza kwe-quadratic function kufaneleke kakhulu kwi-optimum treatment combination mayelana nama-parameter okusebenza afana nokwenyuka kwesisindo somzimba, ukuguqula i-feed conversion ratio kanye nezitho zangaphakathi nazo ziye zahlolwa. KwiSahluko 7, ucwaningo kuye kwaxoxwa ngalo ukuhlanganisa iziphetho zama-ekspirimenti enziwe. Izincomo ezinabile, ziye zanikezwa ngama-compound ezinhlobo zamabele kanye nezinzuzo zawo kwezempilo kubantu kanye nezilwane / Lefaseng ka bophara, leotša le bonwa bjalo ka mabele a bohlokwa kudu; le ge go le bjale, ke dibjalo tšeo di sa bjalwego kudu. Dithoro tša leotša di tletše ka phepo ye ntši le ditswaki tša fenoliki tšeo di nago le mohola maphelong, gomme se sa dira gore di be maleba bjalo ka dijo le phepo. Dikagare tša lona tšeo di fapafapanego le ditswaki tša fenoliki tšeo di whetšagalago ka gare ga leotša la finger le la pearl ke dilaetši tše kaone tša gore mehutahuta ya leotša yeo e hwetšagalago e bohlokwa ge e kgethwa bjalo ka sejo le phepo. Diteng tša fenoliki tšeo di hwetšwago ka agre ga leotša di na le diesiti tša fenoliki, difolabanoite, le dithaninse, tšeo di lego mohola go maphelo a batho. Dinyakišišo di laeditše gore diteng tša fenoliki tša leotša di na le mošomo wa godimo wa dihlwekišammele tšeo di bitšwago dianthioksitente. Difaethokhemikhale tšeo di lego gona ka gare ga dithoro tša leotša di na le diabe tše kaone go maphelo a batho ka go fokotša kholesterole le difaetheite mmeleng. Dinyakwa tša ka pela go lefela le mešomo ya lona ka diintastering tše ntši di dirile gore go be le nyakego ye kgolo ya dithoro tše dingwe tšeo di ka emelago lefela legato, go nolofatša kgatelelo yeo e beilwego go lefela. Go tšeela lefela legato ka leotša la pearl le la finger ka dijong tša diphoofolo tšeo di fapafapanego go feleleditše ka seabe se sekaone ka ga go šoma ga lona. Go fihla mo lebakeng le, dithoro tša leotša di tsentšwe ka dijong tše dingwe gomme tša šomišwa go dira dino tša setšo. Ka go Kgaolo ya 1, hlogotaba ya dinyakišišo e tsebagaditšwe, ya fa bohlokwa bja dinyakišišo tše le lebaka mabapi le bohlokwa bja dithoro tša leotša. Maike mišetšo le dinepo le tšona di filwe. Kgaolo ya 2 e hlagišitše tekodišišo ya dingwalwa ye e tseneletšego ka ga leotša le mešomo ya lona go phepo ya batho le ya diphoofolo. Godimo ga fao, tšhomišo ya tannin bjalo ka phepo ya boikgethelo le yona e lekodišišitšwe. Dinyakišišo tše di fapafapanego di dirilwe go nyakišiša go ba maleba ga thoro ya leotša bjalo ka methopo wa enetši, ka intastering ya diphoofolo. Le ge go le bjale, dinyakišišo tš0e di dirilwego mabapi le mehuta ya leotša ka Borwa bja Afrika ke tše nnyane; se se ka ba se bakwa ke tlhoklego ya Tshedimošo mabapi le sebiopego sa phepo ka hare ha leotša le go ba maleba ga lona bjalo ka phepo ya diphoofolo. Ka kakaretšo, maikemišetšo a dinyakišišo tše e bile go lebeledišiša dikokwane tša phepo tša dithoro tša leotša tšeo di kgethilwego ka Afrika Borwa le ka Zimbabwe, go ba maleba ga lona bjalo ka methopo wa enetši go batho le go diruiwa le go nyakišiša ka ga seabe ka ga mohuta wa leotša wa pearl go go šoma ga dipalopalo go dikgogo tša nama tša Ross 308. Ka go Kgaolo ya 3, ditlabelo le mekgwa ka kakaretšo yeo e šomišitšwego go fihlelela sephetho sa tša mahlale sa dinyakišišo tše di filwe kakaretšo. Ka go Kgaolo ya 4, tshekatsheko ya naga le ya dikhemikhale e dirilwe mabapi le dithoro tša leotša tšeo di hweditšwego ka Afrika Borwa le ka Zimbabwe, dipoelo di utollotše gore dikagare tša dikhemikhale tša thoro ya leotša di le dira le be lebele leo le loketšego go tšeela legato lefela bjalo ka methopo wa enetši. Go kwešiša go tšwela pele dikagare tša thoro ya leotša, Kgaoilo ya 5 e sekasekile diteng tša fenoliki tšeo di hwetšagalago ka gare ga thoro ya leotša leo le hwetšago ka Afrika Borwa le ka Zimbabwe. Dipoelo di laeditše gore thro ya leotša le tletše ka dikagare tša fenoliki tšeo di lego mohola go phepo ya bobedi batho le diphoofolo le gore le thuša bjalo ka kholego ya tša phepo. Kgaolo ya 6 e nyakišišitše maemo a mehutahuta a kakaretšo a leotša la pearl ka nepo ya go hwetša motswako wa maleba kudu ka lekaleng la dikgogo. Dithoro tša leotša la pearl tšeo di šomišitšwego ka mo tekodišišong ye di sepedišitšwe ka go dikaonafatšo tše di fapanego tša monontšha gomme dikgetho di dirilwe ka go Sehlongwa sa Dibjalo tša Dithoro ka Potchefstroom, ka Afrika Borwa. Dithoro tša leotša la pearl di šomišitšwe bjalo ka mothopo wa enetši go matswiana a nama a Ross 308 mo matšatšing a 42 fao go dirilwego dinyakišišo ka ga dipalopalo tša go gola ga dikgogo. Dipoelo di laeditše gore leotša la pearl le ka tsenywa ka dijong tša dikgogo tša nama, go tšeela legato lefela, ka ntle le go ama gampe go gola ga dikgogo. Godimo ga fao, lebaka la tša ekonomi la go tšeela lefela legato ka leotša la pearl le nyakišišitšwe. Theko ya dithoro e hweditšwe gomme theko ka boima bjo itšego le yona e hweditšwe. Dipoelo di laeditše gore ka nnete go tloga go kwagalago kudu go tša ekonomi go tšeela lefela legato ka leotša la pearl. Mošomo wa tekanelo wa wo o loketšego bokaone motswako wa tlhokomelo ya godimo mabapi le mahlakore a kgodišo ya dikgogo a go swana le boima bja mmele, go nona, rešio ya go fetošetša dijo le ditho tša ka gare le ona o lekodišišitšwe. Ka go Kgaolo ya 7, dinyakišišo di hlalošitšwe ka kakaretšo gore go fihlelelwe sephetho ka ga ditekodišišo tšeo di dirilwego. Ditšhišinyo ka kakaretšo le tšona di filwe mabapi le dikagare tša mehutahuta tša leotša le dikholego tša ona go tša maphelo go bobedi batho le diphoofolo / College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences / D. Phil. Agr. (Animal Science)

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Thesis (D. Tech.: Biotechnology)-Dept. of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, 2006 xii, 274 leaves / In Sub-Saharan Africa there is an urgent need to sustain and improve the quality of its food resources. Poverty eradication features high on the agenda of a number of world health organisations, while the number of underweight children in Africa continues to increase (Pellet, 1996). Providing nutritionally enhanced foods to the poor will help towards achieving this objective. Protein-energy malnutrition has been identified as one of the most important problems facing Africa, with maize as the staple diet (Nkama et al., 1995). However, a combination of several factors limits availability and the nutritional quality of maize. During starvation, energy and protein intakes decrease by 20-30%, with most of the children in Africa having an average protein intake of only 20 g per day (Igbedioh, 1996). Energy availability also affects protein utilization because of interrelationships of protein and energy metabolism (Elwyn, 1993). The diets of inhabitants in developing regions depend mainly on cereals (maize) for both protein and dietary energy which lacks indispensable amino acids, minerals, vitamins and carbohydrates. In light of these growing concerns an attempt was made to devise a scientific strategy to combat the nutritional shortfalls of maize meal. A multidisciplinary and concerted approach was followed within this project aimed at designing an improved thermostable amylase and applying the enzyme to nutritionally enhance maize meal. It was envisaged that the manipulation of maize meal, by the application of enzyme technology will improve the nutritional status of this staple food. The consequences is that an alternate solution for the eradication of an ailing, poverty stricken and malnourished African population is achievable. It is possible that the boundaries defining the limits of life will extend to even greater extremes through the application of novel technologies.