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This study is intended, first, to describe and analyze the channels of distribution for food products in the State of Kuwait, second, to pinpoint the problems that exist in the food-distribution system, and, third, to make specific recommendations for the alleviation of the problems. Consistent with the objectives of the study and based on the description and analysis of the food-distribution system in the country, it is concluded in the study that Kuwait depends on imports for virtually all of its food; the government plays a major role in the food-distribution system; and the majority of food wholesaling and retailing establishments are small, inefficient, and lack modern marketing and physical distribution techniques. Product shortages and rising food prices plague the food-distribution system in the country. Also, the findings indicate that consumers in Kuwait are generally ignorant and uninformed in the areas of food nutrition and food shopping, and the lack of standardization and grading of food products makes the shopping task of the consumer more difficult.

Cette thèse étudie le système de distribution alimentaire au Vietnam fondée sur une approche de concurrence imparfaite. Le premier chapitre analyse le comportement de marché des intermédiaires dans le système de distribution alimentaire traditionnel. Nous modélisons le comportement des intermédiaires dans tous les cas de compétition de marché afin d'identifier l'impact du pouvoir de marché sur les producteurs alimentaires en amont, et sur les consommateurs en aval du système de distribution alimentaire traditionnel.La relation compétitive entre les différents circuits de distribution alimentaire est étudiée dans le second chapitre. Nous modélisation la compétition entre les systèmes de distribution alimentaire traditionnelle et moderne. Nous examinons la condition de coexistence qui permet aux deux circuits d'être active dans chaque cas spécifique de compétition de marché.Le troisième chapitre étudie le choix de circuit optimal des agriculteurs quand les coopératives agricoles soutiennent les petits producteurs dans l'accès au système de distribution alimentaire moderne. Nous introduisons deux circuits de distribution verticalement liés par la demande. Nous étudions le flux de quantité des petits producteurs aux consommateurs au moyen d'un équilibre de Nash, et nous abordons la question de la distribution des agriculteurs par un équilibre de libre entrée.Finalement, le quatrième chapitre analyse l'effet direct de la politique sur le système de distribution alimentaire. Nous proposons le modèle théorique de la réforme agraire, et étudions son impact sur le système de distribution alimentaire. / This dissertation studies the food distribution system in Viet Nam based on an imperfect competition approach.The first chapter analyzes the market behavior of the intermediaries in the traditional food distribution system. We model the intermediary behavior in all cases of market competition to recognize the impact of their market power on the food producers in the upstream, and on the consumers in the downstream of the traditional food distribution system.The competitive relationship between different food distribution channels is studied in the second chapter. We model the competition between the traditional and the modern food distribution system to analyze how the market behaves at equilibrium. We moreover investigate the coexistence condition which allows both channels to be active in each specific case of market competition.The third chapter studies the optimal channel choice of the farmers when agricultural cooperatives support these small producers accessing the modern food distribution system. We introduce two distribution channel vertically linked by demand. We study the quantity flow from small producers to the consumers by mean of a Nash equilibrium and address the question of the distribution of the farmers by a free entry equilibrium.Eventually, the fourth chapter analyzes the policy implication directly toward the food distribution system. We propose the theoretical model of land reform and study its impact on the food distribution system.

Submitted by Liliane Úbeda Morandi Rotoli null (lilianemorandi@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-25T12:32:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LilianeUbedaMorandiRotoli_PGAD_TUPA_Abril2016.pdf: 4209302 bytes, checksum: cce94f81cce55574df2e78b200a15c4c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-28T11:57:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rotoli_lum_me_tupa.pdf: 4209302 bytes, checksum: cce94f81cce55574df2e78b200a15c4c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-28T11:57:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rotoli_lum_me_tupa.pdf: 4209302 bytes, checksum: cce94f81cce55574df2e78b200a15c4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-04 / A agricultura familiar depara-se com diversas barreiras no sistema agropecuário brasileiro. Pode-se citar a falta de estrutura de escoamento da produção, carência de recursos, distância do mercado consumidor e a distribuição do produto no que se refere ao acesso ao mercado e custos das transações. Uma estratégia de diferenciação para os agricultores familiares e que contribui para a competitividade é a produção de produtos orgânicos. Em razão da fragilidade dos agricultores familiares na distribuição dos produtos o agricultor deve eliminar intermediários, e sendo assim, o canal direto de comercialização se torna um mecanismo eficiente para o agricultor. O objeto de análise do presente estudo utilizou o canal direto Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), que é um mecanismo de comercialização de produtos da agricultura, que tem como proposta sustentar a agricultura, especificamente relacionada ao manejo orgânico, por meio de uma proximidade maior entre ambos agentes, agricultor e consumidor, sendo que este último se compromete a realizar pagamentos antecipados para que o agricultor possa produzir seus produtos e planejar a sua produção. Esta pesquisa foi motivada pela análise da relação de comercialização entre os agricultores e consumidores, e utilizou a teoria da Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT) para dar embasamento teórico à pesquisa. Portanto, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi analisar a estrutura de governança utilizada nas CSAs do Estado de São Paulo e o alinhamento das características das transações e das características dos agentes agricultores e consumidores envolvidos. A pesquisa teve natureza quali - quantitativa, com aplicação do método survey. Os dados foram coletados entre dezembro de 2015 e janeiro de 2016 com 241 famílias (27,5% da população) e 11 agricultores (91,6% da população) do Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados indicaram que a motivação dos agricultores em participar das CSAs envolvem fatores ambientais, proximidade com o consumidor e ideologias, já para os consumidores, o que os motiva são fatores relacionados ao meio ambiente, produtos de qualidade e procedência, e ajudar um agricultor. A análise do ambiente institucional mostrou que a legislação de produção orgânica brasileira é a única regra formal sobre a atividade. Os agricultores e consumidores das CSAs analisadas apresentaram bom alinhamento quanto às características das transações e dos agentes, de modo geral. Os agricultores e consumidores apresentaram desalinhamento quanto à incerteza, mostrando que há necessidade de adaptações no acordo (formal/informal) entre os agentes. Existe racionalidade limitada entre os agentes, uma vez que não há troca de informação em relação a alguns aspectos da transação como por exemplo qualidade e quantidade dos produtos consumidos, previsão de volume produzido, e isto prejudica a previsão de transações futuras. Por fim, a estrutura de governança identificada na relação de comercialização entre agricultores e consumidores é a híbrida e é adequada para a eficiência da coordenação e diminuição dos custos de transação. No entanto, sugere-se que sejam incorporados alguns elementos no acordo para reduzir o nível de incerteza do agricultor, e ainda que tal acordo seja formalizado entre ambas as partes. / Family farming faces several barriers in the Brazilian Agricultural System. Such barriers include the lack of flow of production structure, lack of resources away from the consumer market, distance from the consumer market and the distribution of the product in relation to market access and transaction costs. A differentiation strategy for family farmers that contributes to competitiveness, is the production of organic products. Due to the fragility of family farmers in the distribution of farm products, the elimination of the middleman results in a direct marketing channel, which creates an efficient mechanism for the farmer. The analysis of a current study used the direct channel Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), which is a marketing mechanism for agriculture products used directly between farmer and consumer. The CSA have also proposed a form of sustainable agriculture, specifically related to organic farm management. By having the agents, farmers and consumers, work more closely together, prepayments may be made to the farmer in order to produce products and plan production. This research was conducted in order to analyze the marketing relationship between farmers and consumers, and used the theory of Tansaction-Costs Economics (ECT) to give theoretical basis for research. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to analyze the governance’s structure used in the CSAs of the São Paulo State and the alignment of the transaction characteristics and the characteristics of farmers’ agents and consumers involved. The research was qualitative and quantitative in nature and was applied using the Survey Method. The data was collected between December of 2015 and January of 2016 with 241 families (27.5% of the population) and 11 farmers (91.6% of the population) of São Paulo. The results indicated that the motivation of farmers to participate in CSAs involve environmental factors, as well as proximity to the consumer and ideologies. In contrast, consumers were motivated by factors that related to the environment, product quality and origin, and in the interest of helping the farmer. The analysis of the institutional environment showed that Brazilian organic production legislation is the only formal rule relevant to the activity. The farmers and consumers of CSAs that were analyzed showed good alignment on the characteristics of the transactions between agents. Farmers and consumers showed misalignment as the uncertainty, showing that there is need for adjustments to the agreement (formal / informal) between agents. There is a limited rationality between agents, since there is no exchange of information in relation to some aspects of the transaction such as: quality and quantity of consumed products, prediction of production volumes, and this impairs the prediction of future transactions. Overall, the governance structure identified in the marketing relationship between farmers and consumers is the hybrid and is appropriate for coordination efficiency and decreased transaction costs. However, certain elements, such as the formalization of the arrangements between both parties, should be incorporated within the deal in order to reduce the farmer's level of uncertainty.

Orientador: Andrea Rossi Scalco / Coorientador: Giuliana Santini Pigatto / Coorientador: Nelson Russo de Moraes / Banca: Ana Elisa Smith Bressan Lourenzani / Banca: Kássia Watanabe / Resumo: A agricultura familiar depara-se com diversas barreiras no sistema agropecuário brasileiro. Pode-se citar a falta de estrutura de escoamento da produção, carência de recursos, distância do mercado consumidor e a distribuição do produto no que se refere ao acesso ao mercado e custos das transações. Uma estratégia de diferenciação para os agricultores familiares e que contribui para a competitividade é a produção de produtos orgânicos. Em razão da fragilidade dos agricultores familiares na distribuição dos produtos o agricultor deve eliminar intermediários, e sendo assim, o canal direto de comercialização se torna um mecanismo eficiente para o agricultor. O objeto de análise do presente estudo utilizou o canal direto Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), que é um mecanismo de comercialização de produtos da agricultura, que tem como proposta sustentar a agricultura, especificamente relacionada ao manejo orgânico, por meio de uma proximidade maior entre ambos agentes, agricultor e consumidor, sendo que este último se compromete a realizar pagamentos antecipados para que o agricultor possa produzir seus produtos e planejar a sua produção. Esta pesquisa foi motivada pela análise da relação de comercialização entre os agricultores e consumidores, e utilizou a teoria da Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT) para dar embasamento teórico à pesquisa. Portanto, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi analisar a estrutura de governança utilizada nas CSAs do Estado de São Paulo e o alinham... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Family farming faces several barriers in the Brazilian Agricultural System. Such barriers include the lack of flow of production structure, lack of resources away from the consumer market, distance from the consumer market and the distribution of the product in relation to market access and transaction costs. A differentiation strategy for family farmers that contributes to competitiveness, is the production of organic products. Due to the fragility of family farmers in the distribution of farm products, the elimination of the middleman results in a direct marketing channel, which creates an efficient mechanism for the farmer. The analysis of a current study used the direct channel Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), which is a marketing mechanism for agriculture products used directly between farmer and consumer. The CSA have also proposed a form of sustainable agriculture, specifically related to organic farm management. By having the agents, farmers and consumers, work more closely together, prepayments may be made to the farmer in order to produce products and plan production. This research was conducted in order to analyze the marketing relationship between farmers and consumers, and used the theory of Tansaction-Costs Economics (ECT) to give theoretical basis for research. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to analyze the governance's structure used in the CSAs of the São Paulo State and the alignment of the transaction characteristics and the character... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The Swedish alternative food networks landscape is underdeveloped compared to that of the US or the countries of Western Europe, however its development has sped up in recent years. The relationship between the farmer and the food hub is the first one to be built when an Alternative Food Network is being set up and therefore represents a valid starting point in the hitherto scarcely studied field of alternative food distribution in Sweden. The paper used a relationship-marketing framework with the addition of elements from Civic Food Networks conceptualization of Alternative Food Networks in order to explain the creation and maintenance, as a well as the quality and depth of supplier-distributor relationships in two cases of Swedish food hubs. Given the immaturity of the Swedish market, this paper tried to explore the possible variations existing in the landscape. In the case of student-led food cooperative Ultimat and its two studied suppliers, values and larger local food systems goals played the primary role in creating and maintaining the relationship, in spite of the poor economic performance of such a relationship in the eyes of the suppliers. The linkages forged between the two entities are strong due to shared values and common goals. In the case of Bygdens Saluhall, the values play a certain role, but the economic element remains crucial for the farmers. At the same time, the connection is closer and ownership of the project by the farmers more significant. Additionally, points of interest arose for future research, notably the diverging stance of Ultimat’s suppliers vs. Bygdens Saluhall’s suppliers in the question of pro-business food hubs and organization of alternative food networks in general.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2403.pdf: 1763054 bytes, checksum: 5c5fe73f8eb5c001537ec7ebde78f348 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-16 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Reverse logistics has conquered more importance and space in the companies logistics operation, mainly for its economic potential, but also for the change in the customers consumption culture and for the increase of the importance of environmental preservation. However, the lack of studies in this direction makes it difficult to visualize the advantages of the reverse logistics application. In such a way, the objective of this study is to understand the reverse flow configuration, as well as its critical points, the inherent performance measures to the process and the strategic use of after-sale reverse logistics to the reverse flows management in meat and dairy food distribution channels. Qualitative studies have been developed, in France and Brazil, with the multiple-cases study methodology. In France, two dairy manufacturers and a food retailer have been interviewed and, in Brazil, four meat and dairy manufacturers and three food retailers have been interviewed. In the thesis, the results have been presented and analyzed for each country, and they also have been compared with literature. From the results analysis, it was possible to identify that after-sale reverse logistics has a strategic use for the industrial companies. The main processes of reverse logistics used by the studied companies are the resale in original market, the resale in other markets, the landfill and the loads consolidation for manufacturer collection. The gatekeeping (mainly for the retail) and the existence of collaborative relations between the companies have been considered the most critical factors to reverse logistics management. However, the brazilian companies have affirmed that the retailers uses the coercive power, mainly, to impose to the industry a way to manage the reverse flows. Moreover, the performance measures used by the manufacturers and retail companies in the meat and dairy food distribution channel have been shown. The most used performance measures are: total reverse logistics cost, cost of returned merchandises, cost of deteriorated products, cost of pallet and packing returns, perfect order fulfillment, return percentage and return reason. With this analysis, it was possible to provide recommendations and reference parameters for reverse logistics of perishable food as the derivatives of meats and milk. / A logística reversa tem conquistado maior importância e espaço na operação logística das empresas, principalmente por seu potencial econômico, mas também em função da mudança na cultura de consumo dos clientes e do aumento da importância da preservação ambiental. Apesar disso, a carência de estudos neste sentido dificulta a visualização das vantagens decorrentes da utilização da logística reversa. Desta forma, este estudo busca compreender não somente a configuração do fluxo reverso de produtos (retornos da distribuição), como também os seus pontos críticos, as medidas de desempenho utilizadas na sua avaliação e, especificamente, o papel da logística reversa de pós-venda buscando fornecer um guia para a gestão dos fluxos reversos no canal de distribuição de alimentos cárneos e lácteos. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, após extensa revisão teórica, foram desenvolvidos estudos qualitativos, na França e no Brasil, com a utilização da metodologia de estudos de casos múltiplos. Na França, foram entrevistados dois fabricantes de alimentos e uma rede de varejo supermercadista para um estudo piloto e, no Brasil, foram entrevistados quatro fabricantes de produtos cárneos e lácteos e três redes do varejo supermercadista. Na tese, os resultados para cada país foram apresentados, discutidos e comparados com a literatura. A partir da análise dos resultados, foi possível identificar que as empresas do elo industrial consideram a logística reversa uma atividade estratégica. Os principais processos de logística reversa utilizados pelas empresas pesquisadas são a revenda em mercado original e em outros mercados, o descarte e a consolidação das cargas para coleta. Os controles de entrada tais como a análise de produtos e a conferência da nota fiscal, bem como a existência de relações colaborativas entre as empresas, foram os fatores considerados mais críticos para a gestão da logística reversa. As empresas estudadas no Brasil afirmaram que o varejo supermercadista utiliza o poder de coerção, principalmente, para impor à indústria uma forma de gestão dos fluxos reversos. Além disso, as medidas de desempenho utilizadas pelas empresas também foram apontadas, com o destaque para as medidas mais utilizadas: custo total da logística reversa, custo de mercadorias devolvidas, custo de produtos estragados, custo do retorno de embalagens e paletes, precisão dos pedidos enviados, porcentagem dos retornos e motivo dos retornos. Com esta análise, foi possível elaborar recomendações para a logística reversa de alimentos perecíveis como os derivados de carnes e leite. Acredita-se que os parâmetros disponibilizados possam ser utilizados pelas empresas processadoras de alimentos perecíveis que também têm no varejo supermercadista seu principal canal de distribuição.

Background: Approximately 48 000 meals are distributed to home-dwelling older adults every day in Sweden. The ability to influence the meals is of great importance for the quality of life and therefore it is important to include the views, needs and wishes of older adults when structuring the food distribution service. Objective: The purpose is to explore the perceptions and acceptability of home delivered meals among home-dwelling older adults and professional caregivers. Methods: The present study was the first qualitative phase of a mixed method study with an exploratory sequential design. Qualitative data was collected from five older adults >65 in five municipalities and two caregivers through interviews. Results: Most of the participants were able to choose from two alternative dishes every day and they were pleased with the selection of dishes most of the time. Overall the menus were considered variated and seasonal and holiday themes were highly valued. The Swedish cuisine was their favorite, however many ethnic dishes were appreciated as well. The meals were considered delicious, however the texture of the vegetables, potatoes and meat was not optimal. Conclusions: Sometimes two alternative dishes were not considered enough. More and a broader selection of dishes might increase older adults feeling of independence but also help meeting expectations of older adults with different cultural backgrounds. Familiar dishes, a conscious choice of condiments, enhanced flavors and improved textures and appearance might compensate for deteriorating senses. Descriptive information about the meals on the menus might also help meeting older adults’ expectations. / Bakgrund: Det levereras cirka 48 000 måltider till äldre i ordinärt boende varje dag i Sverige. Möjligheten att påverka måltiderna är en viktig förutsättning för äldres livskvalitet, därför är det viktigt att inkludera äldres uppfattningar, önskemål och behov vid strukturering av måltidsdistributionen. Syfte: Syftet var att utforska äldres uppfattningar och acceptans av hemlevererade måltider bland äldre och vårdgivare. Metod: Studien var den första kvalitativa fasen av en mixed method studie med en exploratory sequential design. Kvalitativ data samlades in genom intervjuer med fem äldre i fem kommuner samt två undersköterskor. Resultat: De flesta av deltagarna kunde välja mellan två måltidsalternativ varje dag och de var nöjda med måltidsutbudet för det mesta. Överlag ansågs menyerna vara varierande och säsongs-och högtids anpassade rätter var uppskattade. Även om det svenska köket var en favorit, uppskattades etniska rätter också. Måltiderna ansågs goda, men texturen på grönsaker, potatis och kött var inte optimal. Slutsatser: Ibland uppfattades inte två måltidsalternativ som tillräckligt. Fler rätter och ett bredare utbud av rätter skulle kunna öka äldres känsla av självständighet men också möta förväntningar hos äldre från olika kulturer. Välbekanta rätter, medvetna val av tillbehör, förstärkta smaker och optimerade texturer och utseende kan möjligtvis kompensera för nedsatta sinnen. Detaljerad information om maträtterna på menyerna skulle kanske också kunna hjälp till att möta äldres förväntningar.