A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) estabeleceu medidas direcionadas para as indústrias de alimentos enfatizando o papel do setor privado na obtenção de metas de saúde e enfrentamento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho foi descrever e avaliar as ações dos principais fabricantes de alimentos na promoção da saúde no Brasil, além de comparar as iniciativas locais com as globais. A pesquisa teve abordagem qualitativa, com características exploratória e descritiva. As fontes utilizadas para pesquisa documental foram os documentos e relatórios sociais corporativos locais, referentes ao ano de 2012, obtidos nos sítios das empresas na Internet. A seleção das empresas foi realizada por meio da participação em vendas no mercado brasileiro no ano de 2012 (valor de venda varejo). A coleta de dados foi efetuada por meio de um roteiro estruturado de perguntas. Paralelamente, com o objetivo de verificar as distribuições de frequências de respostas, foi realizada uma análise de escala nominal aplicando o método estatístico não paramétrico de tabulação cruzada. O trabalho evidenciou o comprometimento das empresas com a responsabilidade social corporativa, incluindo o engajamento na promoção da saúde e na melhoria da qualidade de vida dos colaboradores e da sociedade como um todo, conforme recomenda a OMS. Observou-se também um maior destaque nas ações direcionadas às crianças, especialmente por meio de atividades de educação nutricional, desenvolvimento de produtos com perfil nutricional mais saudável e adoção de códigos de conduta voluntários. / The World Health Organization (WHO) established measures directed at the food industry, emphasizing the role of the private sector in the achievement of health goals and confrontation of chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs). Thus, the aim of this study was to describe and evaluate the activities of the leading food manufacturers in promoting health in Brazil, and to compare local with global initiatives. The research had a qualitative approach and exploratory and descriptive characteristics. Documental research was made through local statements and corporate social responsibility reports from 2012 obtained on the websites of the companies on the Internet. The main players were selected by market share analysis considering 2012 sales retail value. A structured script of questions was used to collect data. Also, with the aim of verifying the frequency distributions of responses, an analysis of nominal scale was applied using the non-parametric statistical method of cross-tabulation. This research was able to demonstrate the commitment of the leading food manufactures in Brazil to corporate social responsibility, including engagement in promoting health and improving the quality of life of employees and the whole society, as recommended by WHO. It was also possible to notice that companies give more emphasis on activities directed to children, especially through nutrition education programs, development of products with healthier nutritional profile and the adoption of voluntary codes of conduct.

Acontecimentos terroristas na indústria de alimentos publicados ao longo de décadas levaram a que emergisse nos EUA o conceito de \"Food Defense\" (defesa alimentar), cujo objetivo é adotar medidas preventivas da contaminação intencional de produtos, onde indivíduos recorrem a agentes (biológicos, químicos, físicos ou radiológicos) com intenção de causar prejuízos às companhias, governos ou à população em geral. O reconhecimento da sua importância na indústria alimentar promoveu a difusão deste conceito pelas normas certificáveis como a FSSC 22.000 e o desenvolvimento de ferramentas como o software CARVER+Shock por parte da FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Apesar de ser uma tendência recente, vários países têm adotado práticas ou ferramentas de defesa alimentar, embora no Brasil esta adoção seja de pouca amplitude mesmo sendo um dos maiores produtores de alimentos do mundo. CARVER+Shock representa um acrônimo de sete atributos: Criticidade - Impacto sobre a saúde pública, Acessibilidade - capacidade de acesso físico, Reconhecibilidade - facilidade de identificar um alvo, Vulnerabilidade - facilidade de realizar uma contaminação, Efeito - consequências de uma contaminação e Recuperabilidade - capacidade do sistema se recuperar perante uma falha de segurança e o Shock que mistura os impactos da saúde, econômicos e psicológicos. O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi realizar uma pesquisa exploratória para aplicar e avaliar de forma prática o software para assim julgar a sua efetividade. Para tal, procedeu-se à implementação do software em duas companhias processadoras de leite, a primeira é a \"Empresa A\" de pequeno, porte localizada no Estado de São Paulo e a segunda é a \"Empresa B\" de porte médio, localizada no Estado do Paraná. No estudo foi possível concluir que o software consegue efetuar uma avaliação de vulnerabilidade detalhada considerando vários fatores que permitem análise sobre o impacto econômico, psicológico e na saúde da população depois que uma contaminação intencional ocorra. Os resultados facilitaram a construção de um plano de defesa alimentar, o qual visa proteger os produtos de contaminações intencionais para garantir um ambiente de trabalho seguro para os funcionários, fornecer um produto seguro para a população, proteger as empresas e aumentar o grau de preparação e a capacidade de resposta perante uma situação critica. / The terrorist events in the food industry, published along decades in the USA, generated the concept of \"Food Defense\", whose objective is to adopt preventive measures against the intentional contamination of products, where individuals fall back upon agents (biological, chemical, physical or radiological) with intention of causing damages to the companies, governments or to the population in general. The recognition of its importance in the food industry promoted the diffusion of this concept to the establishment of certified norms, such as FSSC 22.000, and the development of tools such as the software CARVER+Shock by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Being a recent tendency in several countries, it has been adopted as a practice or tool for food defense. In Brazil, this adoption is little despite of it being one of the countries with the highest food production in the world. CARVER+Shock represents an acronym of 7 attributes: Criticality - Impact on public health, Accessibility - Capacity of physical access, Recuperability - easiness of identifying an objective, Vulnerability - easiness of accomplishing a contamination, Effect - consequences of a contamination, Recognizability - capacity of the system to recover before a flaw of safety and Shock that mixes the impacts of health, economical and psychological effects. The objective of the present study was to accomplish an exploratory research to apply and evaluate the software in a practical way so as to judge its effectiveness. For such a purpose, the researcher proceeded to implement the software in two dairy companies, the first company \"A\" located in the state of São Paulo and the second company \"B\" in the state of Paraná. In the study it was possible to conclude that the software achieved to make an evaluation of detailed vulnerability considering several factors that allow analysis on the economical, psychological and health impacts on the population after an intentional contamination with success, making it possible to construct a food defense plan. This plan seeks to protect the products of intentional contaminations, to guarantee an atmosphere of safe work for the employees, it supplies a safe product, it protects the companies and it increases the preparation and the capacity to answer while facing a critical situation.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / This study explored value-chain governance in the Tugela Ferry Irrigation Scheme in KwaZulu-Natal, and presents data on input markets, vegetable production and output markets. Rural poverty is a major problem in post-apartheid South Africa, and smallholder agriculture has been identified by the Economic Development Department as a key component of its New Growth Path framework. Some scholars argue that since water is a scarce resource, irrigation farming should form a key focus of pro-poor land redistribution policy. The 1994 democratic dispensation saw the dismantling of the agricultural homeland parastatals which managed these schemes, causing them to collapse or near collapse. Yet they may have the potential to reduce rural poverty. While markets are key for viable production of fresh produce, some scholars assert that globally, input suppliers, food processors and supermarkets dominate the agro-food industry resulting in negative outcomes for smallholder producers. In South Africa, four major supermarkets (which together claim 55% of retail market share) were in the past located mainly in cities, but the trend now is that they are moving to small towns and townships. There are documented cases where pro-poor governance of fresh produce value chains has resulted in positive outcomes in South Africa. The re-governing markets concept which postulates that a multi-stakeholder approach to making the governance of agricultural value chains pro-poor, is offered as a solution to reducing poverty. This thesis argues that the incorporation of smallholder farmers into modern markets remains ineffective in dealing with poverty because it includes only a few smallholder farmers and those included face exclusion when they are exposed to harsh market conditions.

The South African food and clothing retail industry is highly sophisticated and dominated by a few large competitors. The market is unique and has been shaped by abnormal political influences that have created a polarised society. The market holds a high potential owing to the burgeoning young middle class that is also attracting global attention. This necessitates an increase in economies of scale through expansion and acquisition strategies. Woolworths Holdings Limited has experienced significant growth in tough trading conditions whilst many competitors have lost ground. The Woolworths’ brand is primarily aimed at the high-income groupings but also appeals to the burgeoning middle class with their private-label products. The clothing and food divisions also provide a unique appeal that concentrates on the strong brand name to cater to the polarised nature of the market. The Woolworths Holding Limited (WHL) business model aims to offer superior quality at a lower cost than competitors which competitors find difficult to imitate. The apparent paradox is solved through tightly-knit supplier relationships and a culture demanding continuous improvement. The company is uniquely positioned to service the Living Standards Measure (LSM) 8-10 niche market whilst improving efficiencies. The company drives its competitive advantage over competitors through the key competencies of a reputable brand name, a strong sustainability programme, a strong operation and supply chain network, all of which are crucially-supported by superior and innovative technology utilisation. The study analysed the strategic brand positioning with a focus on the introduction of the supermarket concept. The study indicated that the supermarket concept was a reaction from WHL to consumer’s requirements for a one-stop shop aimed at increasing existing customers’ basket spend and drawing similar new clients. An increase in spend is potentially lucrative to WHL, and the strategy is a viable option as long as the company remains focussed on the core principles of the business model.

This research was undertaken to provide a quantitative assessment of the impact of a Canada/U.S. free trade agreement on six B.C. food and beverage processing industries. The objective was achieved by building a partial equilibrium model simulating changes in trade policy. The six industries were modelled as oligopolists in which the degree of oligopolistic behaviour and the industries' characteristics were captured through specified parameters. Following the abolition of trade barriers the model allowed the industries to rationalize, where necessary, and the highest-cost firms in an industry left for the benefit of lower-cost ones. The final effect is measured for each industry through changes in output, employment, trade volume and prices. As different policy scenarios have been simulated for each industry, the results obtained are quite diverse but they generally follow the a priori expectations. In open industries such as meat, fruit and vegetable and flour mixes, results, however differents for each scenario, tend to leave the industries in a better off or no worse off situation. For heavily protected industries like dairy and poultry, very sensitive to the elimination or not of the quota system, the range of possible results between the scenarios is pronounced. It was concluded that the final effect of the abolition of trade barriers on each industry cannot be assessed specifically but in rather general terms. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

The food industry represents one of the most promising business sectors for sustainable development comprising numerous environmental, social and economic challenges. The industry is fragmented into a multitude of organizations with particular supply chains based within a complex multi-stakeholder environment. Therefore, the organizational goal of creating a sustainable supply chain is experiencing increased attention within research. Even though previous literature has assessed the diverse drivers and barriers impacting sustainable supply chain management (SSCM), the theory of stakeholder management for SSCM has so far barely been recognized. This paper aims to fill this research gap and establishes the connection between the concepts of stakeholder management and SSCM taking into consideration the implicated drivers and barriers. The assessment of prominent drivers and barriers as well as crucial stakeholder groups functions as a basis for the evaluation of possible stakeholder strategies suitable for SSCM. This research study is situated in the context of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the German food industry. By conducting 13 semi-structured interviews with supply chain representatives this study follows a qualitative research approach. The data analysis reveals that SMEs in the German food industry face numerous obstacles in their attempt to implement sustainability within the supply chain. Moreover, it is apparent that current stakeholder strategies are insufficient in the context of supply chain sustainability. A closer network beyond business is considered the most effective strategic objective for the engagement with crucial stakeholder groups in order to enhance the drivers and reduce the impact of existing barriers. Consequently, this thesis provides a theoretical contribution by developing a deeper understanding of stakeholder management as a tool for increasing supply chain sustainability and further advances existing theory with the formation of a new analytical framework as well as the recognition of a novel stakeholder strategy.

Ökad hållbarhet inom organisationer är ständigt aktuellt. Ett område som har fått allt större fokus i samband med det ökade hållbarhetsarbetet är försörjningskedjan och dess hantering. Då försörjningskedjan innefattar det flöde av varor, material och information som sker mellan en organisations aktörer som involveras från initiering till det att kunden erhållit varan, kan hållbarhetsarbete få stora effekter. Som stöd och optimering av försörjningskedjan kan olika digitala verktyg tillämpas, oftast i form SCM-system. Syftet med denna studie är därför att skapa förståelse för hur SCM-system kan stödja organisationer som är verksamma inom livsmedelsbranschen i att arbeta mer hållbart, samt att skapa förståelse för SCM-systemets roll och betydelse i hållbarhetsarbetet inom livsmedelsbranschen. Detta leder fram till frågeställningen: Hur kan supply chain management-system stödja organisationer i att arbeta hållbart inom livsmedelsbranschen? För att besvara frågeställningen tillämpades en kvalitativ forskningsansats där en tematisk analys användes för att analysera det empiriska resultatet. Till grund för insamlingen av det empiriska materialet identifierades fyra områden genom en litteraturstudie, där SCM fungerar som stöd för organisationer verksamma inom livsmedelsbranschen i att arbeta mer hållbart. Dessa fyra områden var följande: Transport, Planering, Övervakning och Informationsspridning. Det empiriska materialet samlades in genom intervjuer med aktörer verksamma inom livsmedelsbranschen vilka har en direkt koppling till supply chain management i deras respektive organisationer. I slutsatsen presenteras tre områden som är av genomgående vikt för att stödja organisationer inom livsmedelsbranschen i att arbeta mer hållbart. / Increased focus on sustainability is constantly on the agenda for organizations. One particular area that is in the spotlight is increased sustainability within the supply chain. This is based on the fact that the supply chain covers the flow of goods, materials and information that goes between an organization’s different actors, all the way from initiation until the customer receives the product. The wide range of the supply chain makes it possible for the sustainability work to have major effects. As support and optimization for SCM, various digital tools and applications can be used, often in the form of SCM systems. The purpose of this study is therefore to create an understanding of how SCM systems can support organizations in the food industry to work more sustainable and to create an understanding of the role and importance of the SCM system in the sustainability work in the food industry. This leads us to the research question: How can supply chain management systems support organizations in working more sustainable in the food industry? To answer the question, a qualitative research approach was used where a thematic analysis was used to analyze the empirical result. Four areas were identified as a basis for the gathering of the empirical material. These four areas where identified through the literature discussion and SCM served as sustainability support for organization in the food industry in all four. The four areas that were identified were as follows: Transport, Planning, Monitoring and Sharing of information. The empirical material was collected through a number of interviews with respondents in the food industry who had a direct connection to the supply chain in their respective organizations. In the conclusion, three themes are presented that are of fundamental importance to support organizations in the food industry in working more sustainably.

Food industry occupies a prominent place in branch of process engineering. From design process equipment point of view, great emphasis is placed on hygienic requirements, accuracy, reliability and above all safety. The diploma thesis is focused on comprihensive design of milk heating technology for cheese production with high-temperature curd. The diploma thesis describes technological and constructional design of technology. The diploma thesis also contains basic design of measurement and regulation.

This study examined the determinants of U.S. foreign direct investment (FDI) and exports of processed food. This study also examined the impact of U.S. FDI on U.S. exports on processed food. FDI and export models used for estimation in this study were based on the cost-minimizing production function. The analysis focused on ten countries for the period of 1989-2004. Four of them were Asian countries: India, Japan, South Korea, and Thailand. Six of them were European countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The model was estimated using the two-way error component three-stage least squares (EC3SLS) method. Results from this study show that U.S. FDI and U.S. exports of processed food are complements. Major factors affecting U.S. FDI in the processing industry are GDP, GDP per capita, exchange rate, tariff rate, labor compensation cost, interest rate, and distance. Major factors affecting U.S. exports in the processed food industry are GDP, distance, and GDP from the agri-sector.

Produktutveckling och innovation är ett systematiskt arbete för att generera nya produkter. Det är en kostsam process och de små företagen är extra sårbara vilket gör att rätt handling i produktutvecklingsarbetet är av stor vikt. När det gäller framställning av nya produkter är produktutvecklingsarbetet avgörande för konkurrenskraften. I takt med den ökade globaliseringen behöver företag ta hänsyn till en dynamisk och ofta föränderlig marknad för att överleva. Att ha kontroll på produkten genom hela produktutvecklingsarbetet skapar möjligheter till utveckling och förbättring och därigenom bättre utnyttjande av resurser. Produktutveckling genererar kostnader och resurser för företagen vilket gör att det blir allt viktigare att handla rätt redan från start och vidare genom hela produktutvecklingsarbetet. Genom att effektivisera utnyttjandet av resurser skapas en mer hållbar produktion och produkt. Syftet är att, i mindre företag, belysa några av de kritiska faktorer som kan inverka på effektiviteten i dryckesbranschens produktutvecklingsarbete. En kvalitativ studie innehållande semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem mindre dryckesföretag. Intervjuerna pågick i cirka 20 minuter. Data från informanterna spelades in och transkriberades för att sedan genomgå en tematisk analys. Företagen valdes utifrån ett målstyrt urval. Då intervjuerna utfördes genom fysiskt möte valdes företag belägna inom en 10 mils radie från Malmö. Den tematiska analysen resulterade i tre teman vilka var styrning/kontroll, erfarenheter, samt omvärldsbevakning. Dessa teman utgör kritiska faktorer som alla har en avgörande roll i produktutvecklingsarbetet. Småföretagen påverkar ofta sitt produktutvecklingsarbete genom beslut utifrån tidigare förvärvade yrkes erfarenheter och kunskaper samt genom informella beslut allteftersom problem och frågor uppkommer. Styrning/kontroll, erfarenheter samt omvärldsbevakning är tre kritiska faktorer som alla inverkar på produktutvecklingsarbetet. Småföretagen agerar ofta utifrån tidigare yrkeskunskaper och erfarenheter när beslut ska fattas. Detta har orsakat ökade kostnader, förlängt produktutvecklingsarbetet samt gett svårigheter som krävt nya beslut. Detta har påverkat företagens produktutvecklingsarbete i negativ riktning. Genom att kombinera teoretiska verktyg och praktiska erfarenheter skapas det effektivaste produktutvecklingsarbetet. Omvärldsbevakning med en ökad marknads och konsumentorientering bidrar till ett bättre produktutvecklingsarbete tillsammans med beslut som fattas med förhöjd grad av styrning och kontroll samt med bidrag från tidigare yrkeskunnande. / Introduction Product development and innovation is a systematic endeavor to generate new products. This is  a costly process and the small companies are extra vulnerable which makes the right work in product development of great importance. In terms of production, product development work is crucial for competitiveness. In line with increased globalisation, companies need to consider the dynamic and often changing market in order to survive. Having control of the product throughout the product development work creates opportunities for development and improvement, and thereby better utilisation of resources. Product development generates costs and resources for the companies, which means that it is becoming increasingly important to manage correctly from the outset, and onwards throughout the entire product development work. By making more efficient use of resources, a more sustainable production and product is created. Purpose The aim is to highlight some of the critical factors in smaller companies that may affect the efficiency of product development work within the beverage industry. Method A qualitative study made up of semi-structured interviews at five smaller beverage companies. The interviews lasted approximately 20 minutes. Information from the informers was recorded and transcribed, and later underwent thematic analysis. The companies were chosen on the basis of a target-driven selection. As the interviews were carried out in the form of a physical meeting, companies were chosen within a 6,2 miles radius of Malmö. Results The thematic analysis resulted in three themes, which were experiences, intelligence gathering and governability/control. These themes represent critical aspects where everyone can play a crucial role in product development work. Small businesses often influence their product development work through decisions based on previously acquired experience and knowledge and make informal decisions as problems and questions arise. Conclusion Governability/control, experiences and intelligence gathering are three critical factors that all influence the product development work. Small businesses often act on the basis of previous professional knowledge and experience when making decisions. This has caused increased costs, prolonged  product development work and given difficulties that required new decisions, which had a negative impact on the companies' product development work. Combining theoretical tools and practical experience are the most effective product development work. Intelligence gathering with an increased market and consumer orientation contributes to better product development work, together with decisions made with a increased degree of governability/control and with contributions from previous professional expertise.