The dynamic and often hostile competitive landscape of the twenty-first century has created significant threats to existing patterns of successful competition. A review of the extant literature and research about innovation and entrepreneurship identifies their importance to ensuring corporate vitality and wealth generation in today’s global economy. For over one hundred andfifty years the foundation of Australia’s prosperity has been from resource based industries such as agriculture and mining. Changes in the world economy clearly require a much broader range of globally competitive industries to sustain Australia’s strong economic position. It is proposed that the older more traditional industries must also undergo rapid transformation if they are to maintain their competitive advantage. This thesis describes an action research study conducted over four years (2002-2006) in the Australian red meat industry. The study aimed to extend the body of knowledge on innovation and entrepreneurship in the industry. It also sought to explore options for improving practice through interventions which would accelerate the development of firm innovation capabilities and a culture of innovation more broadly across the industry.The thesis articulates a comprehensive contextual framework of the sector’s innovation and entrepreneurship system and an associated model of firm innovation and entrepreneurial capability. In addition, a new methodology for mapping the effectiveness of an innovation system is developed based on the emerging concept of system failures. By applying this methodology, a new SI-Intervention Framework is developed and a suite of intervention projects is tested for acceptance and potential impact with industry participants.It is proposed that the thesis offers a contribution to knowledge through convergence of the related fields of innovation and entrepreneurship into a single conceptual framework. In addition, the development of new theoretical and analytical models and methodologies build on and extend the work of previous researchers. Evidence of improved practice is demonstrated in relation to incorporation of the new framework and methodologies into the industry’s future innovation strategy, building internal capability in the innovation intervention agency, and acceptance by industry participants of the new approach.It is acknowledged that the models and concepts articulated in this thesis are at an early stage of development and that there is a significant amount of further research required. Similarly, as the study is focused on a single case, no attempt is made to offer broad generalisations. The value of the study will ultimately be determined by the specifics of future research contexts and can only be evaluated to the extent that it seems accurate, appropriate and authentic from the reader’s own perspective.

Medlemsägda företag utgör en betydande del av svenskt och internationellt näringsliv. Många av dessa företag genomgår i dessa dagar djupgående strategiska förändringar, som fusioner, bolagiseringar och alliansbyggande. Denna avhandling analyserar hur denna typ av omdaningsprocesser hanteras av ägare och företagsledningar. För att effektivt kunna organisera förändringsarbetet krävs ökad kunskap om företagsformens särdrag. Det unika består bland annat i en månghövdad krets av ägare som har både ekonomiska och idébaserade mål för sitt engagemang. Boken bygger på två fallstudier av kooperativa livsmedelsföretag: samgåendet mellan mejeriföreningarna i Dalarna, Hälsingland och Värmland samt fusioner och allianser inom Lantmännen. Ingående analyseras tre huvudmodeller för förändringsarbete: ägarmonolog, VD-monolog samt dialog. I detta sammanhang klargörs behovet av att utveckla ett brobygge mellan nyttjarintressen och affärslogik. Därigenom kan förhållandet mellan ägare och ledning organiseras i en tydlig form – en infrastruktur. Avhandlingen avslutas med en diskussion om hur företagsformens särart påverkar utfallet av de strategiska förändringsprocesserna. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 1994

Der Bericht schlüsselt detailliert die aktuelle Arbeitskräftesituation in der sächsischen Land-und Ernährungswirtschaft auf und prognostiziert deren Entwicklung. Dabei wird auch die Bedeutung der ausländischen Arbeitskräfte dargestellt. Für die Landwirtschaft wird bis 2025 ein Rückgang des Arbeitskräftebedarfs um 8 bis 13 Prozent prognostiziert. Die Nachfrage nach Beschäftigten sinkt, weil die Produktion durch Investitionen effektiver wird und sich die Betriebsstrukturen ändern werden. Dem gegenüber steht ein Rückgang des Arbeitskräfteangebotes von 10 bis 16 Prozent. Ein Ausgleich von Angebot und Nachfrage ist also möglich. Zu einem Rückgang der Arbeitskräfte führt auch die zurückgehende Zahl an Nachwuchskräften, die den altersbedingten Abgang nicht kompensiert.

Biofuels, including ethanol and biodiesel, are important components of energy policy in the U.S. and abroad. There is a long history of ethanol production from corn (maize) in the United States and from sugarcane in Brazil. However, there has been a push for greater use of next-generation biofuels (including those derived from cellulosic feedstocks) to mitigate many of the environmental and potential food system impacts of large scale biofuel production. Farmer willingness to grow biomass crops and ensuring adequate feedstock supply are two important challenges impeding large scale commercialization of next-generation biofuels. The costs of transporting bulky, low density biomass will be substantial. Consequently, in the near term, the economic success of next-generation biofuels will hinge on the supply of locally available biomass. As such, agricultural contracts are expected to be an important tool in overcoming the feedstock acquisition challenge. The broad objective of this study is to understand the effect of contracting for non-food energy crops (cellulosic feedstocks) on the agricultural landscape via the displacement of commodity (food) crops on productive cropland. We develop an analytical framework for evaluating the design and use of two different contract structures for securing cellulosic feedstock in a representative supply chain with a biorefinery and farmer. We study the dynamics of scarce land and indirect competition from commodity market production on a biorefinery's equilibrium pricing strategy and the resultant supply of cellulosic biomass. And we consider its sensitivity to various production characteristics and market conditions. We develop a method for quantifying the biorefinery's tradeoff between profit margins and competing for land in order to secure the requisite feedstock for biofuel production. And we characterize the loss of efficiency in the decentralized system, relative to a vertically integrated system, that can be attributed to the need to compete for the farmer's scarce land resource versus that which results from the biorefinery's desire to make a profit. Then we extend our framework to consider multi-year contracts for biomass production and evaluate the importance of land quality, yield variability and contract structure on a farmer's willingness to accept a contract to produce cellulosic feedstock as well as the resulting impact on the agricultural landscape through the displacement of commodity crops. Using switchgrass production in Tennessee as a case study, we develop feedstock supply curves for each contract structure considered and evaluate the conditions and contract prices at which land devoted to various field crops would be displaced by switchgrass based on field trials of switchgrass production in Tennessee and recent USDA data on crop prices and production.

Nanotechnology, the scientific study of manipulating matter on an atomic scale (1 to 100 nanometers) that provides new properties in materials and devices had received considerable research attention and public funding support during the last decade in the US. This emerging technology promises to improve the competitiveness of most of the US industrial sectors. Malerba (2004) an innovation system researcher has developed the theoretical framework "Sectoral System of Innovation (SSI)" to study the process by which new technologies and knowledge are produced and transferred to industrial sectors, where actors interact based on an institutional framework to generate innovation processes. In this dissertation I studied the agriculture and food processing sector, which is a key sector of the US economy that has provided with enough food for the US population, but in an unsustainable way that has harmed the environment, natural resources and human health. The US agrifood sector is facing new challenges of increasing food demand, which need to be addressed in a more sustainable way that takes consideration on economic, environment, and social aspects. The main questions that this dissertation research focuses on studying how much attention the public nanotechnology agrifood research agenda has paid to sustainability issues during the last decade in the US and what role has played the system's actors in influencing this research agenda. The analysis of the policy process in which system's actors try to influence the research agenda is framed in the Advocacy Coalition Framework (Sabatier 1993) that complemented the Sectoral System of Innovation approach in studying the formation of advocacy groups to achieve their coalition's policy goals. Three data sources were utilized to achieve my research goals, the CNS-ASU nanotechnology publications dataset 2000-2010(Porter A, Youtie J et al. 2007; De Bellis 2009)which was used to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the agrifood nanotechnology research publications in the US, semi-structured interviews with key actors and their interaction in advocacy coalition groups, and a literature review of several official documents and public hearing with respect to the US nanotechnology system to evaluate the influence of advocacy groups in the policy process. Utilizing Vantage point data mining and Nvivo qualitative analysis software I conducted the data analysis of my research. The results show increasing research attention toward environmental research and food safety issues that can indirectly impact positively on sustainability development, as well as increasing research attention in studying environmental, health and safety issues (EHS) that can reduce potential risks. The analysis of actors' interaction to influence the policy process, two advocacy coalitions was identified. On one side, a coalition that advocate for more research funding oriented to applied research to achieve the potential that this coalition members believe this technology has to revolutionize the way food is produced giving more competitiveness to the US agrifood sector, this coalition is composed by researchers, federal agency managers and industry representatives. On the other side, a rival coalition that raise concerns respect to potential risks associated to this technology that required to be addressed by the public research agenda. This coalition mainly composed by environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other social actors claim for a regulatory framework that guarantee a nanotechnology development environmental friendly that benefit the society. The influence of these two coalitions have succeed in allocating more federal funding resources to research nanotechnology in the agrifood sector, with particular emphasis in EHS research that show the right path to a sustainable development that guarantee enough resources for the future generations.

Manufacturing industries are facing major challenges in terms of improving product quality and increasing throughput while sustaining production costs to acceptable levels. Product-oriented processes, both legacy and new, are poorly monitored and controlled on the basis of distributed loop controllers that are aiming to maintain critical process variables within acceptable bounds. Thus, poor quality product results when such processes are subjected to large disturbances - operational failures, environmental changes, and changes in loading conditions. In this research, product quality modeling and control based on a vision inspection methodology is proposed to improve product quality and increase productivity. The main contributions of this research are twofold. First, this research introduces a product quality modeling methodology that combines both physical-based modeling and data-driven modeling. The quality model is the link between information coming from the inspection of product features and the specification of process control strategies. It is essential to control and optimize the process. Physical-based modeling is used to model the product temperature profile, and data-driven modeling is used to train the mapping from the product temperature profile to each quality metric. The break down of the sub models increase the flexibility of model development and reduce the effort to change the model when the quality metrics change. The second contribution is the development of a novel approach to control product quality based on vision inspection, which is developed as part of a hybrid, hierarchical architecture. The high-level control module involves scheduling of multiple plant processes, diagnostics of the failure condition in the process, and the supervision of the whole process. The mid-level control module, which is the focus of the work presented here, takes advantage of baking product quality indicators and oven parameter measurements to optimize zone temperature and conveyor speed set points so that the best product quality is achieved even in the presence of disturbances. The low-level control module consists of basic control loops. Each of them controls parameters of each operation in the process separately. They are generally simple and easy to implement.

Sugar is intrinsically linked with the modern food system. Large sections of the U. K. food industry are dependent on its use and functional qualities. Supplies of sucrose entering the food chain have declined 25% between the 1950's and 1980's and currently stand around 37 kg/person/year. Furthermore, U. K. dietary guidelines over the past 14 years have consistently suggested caution over how much sugar is eaten, especially in manufactured foods. Dietary guidelines such as the NACNE report (1983) recommend average sugar consumption should be no more than 20 kg/person/year. Currently, two-thirds of sugar supplies are bought for use in food and drink manufacture. Continued pressures on sugar consumption and negative consumer attitudes to sugar may be reflected in lost sales of sugar-containing foods. The available information on U. K. sugar consumption is critically assessed. Although the main sources of sugar supply are identified, individual sugar consumption is shown to vary by considerable amounts. The place of sucrose is examined in relation to other sweeteners and why and where sugars and sweeteners are used in food systems. The promotion of "no added sugar" and "sugar free" products is examined since the publication of the NACNE report to the end of 1987. To further test the impact of changing patterns of sugar consumption on food and drink manufacturers a national survey of manufacturers who use sugar was carried out in early 1988. This was an attitudinal postal questionnaire and responses to the issue of sugar, diet and health were analysed. Respondents bought an estimated 650,000 tonnes of sugar in 1986, around 45% of the total industrial market. While the survey aggregate were fully supportive of sucrose, respondents reported that the majority of consumers were worried about sugar being bad for health and were actively cutting down on individual intakes. There were significant differences to the issue of sugar, diet and health dependent on company size, whether a company manufactured for a retailer's own label and if products had already been marketed at a "healthy eating" segment. However, in general, while manufacturers considered consumer attitudes to sugar to be important they had to be put in the context of other factors. So far the impact of changing patterns of sugar consumption is not reflected in the total average industrial purchases of sugar, although substantial "sugar-free" and "sugar-reduced" product niches have been established.

published_or_final_version / History / Master / Master of Philosophy

Thesis (MTech. degree in Architecture (Applied Design))--Tshwane University of Technology, 2012. / The aim of this dissertation is to design a National Food Technology and Research centre in Marabastad, Tshwane. The focus of the proposed project is to introduce an urban food system by way of reviewing available foodstuffs, seeds and products in a scientifically responsible manner. This will be achieved by attempting to create an awareness concerning food and all related aspects, to challenge the old habits of consumers and to promote a responsible and sustainable lifestyle. The centre's programme will aim to manage innovative research and develop public and community activities related to future urban agriculture and related food technology. This proposal will also aspire to initiate networking and development of relationships amongst farmers (producers), the commercial sector (production and processing sector) and the consumer (public). The architectural intervention will promote social and economic development, contributing to the general self-sufficiency and up-liftment of the Marabastad community. The architectural language is in contrast to the surrounding context but simultaneously celebrates the existing Marabastad social culture and architectural elements. This development intends to rejuvenate the existing proximate environment and establish an urban building typology, which aims to contribute to the future development initiative for Marabastad. The design and layout of the facilities are based on social, pragmatic and cultural actions, evident within Marabastad and particularly the area known as Jazz Square, between Bloed and Struben Streets. The proposed Research Centre will consequently embrace and respond to the site's unique and historical genius loci.

Food supply chains are dominated by multiple retailing companies with high market power. There is a raising concern about multiple retailers’ practicing in their relationships with suppliers. In some cases, multiple retailers may behave opportunistically against their suppliers. This could negatively impact suppliers’ operations, the whole chain’s competitiveness and in the long term even consumers’ welfare. Even though the issue is of high importance no studies have attempted to examine it empirically in the past. The aim of this study is to investigate potential multiple retailers’ opportunism in the supply chain in the Greek food sector. For this reason a conceptual model describing the creation of multiple retailers’ opportunism was developed. A combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods was applied in order to confirm the conceptual model. In-depth interviews with practitioners preliminarily confirmed the model and gave valuable contextual specific information. A large scale survey in a sample of 398 food suppliers gave significant results concerning multiple retailers’ opportunistic behaviors. Structural Equation Modeling was applied for data analysis. The study confirmed the developed model and showed that in some cases retailers may adopt opportunistic practices. Goal incompatibility between the exchange partners and suppliers’ dependence on their big customers are the most important factors creating opportunism. In addition, the study found that small suppliers and suppliers who compete with own brand products face higher levels of opportunism. Excessive payments to retailers, agreement violations and negotiation pressures are the three emerged underlying dimensions of retailers’ opportunism. The findings of the study can be used by suppliers for mitigating retailers’ opportunistic behavior and also for increasing their awareness concerning the requirements of such a relationship. In addition, retailers could obtain significant insights for the suppliers’ perceptions concerning their relationships. / Οι μεγάλες επιχειρήσεις λιανικής πώλησης έχουν αποκτήσει μεγάλη δύναμη και κυριαρχούν στις εφοδιαστικές αλυσίδες στον κλάδο τροφίμων. Αυτό έχει δημιουργήσει μία αυξανόμενη ανησυχία σχετικά με τις πρακτικές που ακολουθούν οι μεγάλες επιχειρήσεις λιανικής πώλησης στις σχέσεις τους με τους προμηθευτές. Κάποιες φορές οι επιχειρήσεις λιανικής πώλησης συμπεριφέρονται οπορτουνιστικά απέναντι στους προμηθευτές τους. Το γεγονός αυτό μπορεί να επηρεάσει αρνητικά την λειτουργία των προμηθευτών, την ανταγωνιστικότητα όλης της εφοδιαστικής αλυσίδας και μακροπρόθεσμα την ευημερία του καταναλωτή. Αν και το συγκεκριμένο ερευνητικό αντικείμενο είναι ιδιαίτερα σημαντικό δεν έχουν πραγματοποιηθεί εμπειρικές μελέτες που εστιάζουν σε αυτό. Στόχος της παρούσας μελέτης είναι να διερευνήσει τον πιθανό οπορτουνισμό των επιχειρήσεων λιανικής πώλησης στην εφοδιαστική αλυσίδα στον κλάδο τροφίμων στην Ελλάδα. Για το σκοπό αυτό αναπτύχθηκε ένα ερευνητικό μοντέλο που περιγράφει την δημιουργία οπορτουνισμού από την πλευρά των μεγάλων επιχειρήσεων λιανικής πώλησης. Για την εξέταση και επιβεβαίωση του ερευνητικού μοντέλου χρησιμοποιήθηκε ένας συνδυασμός ποιοτικών και ποσοτικών ερευνητικών μεθόδων. Αρχικά διεξήχθησαν συνεντεύξεις σε βάθος με στελέχη επιχειρήσεων τροφίμων οι οποίες επιβεβαίωσαν το μοντέλο σε πρώτη φάση και έδωσαν σημαντικές πληροφορίες σχετικά με τις σχέσεις προμηθευτών-επιχειρήσεων λιανικής πώλησης στην Ελληνική αγορά. Επιπλέον, πραγματοποιήθηκε μεγάλης κλίμακας έρευνα δημοσκόπησης σε 398 προμηθευτές τροφίμων από την οποία προέκυψαν σημαντικά αποτελέσματα σχετικά με την οπορτουνιστική συμπεριφορά των επιχειρήσεων λιανικής πώλησης. Τα δεδομένα της έρευνας δημοσκόπησης αναλύθηκαν με τη χρήση Μοντέλου Δομικών Εξισώσεων. Η μελέτη επιβεβαίωσε το ερευνητικό μοντέλο που αναπτύχθηκε και έδειξε ότι σε μερικές περιπτώσεις οι επιχειρήσεις λιανικής πώλησης μπορεί να υιοθετήσουν οπορτουνιστικές πρακτικές. Η ασυμφωνία στόχων μεταξύ των συνεργατών και η μεγάλη εξάρτηση των προμηθευτών από τις επιχειρήσεις λιανικής πώλησης είναι οι πιο σημαντικοί παράγοντες δημιουργίας οπορτουνισμού. Επιπλέον, τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι οι μικρότεροι προμηθευτές και οι προμηθευτές που ανταγωνίζονται προϊόντα ιδιωτικής ετικέτας αντιμετωπίζουν υψηλότερα επίπεδα οπορτουνισμού. Υπερβολικές πληρωμές προς τις επιχειρήσεις λιανικής πώλησης, παραβίαση μέρους των συμφωνιών και διαπραγματευτικές πιέσεις είναι οι βασικές διαστάσεις των εξεταζόμενων πρακτικών. Τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν από τους προμηθευτές ώστε να αμβλύνουν την οπορτουνιστική συμπεριφορά των επιχειρήσεων λιανικής πώλησης αλλά και για να αυξήσουν την γνώση των προμηθευτών σχετικά με τις απαιτήσεις που παρουσιάζουν οι εμπορικές σχέσεις με μεγάλους πελάτες. Τα ευρήματα της μελέτης είναι ιδιαιτέρως χρήσιμα και για τις επιχειρήσεις λιανικής πώλησης οι οποίες μπορούν να αποκτήσουν σημαντικές πληροφορίες σχετικά με τις αντιλήψεις των προμηθευτών για τις εμπορικές σχέσεις τους.