Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-05-17T14:47:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Virginia_de_Jesus_da_Silva.pdf: 782279 bytes, checksum: 477f6a488ddd27031f88ddb07b289a55 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-05-17T14:52:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Virginia_de_Jesus_da_Silva.pdf: 782279 bytes, checksum: 477f6a488ddd27031f88ddb07b289a55 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-05-17T14:52:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Virginia_de_Jesus_da_Silva.pdf: 782279 bytes, checksum: 477f6a488ddd27031f88ddb07b289a55 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-17T14:52:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Virginia_de_Jesus_da_Silva.pdf: 782279 bytes, checksum: 477f6a488ddd27031f88ddb07b289a55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A produção de doces na cidade de Pelotas, RS é antiga e tradicional, o que a tornou conhecida como a “Capital Nacional do Doce”. Ainda hoje, esta produção ocorre de forma artesanal e não existe uma forma sistemática de controle para assegurar a qualidade sanitária destes produtos. O Programa Alimento Seguro (PAS) tem a finalidade de reduzir os riscos de contaminação dos alimentos, reduzindo o risco das Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos aos consumidores. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a qualidade dos doces tradicionais de Pelotas com selo de Indicação Geográfica (IG) quanto à composição centesimal, qualidade sanitária e interferência do PAS sobre estes parâmetros. Verificou-se a conformidade com a legislação vigente destas empresas aplicando check list. Foi realizada a avaliação sensorial dos doces tradicionais para verificar qual o preferido entre os consumidores. As caracterizações microbiológicas foram realizadas conforme as metodologias descritas em APHA (2001) e a composição centesimal conforme Adolf Lutz (2010). A avaliação microbiológica, em geral, apresentou resultados de acordo com a legislação vigente, exceto em três amostras. Após intervenção realizada, onde foram feitas adequações das condições higiênico-sanitárias da empresa B, foram coletadas novas amostras e foi possível a comprovação da influência positiva desta intervenção. O PAS influenciou positivamente com relação à melhoria das condições higiênico-sanitárias da empresa A, que possui o programa, além de auxiliar na identificação de pontos de controle necessários. Com relação à composição centesimal, estas diferem conforme a formulação, porém estas mudanças são amparadas pelo regulamento técnico dos produtores e o PAS não exerceu nenhuma influência, pois o fato de possuir o selo de IG já impõe regras para a produção dos doces e registro das matérias-primas utilizadas na fabricação. / The production of sweets in the city of Pelotas, Brazil is old and traditional, which became known as the "National Sweet Capital". However, this production occurs by hand and there is no systematic control to ensure the health quality of these products. The Safe Food Program (SAP) aims to reduce food contamination risks, reducing the risk of Foodborne Diseases consumers. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of traditional sweets of Pelotas Geographical Indication seal (IG) as to their composition, quality healthcare, and interference of PAS on these parameters. There was compliance with current legislation these companies applying checklist. Sensory evaluation of traditional sweets was performed to verify the preferred among consumers. The microbiological characterizations were performed according to methods described in APHA (2001) and the chemical composition as Adolf Lutz (2010). The microbiological evaluation, in general, was compared according to the current legislation, except in three samples. After the intervention performed, where adjustments were made of hygienic and sanitary conditions of the company B, were collected new samples and proof of the positive influence of this intervention was possible. PAS positive influence with respect to the improvement of sanitary conditions of the enterprise, which has the program, and help identify necessary control points. With respect to composition, they differ depending on the formulation, but these changes are supported by the technical regulation of producers and PAS did not exert any influence, because the possession of a GI seal already imposes rules for the production of sweet and recording raw materials used in manufacturing.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Adao_Jose_Vital_da_Costa.pdf: 1518848 bytes, checksum: 700248ad2477175b136922acfdf8a342 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-02 / This piece of research focuses on the contributions of Josué de Castro s historicalenvironmental and agro ecosystemic pioneering ideas in the reflection and dissemination of the agro ecological thought in Brazil. The agro exporting landlordism and family units of food production are analyzed along the Brazilian civilizing process by the historical-dialectic method. Upon using secondary sources, this analysis represents both a theoretical and a reflexive exercise on the constructive potential of historical-environmental perceptions towards the investigative specter of the complex Brazilian land universe, once different interaction strategies between society and nature are multiplied not only by the diversity of human groups but also by ecosystem heterogeneities. From that, an approach is reached which searches to identify in Josué de Castro s vast and relevant work how harmful monoculture farm production systems have been, both culturally and socio-environmentally, for food sustainability strategies. Upon exposing the reductionism of technical and mercantile models that have been historically adopted by Brazilian farming, we aim to contribute to the recognition of the importance of family production systems as adequate loci which can guarantee food safety on an agro ecological basis. / Esta pesquisa trata sobre as contribuições do pioneirismo histórico-ambiental e agroecossistêmico de Josué de Castro para reflexão e difusão do pensamento agroecológico no Brasil. Por intermédio do método histórico dialético analisamos, comparativamente, o latifúndio agroexportador e as unidades familiares de produção alimentar, buscando compreender a natureza e a extensão dos impactos socioambientais dos dois agroecossistemas, nos tempos e espaços, ao longo do processo civilizatório brasileiro. Utilizando-se de fontes secundárias, representa um exercício teórico e reflexivo sobre o potencial contributivo das percepções históricoambientais para o espectro investigativo do complexo universo agrário brasileiro, uma vez que as diferentes estratégias de interação entre sociedade e natureza se pluralizam não somente pela diversidade cultural dos grupos humanos, mas também, pelas heterogeneidades dos ecossistemas. A partir disso, constitui em uma abordagem que procura identificar, na vasta e relevante obra de Josué de Castro, o quanto os sistemas de produção agrícola monocultores foram nocivos, cultural e sociambientalmente, para as estratégias de sustentabilidade alimentar. Ao expor o reducionismo dos modelos técnicos e mercantis adotados historicamente na agricultura brasileira, acreditamos contribuir para o reconhecimento da importância dos sistemas de produção familiar, enquanto lócus adequado para garantir a segurança alimentar de base agroecológica.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:32:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_janaina_guimaraes_venzke.pdf: 370814 bytes, checksum: ca6312b2d70800b452ae33ccea99bab6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-26 / The most cultivated genetically modified plant in Brazil is the soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] resistant to the systemic herbicide glyphosate. There are 12.3 millions of cultivated hectares. This soybean was obtained through the introduction of the gene that codes for the 5-enolpyruyilshikimic-acid3-phosphate synthase enzyme, (EPSPS, E.C 2.5.1.19, CP4), of the shikimic pathway, resistant to glyphosate that keeps active the aromatic amino acids biosynthetic pathway. To the soybean genetical modification the parameters in law were reviewed and the maximum glyphosate limit permitted in beans that was 0.2 mg/kg was increased to 10 mg/kg to GMRR soybean. Although Brazil is the 3rd biggest worldwide producer, cultivates the GMRR soybean for more than ten years, and represents 50% of the overall production of soybean in Brazil, just a few studies have been conducted in the country to evaluate in biological assays, the impact of this technology on the food quality and safety. Thus, the present work seeks for to evaluate the influence of the genetic modification of the soybean on the nutritional quality, on the possible effects of chronical exposition, as well as the effects on the fertility and the development of Wistar rats and the on the endocrine system. The nutritional quality was evaluated through the protein value, in 30 male rats, just weaned, distributed in five groups, fed along 28 days with the following diets, 10% protein ration GMRR soybean no isogenic, GMRR soybean isogenic, conventional soybean, milk (casein) or for 10 days with a non-protein diet. The weight gain and the food intake of diets did not present statistical relevance. The same behavior was observed in the variables of growth and the nitrogen balance study. In the chronical exposition of 40 male and 39 female rats distributed in four groups that consumed genetically modified soybean no isogenic and isogenic, conventional soybean and the standard group without soybean it signs of systemic toxicity on males have been evident in the neutrophilia, lymphocytopenia in the group conventional soybean compared with the standard group, lymphoid hyperplasia of the lungs in the groups without soybean; the signs of reproductive toxicity through of 8 the increase on relative weight of the tests and epididymis and also through the decrease of the sperm concentration. On the females the effect on the reproductive system became evident through the fertility pregnancy and weaning index. These results point out that the protein quality of the genetically modified soybean is preserved, but there is an association of factors that trigger a probable endocrine disruption. Studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanism of interaction that cause toxicity on males and females fed with conventional soybean and genetically modified soybean that presented detectable glyphosate levels. / A espécie vegetal geneticamente modificada mais cultivada no Brasil é a soja [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] resistente ao herbicida sistêmico pós-emergente glifosato, com 12,3 milhões de hectares cultivados. Essa soja foi obtida pela introdução do gene correspondente à enzima 5-enolpiruvilchiquimato-3-fosfato sintase (EPSPS, E.C 2.5.1.19, CP4), enzima da via de chiquimato, resistente ao glifosato, mantendo ativa a via biossintética de aminoácidos aromáticos. A modificação genética fez com que parâmetros preconizados pela legislação brasileira fossem revistos e o limite máximo permitido de glifosato nos grãos que era de 0,2 mg/kg aumentasse para 10 mg/kg. Embora o Brasil cultive há mais de dez anos a soja resistente ao glifosato e seja o terceiro maior produtor mundial dessa leguminosa, com 50% da produção nacional com genótipos transgênicos, poucos estudos têm sido conduzidos no país com o intuito de avaliar, em ensaios biológicos, o impacto dessa tecnologia sobre o meio ambiente, a qualidade e a segurança do alimento. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho objetivou estudar a influência do consumo de grãos de soja geneticamente modificada resistente ao glifosato (GMRR) isogênica à convencional e não isogênica, tratada com este herbicida, sobre a qualidade nutricional, possíveis efeitos à exposição crônica, bem como efeitos sobre a fertilidade e o desenvolvimento de ratos Wistar e a possibilidade deste, desregular o sistema endócrino. A qualidade nutricional foi avaliada através do valor protéico mediante índices biológicos, em 30 machos recém desmamados, distribuídos em cinco grupos, alimentados por 28 dias com ração contendo 10% de proteína de soja GMRR não isogênica, soja GMRR da isogênica, soja convencional, leite (caseína) ou por 10 dias com ração aproteica. O ganho de massa corporal e o consumo alimentar das dietas não diferiu entre os tratamentos. Esse mesmo comportamento foi observado no que concerne às variáveis de crescimento e índices de balanço nitrogenado. Na exposição crônica de 40 machos e 39 fêmeas distribuídos em 4 grupos que consumiram dietas contendo sojas GMRR (isogênica e não isogênica), soja convencional e grupo padrão sem soja, 6 sinais de toxicidade sistêmica nos machos foram evidenciados na neutrofilia, linfopenia do grupo que consumiu soja convencional em relação ao grupo padrão, e na hiperplasia linfóide dos pulmões nos animais que consumiram soja GMRR e convencional; sinais de toxicidade reprodutiva foram observados através do aumento da massa relativa dos testículos e epidídimos e redução da concentração espermática. Nas fêmeas, os efeitos no sistema reprodutivo foram evidenciados através dos índices de fertilidade, e desmame. Estes resultados indicam que a qualidade protéica da soja modificada geneticamente é preservada, porém há uma associação de fatores que desencadeiam em uma provável desregulação endócrina. Outros estudos são necessários para elucidar o mecanismo de interação que provoca efeitos de toxicidade em machos e fêmeas alimentados com soja convencional e GMRR que apresentam níveis detectáveis de glifosato.

De nos jours, les biocapteurs électrochimiques constituent des outils rapides, fiables, rentables et sans marquage pour la détection sur site des polluants environnementaux et l’évaluation des critères de sécurité alimentaire et pour la détection des résidus militaires sur le terrain. Nous avons développé des biocapteurs d’affinité basés sur des récepteurs biologiques pour la détection électrochimique de l'estradiol dans des échantillons environnementaux et de molécules odorantes dans l'adultération de viande de porc. Des biocapteurs sensibles, sélectifs, rapides, simples reproductible, stables et efficaces ont été élaborés. En outre, une autre stratégie basée sur des nanomatériaux intégrés a été employée pour élaborer un capteur biomimétique pour la détection d’explosifs, qui a montré de bonnes qualités dans la protection de l'environnement. A la fin du manuscrit, certaines perspectives sont discutées / Nowadays, electrochemical biosensors are rapid, reliable, cost-effective and label-free tools for in field monitoring of environmental pollutants, for assessing the food safety criterion and for detection of the territory military residues. We developed biological receptors based affinity biosensors for electrochemical detection of estradiol in environment samples and odorant molecules in pork meat adulteration. The sensitive, selective, rapid, simple, repetitive, stable and effective biosensors were produced. In addition, another strategy entrapment based on integrated nano-material was used to produce a biomimetic sensor for explosives detection, which has shown good valuable in environmental protection and homeland security. In the end, certain significant prospective are discussed

De nouveaux composés anabolisants sont devenus accessibles via Internet : les modulateurs spécifiques des récepteurs androgènes (SARMs) actuellement développés pour le traitement des pertes musculaires. L’Ostarine® (MK-2866, GTX-024, enobosarm) en particulier, exerce ses effets sur les muscles squelettiques et ne présente pas d'activité androgénique. Sur la base de son mécanisme d’action et des résultats cliniques préliminaires, ce produit pourrait être utilisé comme promoteur de croissance en élevage bovin. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de la thèse sont de valider des outils permettant de décrire les effets zootechniques pouvant être induits par l’administration orale d'enobosarm à des bovins et de développer des stratégies analytiques dédiées à la mise en évidence de son utilisation frauduleuse. En comparant animaux contrôles et animaux traités avec l'enobosarm, aucun effet morphologique n'a été mis en évidence en termes de croissance ou de conformation. Il a été ensuite démontré que l'enobosarm et ses principaux métabolites de phase II sont éliminés dans les urines et les fèces à des concentrations permettant leur détection par des techniques analytiques impliquant le couplage chromatographie en phase liquide et spectrométrie de masse. Enfin, une stratégie de type métabolomique conduite sur matrices urinaire et fécale a conduit à la description d’empreintes spécifiques et discriminantes pouvant signer l’administration d'enobosarm. Ce travail de recherche pluridisciplinaire contribue à générer des connaissances sur une nouvelle classe d'anabolisants, permettant par extension de contribuer à garantir au consommateur une sécurité chimique accrue des denrées d’origine animale. / New compounds with anabolic properties have recently become accessible via Internet-based suppliers: selective androgens receptor modulators (SARMs) currently developed for the treatment of chronic diseases with wasting muscle. Ostarine® (MK-2866, GTX-024, enobosarm), in particular, exerts its anabolic effects exclusively on the skeletal muscles and has no androgenic activity. Based on its mechanism of action and clinical preliminary results, this product could potentially be used as a growth promoter in cattle. In this context, the aims of this thesis are to validate tools allowing to describe the zootechnical effects that may be induced by an oral administration of enobosarm in calves and to develop analytical strategies dedicated to highlight its fraudulent use. Following a comparison between control animals and enobosarm treated animals, no morphological effect was visible and measurable in terms of growth and conformation. It was then demonstrated that enobosarm and its main phase II metabolites are eliminated in urine and feces at concentrations allowing their detection with analytical techniques using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupling. Finally, a metabolomics approach on urine and fecal matrices led to the description of specific and discriminant fingerprints signaling the administration of enobosarm. This multidisciplinary research work helps to generate knowledge on a new class of anabolic substance and therefore contributes to guarantee a more chemically-safe food of animal origin to the consumer.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Avian Influenza (AI) is a contagious viral zoonotic disease with great public health implications and negative socioeconomic impact (WHO, 2006a). The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) infection is transmitted from birds to man mostly through contact with contaminated poultry and objects (INFOSAN, 2005), hence people who come in contact with birds such as live bird sellers (LBS) are the more vulnerable population (WHO, 2006a). Inadequate knowledge of AI health risks and poor practice of AI preventive measures amongst LBS increases the risk of spread of the infection in both humans and animals.The aim of this study was to describe and quantify the knowledge and practice of LBS with regards to avian influenza health risks and preventive activities in Agege, an urban area in Lagos State, Nigeria. / South Africa

In recent years, concern about food safety linked to health issues has seen a rise in private food safety standards in addition to the regulations set by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) in collaboration with the World Health Organisation (WHO). These have presented challenges to producers and exporters of agricultural food products especially the producers of fresh fruits and vegetables. In spite of the food safety-linked challenges from the demand side, the vast range of business-environment forces pose equally formidable challenges that negatively impact on the exporting industries’ ability to maintain or improve their market shares and their ability to compete in world markets. The objective of this study was therefore to establish the competitiveness of the South African citrus industry in the international markets within this prevailing scenario. Due to the diversity of the definitions of competitiveness as a concept, this study formulated the following working definition: “the ability to create, deliver and maintain value and constant market share through strategic management of the industrial environment or competitiveness drivers”. This was based on the understanding that the international market shares of an industry are a function of forces in the business environment which range from intra-industry, external and national as well as the international elements. The unit of analysis were the citrus producers engaged in export of their products and the study made use of 151 responses by producers. The study adopted a five-step approach to the analysis of the performance of the South African citrus industry in the global markets, starting with the analysis of the Constant Market Share (CMS) of the South African citrus industry in various world markets, establishing the impact of the business environmental factors upon competitiveness, establishing the costs of compliance with private food safety standards, determining the non-price benefits of compliance with the standards, as well as highlighting the strategies for enhancing long-term competitiveness of the industry in the international markets. South Africa is one of the top three countries dominating the citrus fruit export market. Since its entry into the citrus fruit exports market in the 1900s, the industry has sustained its activity in the international market. The Constant Market Share Analysis shows that, amidst the challenges on the international market side, and the changes in the business environment, over much of which the industry has limited control and influence, the industry has maintained its competitive advantage in several markets. The CMS shows that South Africa’s lemons are competitive in America. Despite a negative trend, the South African grapefruit has been competitive in France, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain. Oranges have been competitive in the Greece, Italy, Portugal, UK, Asian and Northern Europe markets. Competitiveness in these markets has been due to the inherent competitiveness of the industry. Competitiveness in such markets as the Middle East has been attributed to the relatively rapid growth of these markets. The South African citrus industry has similarly undergone many major processes of transformation. The business environmental factors influencing its performance have ranged reform to the challenges beyond the country’s borders. These factors directly and indirectly affect the performance of the industry in the export market. They have influenced the flow of fruits into different international destinations. Of major concern are the food safety and private standards. Challenges in traditional markets as well as opportunities presented by demand from newly emerging citrus consuming nations have seen a diversification in the marketing of the South African citrus. The intensity of competition in the global market is reflected by the fluctuations in the market shares in different markets as well as the increase and fluctuations of fruit rejection rates in some lucrative markets such as America. A combination of challenging national environmental forces and stringent demand conditions negatively impact on revenues especially from markets characterised by price competitiveness. This study identified cost of production, foreign market support systems, adaptability, worker skills, challenges of management in an international environment and government policies such as labour and trade policies as some of the most influential obstacles to competitiveness. Some of the most competiveness-enhancing factors were market availability, market size, market information, market growth and the availability of research institutions. However, compliance with private standards still poses a challenge to the exporters. The different performance levels of the industry in various markets prove the dissimilarity of the demand conditions in the global market. These are supported by the negative influence associated with the foreign market support regimes as well as the challenges associated with compliance with private food safety standards. While market availability, market growth, market information and size were identified as enhancing competitiveness, the fluctuations and inconsistencies in the competitiveness of the industry in different foreign markets require more than finding markets. Resource allocation by both the government and the industry may need to take into account the off-setting of the national challenges and support of farmers faced with distorted and unfair international playing fields. Otherwise, market availability is not a challenge for the industry save meeting the specifications therewith as well as price competitiveness which is unattainable for the South African citrus producers faced with high production costs. For the purposes of further study, it is recommended that account should be taken of all the products marketed by the industry (including processed products such as fruit juices) in order to have a whole picture of the competitiveness of the industry in the international market. This study also proffers a new theoretical framework for the analysis of the business environment for the citrus industry and other agro-businesses. This framework takes into account the indispensability of the food safety standards and measures as well as the diversity of the global consumer and the non-negotiability of food trade for the sustenance of the growing population.

Orientadores: Marta Cristina Teixeira Duarte, Guiomar Denisse Posada Izquierdo, Fernando Pérez Rodríguez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T10:14:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Possas_AriciaMaraMelo_M.pdf: 2038081 bytes, checksum: 8baf91fa5300fdd80940e18d382b2468 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Salmonella é um dos patógenos mais importantes relacionados a surtos de origem alimentar que têm como veículos carnes vendidas prontas para o consumo. A contaminação destes produtos pode ocorrer durante o processamento em operações como o fatiamento, embalagem e outros procedimentos que requerem manipulação. O aumento do consumo de produtos à base de carne de peru tem sido verificado mundialmente, pois estes aliam a praticidade dos chamados produtos "ready-to-eat" com o fato de que as carnes de aves são reconhecidas como saudáveis. Outro fator importante que influencia na escolha do consumidor é a presença de conservantes químicos nos produtos alimentícios. A substituição de conservantes químicos por substâncias naturais, como os óleos essenciais, e a incorporação destas em sistemas de embalagens ativas, representa uma alternativa interessante e atende a demanda por produtos mais naturais. Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver e aplicar um revestimento incorporado com óleo essencial como antimicrobiano em produtos cárneos à base de peito de peru e avaliar sua atividade contra Salmonella Enteritidis, simulando um sistema de embalagem ativa. Além disso, foi estudada a transferência desta bactéria a produtos de peito de peru durante o fatiamento, para simular a contaminação cruzada em equipamentos utilizados para este procedimento. Também foi avaliado o comportamento de S. Enteritidis durante a vida útil de fatias contaminadas dos produtos cárneos, contendo ou não revestimento de óleo essencial, armazenadas a diferentes temperaturas (10 e 25 °C). Quatro formulações dos produtos cárneos (A, B, C e D) foram estudadas para que fosse possível avaliar como a composição da matriz alimentar influencia no comportamento de S. Enteritidis. Dos quatro óleos essenciais testados in vitro, o óleo essencial de Thymus vulgaris (tomilho) foi o que apresentou menor concentração mínima inibitória (MIC) contra S. Enteritidis, sendo selecionado para ensaios posteriores. Baseando-se em análise sensorial e nos testes de triagem antimicrobiana, uma concentração de 0,8 % (v/m) de óleo essencial de T. vulgaris foi aplicada nos revestimentos para os produtos cárneos. Observou-se transferência de S. Enteritidis durante o fatiamento, a partir das lâminas de corte artificialmente contaminadas (~ 8 log UFC/lâmina) a todas as fatias analisadas (n = 20), de produtos revestidos ou não com emulsão de óleo essencial de T. vulgaris. Diferenças estatísticas foram detectadas em relação à transferência do patógeno nos diferentes tratamentos (p ? 0,05). O comportamento de S. Enteritidis nas fatias durante o armazenamento foi fortemente dependente da temperatura e da composição dos produtos, sendo verificado o crescimento a 25 °C em todas as formulações e tratamentos avaliados. Apenas o produto A propiciou o crescimento do patógeno a 10 °C. Nas fatias dos demais produtos foi verificado um perfil de sobrevivência, com redução das contagens ao longo da vida útil. O óleo essencial de T. vulgaris foi efetivo contra S. Enteritidis, durante o armazenamento de fatias revestidas a 10 °C. Testes finais indicaram que a adição e mistura do óleo essencial juntamente com os outros ingredientes, no processo industrial para obtenção dos produtos cárneos processados, possivelmente resultaria em maior atividade antimicrobiana do mesmo contra S. Enteritidis / Abstract: Salmonella is one of the most important pathogens involved in foodborne outbreaks related to the consumption of ready-to-eat meat products. The contamination of these products can occur during processing operations like slicing, packaging or other handling procedures. The increase in demand for turkey breast based products has been verified worldwide since they combine the convenience of ready-to-eat-products with the fact that poultry meat is recognized as healthy by consumers. The presence of chemical preservatives in food products is another important factor that influences consumer¿s choice. The use of natural substances as antimicrobials, such as essential oils, and their incorporation in active packaging systems represents an interesting alternative to the use of chemical preservatives. The aim of this study was to develop and implement an edible coating incorporated with essential oil as a natural antimicrobial to turkey breast products and to assess its activity against Salmonella Enteritidis, in order to simulate an active packaging system. This study also aimed to evaluate the transfer of S. Enteritidis to turkey breast products during the slicing procedure, simulating a cross-contamination scenario. Pathogen behavior during sliced turkey breast products¿ shelf-life at different storage temperatures (10 e 25 °C) was also evaluated. Four different formulations of products (A, B, C and D) were studied in order to evaluate how the composition of these food matrices can influence the behavior of S. Enteritidis. Among the four essential oils tested in vitro, Thymus vulgaris (thyme) essential oil exhibited the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the pathogen and it was selected to subsequent assays. Based on sensory analysis and antimicrobial screening tests, 0.8 % (v/w) of T. vulgaris essential oil was applied on the edible coatings to be tested on turkey breast meat products. S. Enteritidis could be transferred during the slicing procedure, from artificially contaminated slicer blades (~ 8 log CFU/blade) to all slices microbiologically analyzed (n = 20), of products previously coated and not coated with T. vulgaris essential oil. Statistical differences were detected regarding pathogen transfer in the different treatments (p ? 0.05). S. Enteritidis behavior on slices during storage was strongly dependent on temperature and products composition. Growth was verified in slices of all formulations and treatments during storage at 25 °C. Only one product was susceptible to pathogen growth at 10 °C (product A). In the slices of the other three products (B, C and D) a survival pattern was observed, with reductions of S. Enteritidis counts during shelf-life. T. vulgaris essential oil was effective against S. Enteritidis during storage of slices at 10 °C. Final tests indicated that the addition of T. vulgaris essential oil with the other ingredients, during the industrial manufacture process of turkey breast products, probably would result in higher antimicrobial activity against S. Enteritidis. / Mestrado / Ciência de Alimentos / Mestra em Ciência de Alimentos

A soja geneticamente modificada tolerante ao herbicida glifosato tem sido a cultura derivada da engenharia genética mais cultivada atualmente no mundo. Como todo alimento GM a soja tem sido alvo de investigação em relação a sua Biossegurança. Novas estratégias têm sido desenvolvidas e aplicadas neste campo de pesquisa, sendo que métodos rápidos e eficientes de análise proteômica têm sido utilizados para avaliação e monitoramento da segurança e inocuidade alimentar, indicando mudanças no perfil protéico entre variedades convencionais e GM. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os mapas protéicos de amostras de soja convencionais e suas derivadas geneticamente modificadas tolerantes ao herbicida glifosato, utilizando técnicas de análise proteômica com ênfase para inocuidade alimentar. Foram utilizadas seis amostras de soja, sendo três convencionais parentais e três derivadas GM, cultivadas entre 2004-2005, em Goiás. O extrato bruto protéico foi submetido à análise por eletroforese unidimensional e bidimensional. A eletroforese 2D, foi realizada utilizando tiras com gradiente de pH de 3-10 e 4-7. As imagens dos mapas protéicos das seis variedades, produzidas em replicatas, foram analisadas pelo software ImageMaster 2D Platinum. O potencial alergênico do extrato protéico bruto foi avaliado para todas as variedades utilizando soro de pacientes alérgicos à soja através de immunoblotting. Nos resultados obtidos observou-se a presença das principais frações protéicas da soja pela eletroforese unidimensional sem alteração significativa entre as amostras parentais e GM, exceto para uma banda de 115 kDa presente nas amostras parentais, mas ausente nas amostras GM. A partir da análise por eletroforese 2D foram identificadas as formas peptídicas correspondentes às frações de β-conglicinina e glicinina bem como diversas outras proteínas encontradas na soja como o inibidor de tripsina e a lipoxigenase. Através do software foi possível observar que um spot apresentou diferença estatística entre as amostras analisadas, expresso em maior concentração nas amostras GM do que nas parentais. Nos testes de alergenicidade, os extratos protéicos das variedades GM demonstraram reatividade similar em relação as suas respectivas variedades parentais. A proteína de 115 kDa foi sequenciada e identificada como a proteína precursora da cadeia α da β-conglicinina e o spot das amostras GM que apresentou diferença estatística significativa foi identificado como a proteína precursora de G4 glicinina. A diferença observada entre as variedades parentais e GM para as subunidades α de β-conglicinina e G4 glicinina pode ter ocorrido devido a variações normais observadas entre diferentes variedades de soja. Os resultados demonstram a viabilidade de aplicação das ferramentas proteômicas na identificação de alterações de perfis protéicos de amostras de soja parentais e GM. Pelos dados obtidos podemos concluir que as diferenças apresentadas não comprometem a inocuidade alimentar das amostras de soja GM em relação a suas respectivas variedades parentais. / Genetically modified soya-tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate culture has been derived from the more cultivated genetic engineering in the world today. As GM soya beans whole food has been investigated in relation to your biosafety. New strategies have been developed and applied research in this field, and fast and efficient methods of analysis proteomics have been used for assessment and monitoring of food security and safety, indicating changes in own protein profile between conventional and GM varieties. The aim of this work was to assess the maps soy protein samples of conventional and genetically modified their derived to the herbicide glyphosate-tolerant, using Proteomics analysis techniques with emphasis on food safety. Six samples were used for conventional soya, three and three derived from GM parental, grown between 2004-2005. The crude protein extract own was subjected to analysis by electrophoresis one-dimensional and two-dimensional. 2D electrophoresis using Strip was held with pH gradient of 3-10 and 4-7. Protein maps images of six varieties produced in replicates have been analysed by the 2D Platinum software ImageMaster. The potential allergenic in crude protein extracts was evaluated for all varieties using allergic patient serum soya by immunoblotting. In the results obtained noted the presence of the main protein fractions of soya by one-dimensional electrophoresis without significant change between parental and GM samples, except for a band of 115 parental kDa present in the sample, but absent in GM samples. From the analysis by 2D electrophoresis peptides forms were identified corresponding to fractions of β-conglicinina and glicinina as well as several other proteins found in soy as trypsin inhibitor and lipoxygenase. Through the software has been possible to observe that a spot presented statistical difference between the samples tested, expressed in greater concentration in the samples GM in parenting. In tests of allergenicity, GM varieties protein extracts showed similar reactivity in respect of their parental varieties. 115 KDa protein was sequenced and identified as the protein precursor of α subunit of β-conglicinina and the spot that GM samples presented significant statistical difference was identified as the G4 glicinina protein precursor. The difference between parental and GM varieties for subunits α of β-conglicinina and G4 glicinina may have occurred due to normal variation between different varieties of soy. The results demonstrate the viability of applying the tools Proteomics in identification of protein profiles changes of soya samples parental and GM. By data obtained can be concluded that the differences do not compromise the safety of food GM soybean samples with regard to their parental varieties.

A vida moderna impôs novos hábitos alimentares para a população e a maior participação da mulher no mercado de trabalho estimula a alimentação fora do lar. Buscando diversificar suas atividades comerciais e atender esse mercado crescente, muitos supermercados estão implantando uma seção de rotisseria, no qual são produzidos e comercializados alimentos prontos para o consumo. Em muitos supermercados, essa seção é improvisada, sem atender as Boas Práticas de Manipulação, podendo representar um perigo à saúde dos consumidores. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram fazer um estudo crítico do problema da qualidade e inocuidade alimentar na seção de rotisseria de supermercados e apresentar um exemplo de um estabelecimento na cidade de São Paulo no qual uma área foi adaptada para uma rotisseria. Nessa rotisseria improvisada, aplicou-se a Lista de Verificação das Boas Práticas de Manipulação em Estabelecimentos da Área de Alimentos (LVBPMEA) da Prefeitura Municipal de São Paulo e alguns produtos colocados à venda foram submetidos à análises microbiológicas, para verificar se atendiam os padrões microbiológicos legais vigentes (Resolução RDC12 item 22, ANVISA). O estudo indicou que rotisserias em supermercados representam um novo e promissor mercado, mas os supermercadistas necessitam compreender que esse setor necessita de atenção diferenciada, por envolver produtos de alto risco para a saúde da população. Essa necessidade foi comprovada pelos resultados obtidos no supermercado estudado, onde numerosos pontos da LVBPMEA e da RDC12 não foram atendidos. Este exemplo pode refletir a realidade de muitos supermercados no Brasil. / Modern life style is imposing new eating habits and the increased participation of women in the work market estimulates having meals outside the home. Envisaging a new and promising market, supermarkets are adapting areas for preparation and selling of meals (rotisseries). In many supermakets, these improvised areas do not follow the recommended Good Manufacturing Practices, endangering consumers health. The present study aimed to address the issue concerned to quality and safety of meals prepared in these rotisseries, and present an example of a supermarket in the city of São Paulo in which an area was transformed in a rotisserie for cooking and selling ready-to-eat foods. The Good Manufacturing Practices Verification List, of the Mayority of São Paulo city, was applied to this improvised rotisserie, and some samples of ready-to-eat foods were submitted to microbiological testing in order to evaluate their compliance with the legal Brazilian microbiological standards (Resolução RDC12 item 22, ANVISA). The review indicated that rotisseries in supermarkets are a growing market in Brazil, but the managers need to understand that this sector needs special attention because the foods for sale may be risky for the consumers health. The need for special attention was strengthened by the results in the studied supermarket, where many points and products were not in accordance with the GMP Verification list and the legal Brazilian microbiological standards. This example may reflect the reality in many supermarkets in Brazil.