Le football de haut niveau a été décrit comme une activité à très haut risque de blessure. La charge de travail a été identifiée comme un facteur de risque de blessures dans de nombreuses activités sportives. Dans le football, l’un des outils le plus utilisés pour mesurer la charge de travail interne est la méthode de la séance basée sur la perception de l’effort, dans laquelle il est demandé aux joueurs d’évaluer subjectivement l’intensité globale de la séance. La charge de travail est calculée en multipliant la valeur d’intensité perçue lors de la séance par le temps de séance ou de match. Cependant, le niveau d’évidence scientifique concernant l’association entre la charge de travail interne et l’incidence des blessures dans le football de haut niveau est faible. Ainsi, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’évaluer l’association entre plusieurs indicateurs de la charge de travail interne et l’incidence des blessures chez des footballeurs de haut niveau.Pour répondre à cet objectif, la thèse s’articule autour de cinq grandes parties. La première partie concerne l’introduction. La seconde partie porte sur une revue de littérature. Cette revue de littérature intègre la mesure de la charge de travail, l’interaction entre cette charge de travail et l’amélioration de la condition physique,l’épidémiologie des blessures dans le football de haut niveau, l’interaction entre charge de travail et blessures. La troisième partie correspond aux études de cohorte effectuées pour répondre aux objectifs de cette thèse. La quatrième partie correspond à la discussion générale en articulant les résultats des études menées et ceux de la littérature. La dernière partie concerne la conclusion.Les principaux résultats de ces études de cohorte indiquent des relations entre différents indices dérivés de la charge de travail interne chez les footballeurs professionnels et l’incidence des blessures. Des associations entre la charge de travail mesurée à l’aide de la charge interne et l’incidence des blessures chez de jeunes joueurs de haut niveau issus de centre de formation ont été observées. Enfin, si la charge de travail est associée à l’incidence des blessures, la charge de travail ne peut pas être considérée comme prédictive de la blessure.Les résultats de cette thèse fournissent des informations sur la manière dont la charge de travail peut être utilisée par les praticiens, et sur la manière d’interpréter ces indicateurs dans la prise de décision. / Elite football has been described as an activity with a very high level of injury risk. Workload has been associated with injury incidence in several activities. In football, one of the most common tools used to quantify the internalworkload is a method based on the perceived exertion. With this method, the players are asked to subjectivelyassess the global intensity of the session. The workload is calculated by multiplying the perceived intensity by theduration of the session. However, the scientific level of evidence concerning the association between the internalworkload and the injury incidence in elite football is low. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to evaluate theassociation between several internal workload indicators and the injury incidence in elite level football players.This thesis is based on 5 different parts. The first part is the introduction. The second part is a review of literatureabout the workload monitoring, the relationship between the workload and the level of performance in elitefootball, the injury epidemiology in elite football, and the relationship between the workload and the injuryincidence in elite football. The third part of this thesis described the 3 cohort studies led to reach the aims of thisthesis. The fourth part corresponds to a general discussion in which the results of the cohort studies are discussedbased on the literature. The last part is a general conclusion.The main results of the prospective cohort studies led indicate associations between internal workload indicatorsand injury incidence with elite football players. Associations have been identified between the internal workloadand injury incidence with elite level players from a youth academy. The results of these studies also indicate thateven if the workload is associated with the injury incidence in football, the workload cannot be considered as aninjury prediction tool.The results of this thesis give information about the way the workload can be monitored by practitioners and onthe way the workload indicators should be used to help the decision making process.

Aims and objectives: To investigate the epidemiology, risk factors, and preventive strategies for serious head and spinal injuries related to rugby league and union football in New South Wales (NSW). Methods: The three main components of this study included. 1. A retrospective analysis of clinical and compensation case file records during the 16-year period, 1984-1999. 2. A review of game rules, weights and heights of players, over the past 100 years. 3. A review of film and video footage of rugby football games spanning most of the 20th century. A method was developed to allow valid comparisons in style of play over a 70-year period. Results: The estimated annual incidence rate of SCI for rugby league players was 1.9 (95%CI 1.3 - 2.8) per 100,000 estimated players per year, and 3.3 (95%CI 2.2 - 4.8) per 100,000 estimated rugby union players per year over the study period 1984 to 1999. There was no significant change in the incidence of rugby league related serious spinal cord injuries (1984-1999), fatalities (1984-1999) or serious head injuries (1984-1999). There was a small but significant decline in rugby union related serious spinal cord injuries (1984-1999, P<0.05). However, the relative risk of spinal cord injury was 1.34 times greater for rugby union compared to rugby league over the entire study period (95%CI 1.01 - 1.67, P<0.05). For rugby football, the evidence suggested that the force of impact between participants was a key causal risk factor for serious injury. Elite rugby league and union players from 1999-2000 teams were significantly heavier (P<0.05) and taller (P<0.05) than players pre 1950. Players in modern elite games post 1989 were more likely to be tackled by multiple opponents (P = 0.000), tackled head on (P<0.05), at chest level (P<0.05) and at greater speeds than their earlier counterparts pre 1958. However, modern players appear to be no more aggressive or perpetrate greater foul play than their predecessors. Conclusions: There was a continued annual occurrence of catastrophically serious injuries leading to permanent brain damage and quadriplegia associated with rugby league and union in NSW. The critical risk factors found to be associated with serious injury in rugby football suggest relatively novel approaches to the development of preventive strategies.

Sports injury prevention has been the focus of a number of recent public health initiatives due to the acknowledgement that sports injuries are a significant public health problem in Australia Whilst Australian football is one of the most popular participation sports in the country, only very limited data is available about football injuries The majority of sports injury data available for this sport is from hospital emergency departments and elite-level injury surveillance Overall there is a paucity of data from treatment settings other than hospitals In particular, there is a lack of information about the injuries sustained by community-level, junior and recreational Australian football participants. One good potential source of football injury data is sports medicine clinics. Analysis of injury presentations to sports medicine clinics was undertaken to provide a detailed description of the epidemiology of Australian football injuries that present to this treatment setting and to determine the implications for injury prevention in this sport. In addition, the data from sports medicine clinics was compared with existing sources of Australian football injury data to determine how representative sports medicine clinic data is of other football injury data sources and to provide recommendations for future injury surveillance n Australian football. The results contained in this thesis show that Australian football is the sport most associated with injury presentation at sports medicine clinics. The majority of injured Australian football players presenting to sports medicine clinics are community-level or junior participants which suggests that sports medicine clinics are a good source of information on the injuries sustained by sub-elite football participants. Competition is the most common context in which Australian football players presenting to sports medicine clinics are injured. The major causes of injuries to Australian football players are being struck by another player, collisions and overuse. Injuries to Australian football players predominantly involve the lower limb. Adult players, players who stopped participating immediately after noticing their injury and players with overuse injuries are the most likely to sustain a more severe injury (i.e. more than four weeks before a full return to football participation and a moderate/significant amount of treatment expected). The least experienced players (five or less years of participation) are more likely to require a significant amount of treatment than the more experienced players. The prevention of lower limb injuries, injuries caused by body contact and injuries caused by overuse should be a priority for injury prevention research in Australian football due to the predominance of these injury types in the pattern of Australian football injuries Additionally, adult players, as a group, should be a focus of injury prevention activities in Australian football due to the association between age and injury severity. Overall, the pattern of Australian football injuries presenting to sports medicine clinics appears to be different than reported by club-based and hospital emergency department injury surveillance activities. However, detailed comparison of sports medicine clinic Australian football data with other sources of Australian football injury data is difficult due to the variable methods of collecting and reporting injury information used by hospital emergency department and club-based injury surveillance activities. The development of a standardised method for collecting and reporting injury data in Australian football is strongly recommended to overcome the existing limitations of data collection in this sport. In summary, sports medicine clinics provide a rich source of Australian football injury data, especially from the community and junior levels of participation. The inclusion of sports medicine clinic data provides a broader epidemiological picture of Australian football injuries. This broader understanding of the pattern of Australian football injuries provides a better basis for the development of injury prevention measures in this sport.

This thesis explores the team identification of fans of a new sport team, using social identity theory. As there is limited research on fans of new sport teams, this study sought to redress this situation by seeking to explain and measure new team identification. Through investigating new team identification, this study extends current applications of social identity theory and understanding of fans of a new sport team. Additionally, by measuring new team identification, this thesis contributes a valid and reliable measure of the construct, and discovery of key themes driving the formation and development of new team identification. A mixed-method research design was used to investigate the central thesis topic. A case study of members of a new sport team, Sydney FC, provided the sample population. The research design included two surveys, administered at the end of the new team’s first and second seasons, respectively, in addition to twenty-one interviews undertaken to deepen understanding of new team identification. The Sports Spectator Identity Scale (SSIS) was used to measure new team identification and test for differences in identity strength based on participant characteristics. Results indicated that three defining behaviours provided the basis for the formation of new team identification. These were termed: Football first, Origin and Occasion. Measurement of new team identification using the SSIS validated the model in a new team context; however, the value of victory and the identification of rival groupings did not relate strongly to the construct. Member identity strength was significantly influenced by age, salary, membership category and games attended. Five behaviours underpinned the development of new team identification; these were termed: Searching, Expression, Eagerness, Names and Faces, and Spruiking. Social identity theory provided a useful framework to explore the formation and extent of new team identification. The formation of new team identification was strongly influenced by support of football, in this case. The implementation of the SSIS to measure new team identification extended its previous applications. Participant characteristics exerted a clear influence on the strength of new team identification. Members engaged in additional teamrelated behaviours as their new team identification increased and they developed multi-faceted and socially important bonds. Stemming from the key thesis findings, the conceptual outcomes provided a significant contribution to current literature exploring members of new sport teams. Furthermore, the nuanced differences between identification with new and established teams provide a distinct agenda for future research into new sport teams.

College football is big business, earning slightly more than $1 billion in profit in the last few years. As a result of its popularity, fans of the game devour massive amounts of information about college teams and their players. Less known are the non-academic challenges college football players face, in addition to the typical concerns shared with their non-athletic peers. Along with academic and cognitive challenges, the ability to effectively navigate non-academic areas - such as personal, social and cultural - is critical to the development and holistic growth of today’s college football players. These factors can affect a student's ability to thrive or persist toward graduation. In this report, I explore the specific challenges of African American college football players at predominantly White institutions. Within this scope, I will examine the growth of college football in addition to the reach and impact it has on African American families. Within these communities, research shows a pervasive focus on playing professional football. Some players believe that college football is a mere stepping stone on the road to a professional career. The reality is that very few college football players are chosen to play professionally – actually less than .2%. This report explores some of the psychosocial issues that can impact the on and off the field success of African American college football players at predominantly White institutions The goal of this work is to lay a foundation and make an argument for counseling and therapeutic support targeted to, but not exclusively for African American college football players. As systems that seek to understand growth and change for optimum mental and physical well-being, the field of counseling and sports psychology present intervention models that can be useful for today’s African American college football players. / text

Pour déterminer la charge d'entraînement qui permettra à un athlète de progresser suite à son entraînement, l'entraîneur peut ne pas posséder les informations précises, ni les outils sophistiqués qui lui permettent de mesurer comment le corps réagit face à un stress. L'entraîneur émet souvent une prescription d'entraînement externe qui est basée sur son instinct et ses observations quant aux réponses de l'athlète à l'entraînement. Le but de cette étude était d'utiliser un outil qui permettrait de quantifier et de moduler la charge d'entraînement en préparation physique des membres d'une équipe de football universitaire au cours d'un mésocycle d'entraînement de 4 semaines. Huit joueurs de football au niveau universitaire québécois (n = 8) ont accepté de participer à cette étude de manière volontaire (âge = 21,0 ± 1,6 ans; taille = 183 ± 8 centimètres, et poids = 91,1 ± 15,7 kilogrammes). Les participants devaient réaliser 12 séances d'entraînement en salle de musculation; séances où les charges soulevées lors des séances impaires étaient déterminées selon le pourcentage du 1RM, tandis que celles des séances paires ne l'étaient pas. Les séances ont été intégrées à une périodisation d'entraînement avec intensification linéaire du pourcentage du 1RM et inversement d'une diminution du volume d'entraînement. La charge d'entraînement était calculée selon la méthode de la Séance-RPE de Poster (1998) et comprenait également la mesure de la monotonie, de la contrainte et du niveau de « fitness » des participants. Les résultats démontrent une durée moyenne des séances d'entraînement de 77 ± 16 minutes et un indice de perception de l'effort moyen pour l'ensemble des séances d'entraînement de 6/10 avec un indice de perception de l'effort plus élevé pour les séances impaires que les séances paires. La Séance-RPE moyenne pour l'ensemble des séances est de 489 ± 98 UA avec les premières séances ciblant un travail en hypertrophie montrant une Séance-RPE plus élevée que les séances en force maximale à intensité plus élevée. Les données moyennes de la charge d'entraînement montrent une augmentation lors des trois premières semaines de l'étude, période où le plus de séances d'entraînement ont été réalisées (1426; 1549; 1692 UA). Parallèlement à cette augmentation de la charge d'entraînement, on remarque également une augmentation de la monotonie moyenne (0,72; 0,89; 0,92) et de la contrainte moyenne (1057; 1340; 1651 UA), tandis que le niveau de « fitness » diminue (369; 209; 41 UA) lorsque les participants augmentent la fréquence de leurs entraînements à l'intérieur d'un même microcycle d'entraînement. L'utilisation de la Séance-RPE semble donc être appropriée pour suivre, de manière simple et efficace, les effets de l'entraînement et des facteurs environnementaux sur les athlètes. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : quantification de la charge d'entraînement, perception de l'effort, football universitaire québécois

Tyrimo tikslas: Įvertinti Lietuvos masinio futbolo raidos ypatumus siekiant nustatyti įgyvendinamos strategijos nuostatų atitikimą realiems tikslams. Tyrimo objektas: Masinio futbolo raidos ypatumai. Darbo uždaviniai: 5. Išnagrinėti masinio sporto teorinę sampratą. 6. Apžvelgti masinio futbolo plėtros tendencijas tarptautiniu mastu. 7. Pristatyti LFF 2012 – 2020 metų strategijos masinio futbolo plėtros tikslus bei uždavinius 8. Ištirti Lietuvos masinio futbolo raidos ypatumus per strategijos įgyvendinimo 2010 – 2012 metų laikotarpį Rezultatai ir išvados: 1. Masinis sportas tai pamatinė sporto sistemos bei kultūros dalis apimanti visą ne profesionalų – elitinį sportą. Masinis sportas šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje atlieka svarbų socialinį vaidmenį, todėl būtent jo palaikymas ir finansavimas turėtų būti viešojo sektoriaus prerogatyva. 2. Masinio futbolo (ar net masinio sporto) koncepcija nėra vienalytė. Ji apima įvairias veiklas. Skirtingos organizacijos pasirenka savo prioritetus todėl dėl pačios organizacijos specifikos kartais skiriasi ir jų vykdoma masinio futbolo plėtra. 3. Pristačius masinio futbolo plėtros tikslus bei uždavinius paaiškėjo masinio futbolo veikimo sistema bei organizacijų rolės ir atsakomybės sistemoje. Taipogi išryškėjo tam tikrų tikslų ir uždavinių koreliacijos kurių pagrindu strategijos tikslai buvo suskirstyti į kategorijas pagal veiklos pobūdį, taip palengvinat tolimesnį tyrimą. 4. Atlikus kokybinį tyrimą ir išanalizavus gautus rezultatus paaiškėjo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Objective of research: Assess peculiarities ofgrassroots football development in Lithuania in order to estimate active football development strategy’s regulations compliance with realistic goals. Object of research: Peculiarities of grassroots football development Tasks of research: 1. Analyze theoretical conception of grassroots sport. 2. Review grassroots football development tendencies on international dimensions. 3. Present LFF 2010 – 2020 grassroots football strategy’s objectives and tasks. 4. Analyze peculiarities of grassroots football development in Lithuania on strategy’s implementationperiod 2010 – 2012. Conclusions: 1. Grassroots sport is background of sport system and part of the culture including all non-professional or non-elite sport. Grassroots sport have big social role on contemporary society in this case it should be promoted and financed by public sector primary. 2. The conception of grassroots football or even grassroots sport is not very smooth. It includes different activities. A different organization develops different areas on their own priorities therefore implemented grassroots football development differs. 3. After presentation of football development objectives and task emerged grassroots football operation system and organizations roles in system. Also it cleared out correlation between particular objectives and tasks. This became base for further research’s tasks. 4. The research results have shown that different grassroots football... [to full text]

Darbo tyrimo problema - kaip vidinė komunikacija pasireiškia profesionalioje futbolo komandoje? Darbo hipotezė - profesionalioje futbolo komandoje vidinė komunikacija lemia tarpasmeninius narių santykius. Darbo tikslas - nustatyti vidinės komunikacijos raišką profesionalioje futbolo komandoje „Alytis“. Darbo uždaviniai: pateikti profesionalios futbolo komandos kaip šiuolaikinės sporto organizacijos sampratą, išanalizuoti vidinės komunikacijos sampratą, atkreipiant dėmesį į jos įtaką komandos rezultatams, nustatyti profesionalių futbolo komandų narių gebėjimus efektyviai komunikuoti ir pateikti profesionalių futbolo komandų narių tarpasmeninės komunikacijos įgūdžius. Tyrimo objektas – vidinės komunikacijos raiška. Darbe buvo panaudoti mokslinės literatūros analizės, anketinės apklausos ir statistinės analizės tyrimo metodai. Temos aktualumas. Šiandieniame profesionaliame sporte komandai siekiant aukštų sportinių rezultatų nebeužtenka vien tik turėti gerus žaidėjus ir patyrusį trenerį, jos nariai turi būti susieti efektyvios vidinės komunikacijos saitais. Man, kaip asmeniui, besidominčiam profesionaliu futbolu ir siekiančiam ateityje dirbti šioje srityje, šio darbo rezultatai yra naudingi tiek teoriniu, tiek praktiniu požiūriu. Šiuolaikiniame sporte profesionali futbolo komanda gali būti apibūdinama kaip sporto komandos rūšis ir kaip tam tikra šiuolaikinė sporto organizacija, turinti savo struktūrą, vadovus, žaidėjus ir bendrus interesus bei motyvaciją, siekiant... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The problem raised in this analyzed thesis is how the internal communication revealed in the professional football team. The hypothesis of this thesis – that the internal communication within the professional football team governs the team members’ interpersonal relations. The purpose of this work is to identify the manifestations of the internal communication in the professional football team “Alytis”. The tasks of this thesis: give the understanding of the football team as the contemporary sports organization, analyze the conception of the internal communication, concentrating attention on its influence to the team’s results, identify the ability of team members to communicate in an effective way and give their skills of the internal communication. The actuality of the topic. It is not enough only to have good team players and an experienced coach in today’s’ professional sports. It is necessary that the team members had a good relation with each other based on the effective internal communication. For me, as the person who is interested in the professional football and wants to stay and work in this field in future, the results of this thesis are useful in both ways – theoretical and practical. In professional sports the professional football team could be characterized as a type of sports team and as a certain contemporary sports organization, which has its own structure, supervisors, team players, common interests and motivation to work together... [to full text]

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.Physio.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2012.

There are several major research papers on accounting choice that intends to explain and analyze how the intangible assets should be classified. However, there are not many theses or major research papers on football clubs and the accounting choice they make when it comes to the accounting of one of their most important assets, their players. This thesis intends to explain and analyze why Swedish football clubs makes the accounting choice that they make. Furthermore, the intentions are to explain the consequences of these choices and find out if that affects the football clubs vision of true and fair view. The methods that will be used for this study is an examination of the financial documents along with interviews. One of the theories in the study is the institutional theory, which explains that organizations in the same industry tend to become more alike. The study has shown that Swedish football clubs are given a choice, to present the player contracts on the balance sheet or as an expense in the income statement. The majority of the clubs presented the player contracts in the balance sheet. The main reason for that is said to be that the costs can be spread over several years, which means it will be easier to meet the financial requirements from the Swedish Football Association.