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The study focused on the occurrence of dyslexia among the convicted in the Czech Republic. On the ground of plentiful research results from various countries that refer to a connection between dyslexia and criminality, a research was conducted in Czech penitentiary environment (specifically the Horní Slavkov prison). The research sample comprised of 113 respondents aged 22 - 65 in the first round of data collection. All respondents met the research criteria: Czech citizenship, Czech nationality and Czech as a mother tongue. The data were collected via the Raven's standard progressive matrixes, personal questionnaire, interview, assessment battery including tests on specific learning disabilities among adolescents and adults and a rapid naming test. The research results have proven a several times higher occurrence of dyslexia among the sample population than in common population, which is 34 % dyslexic individuals in the sample. The research results are comparable to research results from abroad. On top of that, up to 84 % of the respondents spontaneously demonstrated dyslexic difficulties during the interview. Reading and writing skills in the sample are comparable to those in common population and intelligence is slightly higher than standard. The research hypothesis that there is a connection...

Este trabalho pretende oferecer uma análise crítica da Síndrome de Alienação Parental (SAP). Primeiramente visa apresentar o conceito de SAP, o modelo diagnóstico e interventivo tal como propostos por Richard Alan Gardner, psiquiatra forense americano. A análise de sua obra baseiase em uma leitura psicanalítica que permite ampliar a explicação da ocorrência da síndrome para além de uma descrição fenomenológica e objetiva tal como formalizada pelo seu criador. A definição clínica permite hipotetizar os termos genético-estruturais da SAP segundo um recorte psicanalítico a partir de Freud e Lacan. Parte-se da constituição do sujeito para explicar que a eficácia da SAP é possível a partir de um reforçamento da alienação fundamental induzido por um cuidador em uma criança que está na sua dependência. Realiza-se uma formalização mais precisa da síndrome a partir da proposição da SAP como uma montagem particular de transferência que se estabelece entre a criança e um cuidador, que desfaz ou minimiza os laços com o outro genitor. O fenômeno da transferência é decomposto em seus elementos formativos, a saber, identificação, sugestão, fantasia e idealização, de forma a permitir explicar a SAP como uma conjugação específica desses componentes que resulta na associação de uma posição subjetiva da criança à posição do genitor programador. Desta leitura são extraídas consequências à práxis no campo Psicojurídico, as quais permitem discutir algumas questões relativas ao tratamento e à sua regulação no interior do dispositivo jurídico. Embora a psicanálise critique modelos psicopatológicos e nosográficos, algumas linhas mestras iluminadas na SAP de Gardner trazem contribuições inovadoras frente aos sintomas da família moderna, permitindo resgatar a eficácia de um sistema disciplinar jurídico ligado ao processo civilizatório com efeitos terapêuticos e viabilizando a configuração familiar das duas linhagens como núcleo referente e formador da criança / The aim of this study is to offer a critical analysis of the Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS). First it intends to introduce the concept of PAS, the diagnostic and interventional model as proposed by Richard Alan Gardner, American forensic psychiatrist. The analysis of his work relies on a psychoanalytic reading that allows to extend the explanation of the occurrence of the syndrome in addition to a phenomenological and objective description as formalized by its creator. The clinical definition makes possible to hypothesize genetic-structural terms of PAS through a psychoanalytic view from Freud and Lacan. It starts with the constitution of the subject to explain that the effectiveness of PAS is possible from a reinforcement of the fundamental alienation stimulated by a caregiver in a child who is in their dependence. It is carried out a more precise formalization of the syndrome from the proposition of the PAS as a particular transference assembly that is established between the child and a caregiver that undoes or minimizes the ties with the other parent. The phenomenon of transference is decomposed into its formative elements, namely, identification, suggestion, fantasy and idealization, in order to explain the PAS like a specific combination of these components which results in the association of a child\'s subjective position to the position of the programming parent. Consequences of this reading are taken to the practice in psycholegal field, which enable to discuss some issues related to treatment and its regulation within the legal provision. Although psychoanalysis criticizes psychopathological and nosographic models, some guidelines enlightened in GardnerPAS bring forward innovative contributions to the symptoms of the modern family, enabling to rescue the effectiveness of a legal disciplinary system linked to the civilizing process with therapeutic effects and allowing the family configuration of the two lineages as referent and forming core of the child

A Psicologia Jurídica é concebida como contendo a Psicologia Forense, que contém a Psicologia Judiciária. Estas relações de inclusão, com as respectivas delimitações, são aqui estabelecidas com fundamento nos papéis de perito e assistente técnico, tais como previstos na legislação vigente, da qual se abstraiu o critério de ausência ou presença da imposição de imparcialidade e pela qual se reconheceram diferenças quanto aos objetivos da atuação. Nosso método consistiu em proceder à ampla pesquisa da legislação pertinente, assim como de resoluções, diretrizes e bibliografia avalizada pelo Sistema Conselhos de Psicologia, além da bibliografia do último concurso do Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo e de outras publicações a que tivemos acesso. Conduzimo-nos com o intuito de apontar imprecisões decorrentes da porosidade entre essas três áreas das interfaces da Psicologia com o Direito, cujas delimitações não nos pareceram ainda devidamente acentuadas. Pautamo-nos pela prescrição de obrigatoriedade da perícia psicológica na legislação e na regulamentação da profissão, enfatizando os contornos entre perícia psicológica e diagnóstico psicológico, discernindo o trabalho do psicólogo judiciário do cabível ao psicólogo assistente técnico forense. Empenhamo-nos em caracterizar a assistência técnica psicológica como todo o trabalho realizado sob a égide da ética da relação entre profissional e cliente/usuário de serviço público, em contraposição à ética da realização de perícias. Como resultado, definimos o campo da Psicologia Jurídica como o conjunto universo de todas essas práticas, nela se inserindo aquelas realizadas nos órgãos cujo fundamento é evitar a jurisdicionalização dos conflitos (Defensoria Pública e Conselho Tutelar), bem como naqueles voltados a atender pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade social (CRAS) ou sob risco de rompimento de vínculos familiares (CREAS), quando o psicólogo insiste em uma prática genuinamente psicológica, ou seja, que não se volte a atender objetivos forenses (adequação do convívio familiar, mediação/conciliação de conflitos, promoção do entendimento, formalização do acordo, tomada de decisão). Classificamos como Psicologia Forense o trabalho do psicólogo na execução penal objetivando a reintegração social do preso e o realizado nas Centrais de Penas e Medidas Alternativas, assim como a assistência técnica psicológica realizada no Ministério Público e nos serviços criados pela Lei Maria da Penha e nos CREAS. Já a Psicologia Judiciária, classificamos como as práticas realizadas pelo psicólogo funcionário dos Tribunais de Justiça e as de todos que a eles se equiparam ao proceder a estudo psicológico sob determinação judicial de envolvidos em processos judiciais com quem nunca mantiveram contato prévio, além da realização de exame criminológico pelo psicólogo que atua no sistema prisional. Concluímos que a prática psicológica será judiciária quando ofertada sob a obrigação do objetivo de subsidiar uma decisão judicial, estando submetida ao princípio de imparcialidade, tendo como beneficiário o dever de julgar do juiz; será forense quando, por força de compromisso profissional, assumir o objetivo de influenciar uma decisão judicial em conformidade com os interesses do envolvido, sendo intrinsecamente parcial, tendo como beneficiária a pessoa atendida; será jurídica quando fundamentada na não jurisdicionalização dos conflitos e esquivar-se de subsidiar ou influenciar objetivos forenses, beneficiando o atendido / The Legal Psychology is presented as containing the Forensic Psychology, which contains the Judicial Psychology. These relationships of inclusion and their boundaries are established on the basis of legal expert and forensic assistant coach roles, as is provided for by law, from which it abstracted the discretion of the expert impartial enforcement and the condition of intrinsic bias to assistant coach, where also acknowledged differences in the performance objectives. Our method was to carry out extensive research in the relevant legislation, as well as resolutions, guidelines and references endorsed by the Psychology System Council, as well as in the literature of the last public concourse of the Court of São Paulo and in other publications that we had access . We conduct ourselves under the bias point out the inaccuracies that arise from the lack of recognition of the differences between these three areas of Legal Psychology. We based our research in the definition of psychological legal expertise as an obligation arising from the legislation and the regulatory profession by emphasizing the distinction between psychological skills and psychological diagnosis and differences between the work of the judicial psychologist and the psychologist forensic assistant coach; characterized as psychological technical assistance all the work done under the aegis of ethics of the professional relationship - client / public service user, and demonstrated to be irreconcilable with performing expertise. As a result, we define the field of Legal Psychology as the universal set of all these practices, it being inserted those carried out in organs which is based avoid jurisdictionalization conflicts (Public Defense and Child Protection Agency) and those geared to meet people in a situation of social vulnerability (CRAS) or at risk of disruption of family ties (CREAS), when psychologist insists on a genuinely psychological practice, that is, not again meet forensic objectives (adequacy of family life, mediation / conciliation conflicts, promotion of understanding, formalizing the agreement, decision making). Classified as Forensic Psychology the working in criminal enforcement when facing the social reintegration of the prisoner and when held in the Punishment and Alternative Measures Service and psychological service held in the Public Prosecutor and services created by the Maria da Penha Law and CREAS. We classify as Judicial Psychology practices conducted by psychologist employee of the Courts of Justice and all that they are equipped to carry out psychological study under judicial determination with involved in legal proceedings who have never had previous contact, and also conducting criminological examination the psychologist who works in the prison system. We conclude that psychological practice is judicial when performed under the obligation to support a judicial decision, being subject to the principle of impartiality, having as beneficiary the duty to decide to judge; Forensics will be when, for professional commitment to power, take in order to influence a court decision in accordance with the interests of involved, being intrinsically part, having as beneficiary the person served; It will be legal when to dodge influence court decisions and benefit the person served

Eyewitness recognition is acknowledged to be prone to error but there is less understanding of difficulty in discriminating unfamiliar faces. This thesis examined the effects of face perception on identification of facial composites, and on unfamiliar face image comparison. Facial composites depict face memories by reconstructing features and configurations to form a likeness. They are generally reconstructed from an unfamiliar face memory, and will be unavoidably flawed. Identification will require perception of any accurate features, by someone who is familiar with the suspect and performance is typically poor. In typical face perception, face images are processed efficiently as complete units of information. Chapter 2 explored the possibility that holistic processing of inaccurate composite configurations will impair identification of individual features. Composites were split below the eyes and misaligned to impair holistic analysis (cf. Young, Hellawell, & Jay, 1987); identification was significantly enhanced, indicating that perceptual expertise with inaccurate configurations exerts powerful effects that can be reduced by enabling featural analysis. Facial composite recognition is difficult, which means that perception and judgement will be influence by an affective recognition bias: smiles enhance perceived familiarity, while negative expressions produce the opposite effect. In applied use, facial composites are generally produced from unpleasant memories and will convey negative expression; affective bias will, therefore, be important for facial composite recognition. Chapter 3 explored the effect of positive expression on composite identification: composite expressions were enhanced, and positive affect significantly increased identification. Affective quality rather than expression strength mediated the effect, with subtle manipulations being very effective. Facial image comparison (FIC) involves discrimination of two or more face images. Accuracy in unfamiliar face matching is typically in the region of 70%, and as discrimination is difficult, may be influenced by affective bias. Chapter 4 explored the smiling face effect in unfamiliar face matching. When multiple items were compared, positive affect did not enhance performance and false positive identification increased. With a delayed matching procedure, identification was not enhanced but in contrast to face recognition and simultaneous matching, positive affect improved rejection of foil images. Distinctive faces are easier to discriminate. Chapter 5 evaluated a systematic caricature transformation as a means to increase distinctiveness and enhance discrimination of unfamiliar faces. Identification of matching face images did not improve, but successful rejection of non-matching items was significantly enhanced. Chapter 6 used face matching to explore the basis of own race bias in face perception. Other race faces were manipulated to show own race facial variation, and own race faces to show African American facial variation. When multiple face images were matched simultaneously, the transformation impaired performance for all of the images; but when images were individually matched, the transformation improved perception of other race faces and discrimination of own race faces declined. Transformation of Japanese faces to show own race dimensions produced the same pattern of effects but failed to reach significance. The results provide support for both perceptual expertise and featural processing theories of own race bias. Results are interpreted with reference to face perception theories; implications for application and future study are discussed.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Duquesne University, 2005. / Title from document title page. Abstract included in electronic submission form. Includes bibliographical references (p. 180-184) and index.

A Psicologia Jurídica é uma área incipiente no Brasil, em que os estudos científicos e a construção e/ou adaptação de instrumentos são necessários, almejando estreitar os laços entre a Psicologia e o Direito. O objetivo desta tese foi o de construir um Sistema de Avaliação do Relacionamento Parental (SARP) para uso no contexto forense de disputa de guarda. Para tanto, inicialmente, foram desenvolvidos um estudo teórico e um estudo empírico acerca do relacionamento parental. O estudo teórico consistiu em uma revisão sistemática sobre os temas divórcio, guarda dos filhos e relação pais-filhos. O estudo empírico contou com a participação de genitores, crianças (7 a 12 anos), psicólogos e Operadores do Direito que atuam na área de família. As questões das entrevistas objetivaram definir o relacionamento parental, a partir de diferentes perspectivas: pessoais e profissionais. Após a definição do sistema psicológico relacionamento parental, procedeu-se à realização dos estudos de construção das técnicas que compõem o sistema, que são: Entrevista SARP, protocolo de avaliação infantil e Escala SARP. O estudo para construção da entrevista contou com a participação de assistentes sociais do Reino Unido e de psicólogos brasileiros, que avaliaram as questões quanto à sua relevância e adequação. O protocolo de avaliação infantil, nomeado Meu Amigo de Papel, foi adaptado a partir do material britânico My needs, wishes and feelings pack, sendo proposta uma nova estrutura de atividades e de arte gráfica. O estudo da construção da Escala SARP foi composto por três etapas, as quais abrangeram levantamentos teóricos e empíricos a fim de delimitar as dimensões e itens que compuseram a escala. Uma vez construído o SARP, iniciou-se seu processo de validação. A primeira etapa consistiu na busca de evidências de fidedignidade entre juízes. Duas psicólogas e uma assistente social foram as juízas do instrumento, pontuando, às cegas, a escala. Esse estudo apontou a necessidade de ajustes em alguns itens da Escala SARP. A segunda etapa objetivou apresentar evidências de validade clínica. Além do SARP, foi utilizado o Inventário de Estilos Parentais com os genitores, e o Teste de Apercepção Familiar ou o Método de Rorschach com as crianças, com o propósito de evidenciar a congruência interna, externa e teórica do instrumento. Por fim, o SARP foi utilizado em uma situação de perícia de disputa de guarda, mostrando sua aplicabilidade e relevância no contexto da avaliação psicológica forense. / Forensic Psychology is a growing area in Brazil, in which scientific studies and construction or adaptation of instruments are necessary, in order to narrow the ties between Psychology and Law. This doctoral dissertation aimed at constructing an Evaluation System of the Parental Relationship for the forensic context of child custody dispute. Initially, a theoretical and an empirical studies were carried out, in order to define the construct parental relationship. The theoretical study consisted of a systematic review about divorce, child custody and parent-child relations. Parents, children (7 to 12 years old), psychologists and Law practitioners participated in the empirical study. The questions of the interviews aimed at defining the parental relationship from personal and professional perspectives. After defining parental relationship, studies for the construction of the system itself were carried out. The Evaluation System of the Parental Relationship (ESPR) consists of an interview, an assessment protocol for the children, and a scale which is scored by the own examiner. Social workers from the United Kingdom and psychologists from Brazil evaluated the questions of the interview in what concerns to their relevance and adequacy. The assessment protocol for children, named My Paper Friend, was adapted from the British material My needs, wishes and feelings pack, with a new structure of activities and layout being proposed. The study of the construction of the scale was composed by three phases, which comprise theoretical and empirical components with the purpose of delimiting the dimensions and items that formed the scale. Once it was constructed, the validation process started. The first step consisted of searching evidences of reliability between judges. Two psychologists and one social worker were the expert scorers of the instrument, scoring the scale blindfolded. This study pointed out the need of adjustments in some items of the ESPR Scale. The second step aimed at presenting clinical validity evidences. Besides the ESPR, the Parental Styles Inventory and the Family Apperception Test or Rorschach Inkblot Method were used, with the parents and children, respectively. It has the purpose of evidencing internal, external and theoretical congruence. Lastly, the ESPR was used in a child custody dispute evaluation, showing its importance in the context of forensic psychological assessment.

A Psicologia Jurídica é uma área incipiente no Brasil, em que os estudos científicos e a construção e/ou adaptação de instrumentos são necessários, almejando estreitar os laços entre a Psicologia e o Direito. O objetivo desta tese foi o de construir um Sistema de Avaliação do Relacionamento Parental (SARP) para uso no contexto forense de disputa de guarda. Para tanto, inicialmente, foram desenvolvidos um estudo teórico e um estudo empírico acerca do relacionamento parental. O estudo teórico consistiu em uma revisão sistemática sobre os temas divórcio, guarda dos filhos e relação pais-filhos. O estudo empírico contou com a participação de genitores, crianças (7 a 12 anos), psicólogos e Operadores do Direito que atuam na área de família. As questões das entrevistas objetivaram definir o relacionamento parental, a partir de diferentes perspectivas: pessoais e profissionais. Após a definição do sistema psicológico relacionamento parental, procedeu-se à realização dos estudos de construção das técnicas que compõem o sistema, que são: Entrevista SARP, protocolo de avaliação infantil e Escala SARP. O estudo para construção da entrevista contou com a participação de assistentes sociais do Reino Unido e de psicólogos brasileiros, que avaliaram as questões quanto à sua relevância e adequação. O protocolo de avaliação infantil, nomeado Meu Amigo de Papel, foi adaptado a partir do material britânico My needs, wishes and feelings pack, sendo proposta uma nova estrutura de atividades e de arte gráfica. O estudo da construção da Escala SARP foi composto por três etapas, as quais abrangeram levantamentos teóricos e empíricos a fim de delimitar as dimensões e itens que compuseram a escala. Uma vez construído o SARP, iniciou-se seu processo de validação. A primeira etapa consistiu na busca de evidências de fidedignidade entre juízes. Duas psicólogas e uma assistente social foram as juízas do instrumento, pontuando, às cegas, a escala. Esse estudo apontou a necessidade de ajustes em alguns itens da Escala SARP. A segunda etapa objetivou apresentar evidências de validade clínica. Além do SARP, foi utilizado o Inventário de Estilos Parentais com os genitores, e o Teste de Apercepção Familiar ou o Método de Rorschach com as crianças, com o propósito de evidenciar a congruência interna, externa e teórica do instrumento. Por fim, o SARP foi utilizado em uma situação de perícia de disputa de guarda, mostrando sua aplicabilidade e relevância no contexto da avaliação psicológica forense. / Forensic Psychology is a growing area in Brazil, in which scientific studies and construction or adaptation of instruments are necessary, in order to narrow the ties between Psychology and Law. This doctoral dissertation aimed at constructing an Evaluation System of the Parental Relationship for the forensic context of child custody dispute. Initially, a theoretical and an empirical studies were carried out, in order to define the construct parental relationship. The theoretical study consisted of a systematic review about divorce, child custody and parent-child relations. Parents, children (7 to 12 years old), psychologists and Law practitioners participated in the empirical study. The questions of the interviews aimed at defining the parental relationship from personal and professional perspectives. After defining parental relationship, studies for the construction of the system itself were carried out. The Evaluation System of the Parental Relationship (ESPR) consists of an interview, an assessment protocol for the children, and a scale which is scored by the own examiner. Social workers from the United Kingdom and psychologists from Brazil evaluated the questions of the interview in what concerns to their relevance and adequacy. The assessment protocol for children, named My Paper Friend, was adapted from the British material My needs, wishes and feelings pack, with a new structure of activities and layout being proposed. The study of the construction of the scale was composed by three phases, which comprise theoretical and empirical components with the purpose of delimiting the dimensions and items that formed the scale. Once it was constructed, the validation process started. The first step consisted of searching evidences of reliability between judges. Two psychologists and one social worker were the expert scorers of the instrument, scoring the scale blindfolded. This study pointed out the need of adjustments in some items of the ESPR Scale. The second step aimed at presenting clinical validity evidences. Besides the ESPR, the Parental Styles Inventory and the Family Apperception Test or Rorschach Inkblot Method were used, with the parents and children, respectively. It has the purpose of evidencing internal, external and theoretical congruence. Lastly, the ESPR was used in a child custody dispute evaluation, showing its importance in the context of forensic psychological assessment.

Language barriers in eyewitness testimonies may pose threats toward witnesses’ accuracy, and consequently on the outcome of judicial procedures. The present study aims to investigate the credibility and the extent of reported detail information of eyewitnesses’ testimony of a crime event, when the testimony is given in witnesses’ first language, second language, or second language through interpreter. Moreover, the study examines whether eyewitness suggestibility is affected by the language to which the testimony is provided. Participants (N=60) were exposed to a mock crime event and subsequently performed memory tests about that event. Results showed no differences in accuracy of suggestibility between experimental conditions. The personality trait social desirability showed no relation to suggestibility or the extent of inaccurate detail information provided in the present study. The findings are discussed in the context of implications, limitations and future directions.