O sofrimento faz parte da vida e o homem tem de dar-lhe um sentido como desafio de sua existência. No padecimento psíquico e físico surgem algumas questões fundamentais da existência humana a ser analisadas, como re-orientar a pessoa que sofre a descobrir nova adequação à realidade e a encontrar o ethos e o pathos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi pesquisar o sofrimento psíquico de pessoas sob atendimento psicológico envolvidas simultaneamente com processos em tramitação na Justiça, e intervir psicologicamente sobre o paciente e sobre seus familiares e responsáveis para encontrarem alívio às suas ansiedades, necessitando estabelecer alguns parâmetros diferenciados para o desenvolvimento da terapia. O suporte teórico adotado foi a psicanálise e outras concepções contemporâneas da mente humana. A concepção desta tese pressupõe diferentes níveis epistemológicos, articulando-se a projeção do psíquico com a vertente da psicanálise e das ciências sociais caracterizadas pela crise da representação da pós-modernidade. Os efeitos desses fatores recaem no indivíduo, na família e nas instituições. Foram estudados 10 casos, porém apenas dois foram selecionados por serem considerados emblemáticos, representando toda a amostra. A pesquisa versou baseada no Código de Ética do Psicólogo (CEP), balizando a dinâmica dos atendimentos nos casos apresentados e estabelecendo o setting como recurso para atingir um ambiente acolhedor de holding, dentro dos parâmetros permitidos sob os princípios fundamentais da Ética. Observou-se neste estudo a existência de um sofrimento psicológico singular nas pessoas que precisam da Justiça. Este sofrimento abrange danos morais, gerando instabilidade emocional e dificultando a execução das atividades que se apresentam no cotidiano. No desenvolvimento do trabalho algumas descobertas específicas motivaram certas reflexões e conclusões. A natureza da violência é singular e coletiva e surge como um problema de saúde psíquica, que acarreta por sua vez um aumento crescente da violência. Existem falhas no desenvolvimento do self, prejudicado pelas distorções de objetos internalizados e causados, por sua vez, pela situação de violência vivenciada. Quanto maior a distorção, maior o prejuízo emocional. A introjeção da figura paterna e materna pode significar um holding ou uma experiência desastrosa. A ajuda por parte dos familiares e responsáveis diante do impacto ocorrido nas diversas situações vividas pelos sujeitos é proporcional à qualidade do vínculo existente. As narrativas dos sujeitos contêm um discurso coletivo de elementos persecutórios como o desprezo, a vergonha, o medo, e o conflito intenso e contínuo. Verificou-se que tanto a vítima como o agressor, os familiares envolvidos e os responsáveis precisam de cuidados e merecem a oportunidade de receber atendimento psicológico, minimizando o impacto dos sofrimentos psíquicos diante dos processos jurídicos e aliviando os efeitos individuais e coletivos da violência. / The suffering is part of the life, and the man has as challenge of its existence to give a direction to it. In psychological and physical suffering, they appear some basic questions of the existence human being to be analyzed, such as, to reorient the person in suffering to discover new adequacy to reality, to find ethos and pathos. The objective of this work was simultaneously to follow psychological suffering of people under psychological consulting, involved with processes in transaction at justice; and to make psychological intervention with patient, family members, and responsible members to find relief for its anxieties, needing to establish some parameters, and differentiated development of psychotherapy. The adopted theoretical support was psychoanalysis and other contemporary conceptions of human mind. The adopted conception estimates different epistemological levels, articulating its projection of psychology and with the source of psychoanalysis and social sciences characterized by the after-modernity crisis of social representation. The effect of these factors fall again into the individual, its family and the institutions. 10 children and boys had been studied, but only two were selected for being considered an emblematic case, representing all population. On the basis of the Ethics Code of Psychologists, marking out with buoys dynamics of the consultees in the presented cases, establishing setting as resource to reach a holding environment, inside of the parameters allowed in the basic principles of the Ethics. The existence of a singular psychological suffering in the people was observed in this study whom they need Justice. This suffering encloses pain and suffering, generating emotional instability, and makes it difficult the execution of activities that if presents in the daily one. In the development of the work, some specific discoveries had motivated some reflections and conclusions. The nature of the violence is singular and collective, and appears as a problem of psychic health, that causes in turn an increasing increase of the violence. Imperfections in the development of self exist, wronged for the caused internalized object distortions, in turn, for the situation of lived deeply violence. How much bigger the distortion was, greater was the emotional damage. The introjection of paternal and maternal figure can mean a holding or a disastrous experience. The aid on the part of familiar and the responsible ones ahead of the impact occurred in the diverse situations lived for the citizens, the quality of the existing bond is proportional. The narratives of the citizens contain a collective speech of persecutory elements, as the disdain, the shame, the fear, and the intense and continuous conflict. As much was verified that the victim as the aggressor, familiar involved and the responsible ones, need cares and deserve the chance to receive attendance psychological, minimizing the impact of the psychic sufferings ahead of the legal processes as well as alleviating the individual and collective effect of the violence.

La prise en charge des auteurs d’infractions à caractère sexuel bouscule les professionnels du soin dans les limites de leurs compétences thérapeutiques et pose par voie de conséquence la récurrente question des chances de réinsertion sociale de ces sujets dans la société.La méconnaissance du fonctionnement intrapsychique de ces patients, l’absence de formation des professionnels à la sexualité normale et pathologique, l’effet de renforcement sur les pulsions partielles produit par internet, ou encore la spécificité du cadre thérapeutique sous contrainte sont autant d’éléments qui nous placent définitivement hors d’un champ habituel de prise en charge en santé mentale. En tentant de prendre en compte l’ensemble de ces spécificités et en explorant de façon standardisée les dimensions psychosociales, psychométriques et psycho-projectives de ces auteurs d’infraction à caractère sexuel, cette recherche vise à mettre en lumière d’une part les variables intrapsychiques qui permettraient d’améliorer les échelles d’évaluation de la dangerosité sexuelle et d’autre part les caractéristiques psychothérapiques susceptibles de répondre aux dysfonctionnements psychiques spécifiques de cette population. / The management of sexual offenders disrupts care professionals within the limits of their therapeutic skills and consequently raises the recurring question of the chances of reintegration in society.The lack of understanding of the intrapsychic functioning of these patients, the lack of training of professionals in normal and pathological sexuality, the reinforcing effect on partial drives produced by the internet, or the specificity of the court-ordered therapy’s framework are all elements which definitely puts us out of the usual mental health care field.By attempting to take into account all these specificities and by exploring in a standardized way the psychosocial, psychometric and psycho-projective dimensions of these sex offenders, this research attempts to highlight on the one hand the intrapsychic variables that would improve scales of sexual dangerosity and secondly the psychotherapeutic characteristics likely to respond to the specific psychological dysfunctions of this population.

O sofrimento faz parte da vida e o homem tem de dar-lhe um sentido como desafio de sua existência. No padecimento psíquico e físico surgem algumas questões fundamentais da existência humana a ser analisadas, como re-orientar a pessoa que sofre a descobrir nova adequação à realidade e a encontrar o ethos e o pathos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi pesquisar o sofrimento psíquico de pessoas sob atendimento psicológico envolvidas simultaneamente com processos em tramitação na Justiça, e intervir psicologicamente sobre o paciente e sobre seus familiares e responsáveis para encontrarem alívio às suas ansiedades, necessitando estabelecer alguns parâmetros diferenciados para o desenvolvimento da terapia. O suporte teórico adotado foi a psicanálise e outras concepções contemporâneas da mente humana. A concepção desta tese pressupõe diferentes níveis epistemológicos, articulando-se a projeção do psíquico com a vertente da psicanálise e das ciências sociais caracterizadas pela crise da representação da pós-modernidade. Os efeitos desses fatores recaem no indivíduo, na família e nas instituições. Foram estudados 10 casos, porém apenas dois foram selecionados por serem considerados emblemáticos, representando toda a amostra. A pesquisa versou baseada no Código de Ética do Psicólogo (CEP), balizando a dinâmica dos atendimentos nos casos apresentados e estabelecendo o setting como recurso para atingir um ambiente acolhedor de holding, dentro dos parâmetros permitidos sob os princípios fundamentais da Ética. Observou-se neste estudo a existência de um sofrimento psicológico singular nas pessoas que precisam da Justiça. Este sofrimento abrange danos morais, gerando instabilidade emocional e dificultando a execução das atividades que se apresentam no cotidiano. No desenvolvimento do trabalho algumas descobertas específicas motivaram certas reflexões e conclusões. A natureza da violência é singular e coletiva e surge como um problema de saúde psíquica, que acarreta por sua vez um aumento crescente da violência. Existem falhas no desenvolvimento do self, prejudicado pelas distorções de objetos internalizados e causados, por sua vez, pela situação de violência vivenciada. Quanto maior a distorção, maior o prejuízo emocional. A introjeção da figura paterna e materna pode significar um holding ou uma experiência desastrosa. A ajuda por parte dos familiares e responsáveis diante do impacto ocorrido nas diversas situações vividas pelos sujeitos é proporcional à qualidade do vínculo existente. As narrativas dos sujeitos contêm um discurso coletivo de elementos persecutórios como o desprezo, a vergonha, o medo, e o conflito intenso e contínuo. Verificou-se que tanto a vítima como o agressor, os familiares envolvidos e os responsáveis precisam de cuidados e merecem a oportunidade de receber atendimento psicológico, minimizando o impacto dos sofrimentos psíquicos diante dos processos jurídicos e aliviando os efeitos individuais e coletivos da violência. / The suffering is part of the life, and the man has as challenge of its existence to give a direction to it. In psychological and physical suffering, they appear some basic questions of the existence human being to be analyzed, such as, to reorient the person in suffering to discover new adequacy to reality, to find ethos and pathos. The objective of this work was simultaneously to follow psychological suffering of people under psychological consulting, involved with processes in transaction at justice; and to make psychological intervention with patient, family members, and responsible members to find relief for its anxieties, needing to establish some parameters, and differentiated development of psychotherapy. The adopted theoretical support was psychoanalysis and other contemporary conceptions of human mind. The adopted conception estimates different epistemological levels, articulating its projection of psychology and with the source of psychoanalysis and social sciences characterized by the after-modernity crisis of social representation. The effect of these factors fall again into the individual, its family and the institutions. 10 children and boys had been studied, but only two were selected for being considered an emblematic case, representing all population. On the basis of the Ethics Code of Psychologists, marking out with buoys dynamics of the consultees in the presented cases, establishing setting as resource to reach a holding environment, inside of the parameters allowed in the basic principles of the Ethics. The existence of a singular psychological suffering in the people was observed in this study whom they need Justice. This suffering encloses pain and suffering, generating emotional instability, and makes it difficult the execution of activities that if presents in the daily one. In the development of the work, some specific discoveries had motivated some reflections and conclusions. The nature of the violence is singular and collective, and appears as a problem of psychic health, that causes in turn an increasing increase of the violence. Imperfections in the development of self exist, wronged for the caused internalized object distortions, in turn, for the situation of lived deeply violence. How much bigger the distortion was, greater was the emotional damage. The introjection of paternal and maternal figure can mean a holding or a disastrous experience. The aid on the part of familiar and the responsible ones ahead of the impact occurred in the diverse situations lived for the citizens, the quality of the existing bond is proportional. The narratives of the citizens contain a collective speech of persecutory elements, as the disdain, the shame, the fear, and the intense and continuous conflict. As much was verified that the victim as the aggressor, familiar involved and the responsible ones, need cares and deserve the chance to receive attendance psychological, minimizing the impact of the psychic sufferings ahead of the legal processes as well as alleviating the individual and collective effect of the violence.

Psychological evaluations administered by forensic psychologist in personal injury cases are surrounded by complex issues. Although empirically-based research has legitimized that psychological damages do exist in personal injury cases there is a missing link in the way forensic psychologists are conducting these evaluations. Prior researchers suggested that some personal injury evaluations had been dismissed or overlooked due to a lack of a standard of care. Addressing the current literature, this study examined how a diverse group of 14 licensed forensic psychologists, operating in different judicial jurisdictions (Daubert, Frye, and Independent) were conducting personal injury evaluations and their perspectives on the implementation of a standard of care. A qualitative thematic analysis design was used to gain a more in-depth understanding of this phenomenon. Systems theory was the conceptual framework that informed this study and guided the methodology employed. The identified themes were organized into steps reflected in an adapted version cube model. The study promotes positive social change by fostering confidence in the field of psychology and personal injury evaluations with regard to bolstering the overall credibility, reliability, and validity of the practice and processes involved. Further, positive change can occur through the development of framework that assists in leveling the practice by keeping evaluations flexible, but consistent; basing the decision regarding implementing a standard of care on the utility of the framework, along with future findings and developments in the field.

Section A: This paper reviews the existing theoretical and empirical literature of relevance to offenders with severe mental illness (SMI) in the UK. Due to the lack of theory accounting for progress through forensic mental health services (FMHS) as currently constituted, the adjacent areas of mental health recovery and forensic rehabilitation are the major focus. Relevant empirical literature is synthesised and critically evaluated and this paper concludes by (a) summarising research challenges that remain pertinent to this area of enquiry and (b) outlining recommendations as to how research can usefully proceed. Section B: The UK’s increasing recognition of offenders with SMI and the lack of a theoretical account specific to this group provided the rationale for this study. The aim was to develop a preliminary model of the ways offenders with SMI progress through FMHS towards reintegration with the community. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven FMHS-users and three FMHS staff members. Grounded theory was used to build a preliminary model, which contained six main categories: learning about and managing mental health, establishing facilitative relationships with staff, moving on from prison and early experiences of FMHS, developing self-direction, doing work in therapy, and managing wider support networks. Findings extend existing literature by providing a preliminary theoretical account of the multiple domains that influence progression of offenders with SMI towards reintegration with the community. Results are discussed with regard to the existing literature and clinical implications are outlined. Recommendations for future research are made. Section C: In order to reflect upon the process of conducting this project, the author considers four questions: (1) what research skills have been developed and what skills continue to require development?, (2) what would be done differently were this project to be repeated?, (3) what changes in clinical practice will occur as a consequence of this research?, and (4) what areas would future research focus on and how would this be approached?

Existe un aumento de requerimientos de intervención de los psicólogos forenses en procedimientos de familia y es reconocida la existencia de numerosas denuncias ante las comisiones deontológicas derivadas de dichas intervenciones (Del Río, 2000; Cayuela, Jarne y Molina, 2.005). No obstante, la investigación hasta el momento sobre la práctica profesional ética en este área concreta de la psicología es escasa. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo principal el análisis del nivel de conocimiento de los principios y normas éticas y deontológicas de que disponen los psicólogos forenses que trabajan en el ámbito de los procedimientos de familia, incluyendo el análisis de la posible relación entre la frecuencia con que los psicólogos forenses expertos en familia se enfrentan a las situaciones planteadas, el nivel de adecuación de su postura ética a los estándares éticos y la valoración que dan a los diferentes tipos de recursos o estrategias que se pueden utilizar ante los dilemas éticos de la práctica diaria. La muestra de psicólogos forenses expertos en procedimientos de familia está compuesta por 81 profesionales del estado español, que han cumplimentado un cuestionario desarrollado partiendo del utilizado por Pope, Tabachnick y Keith-Spiegel (1987), adaptado al español por Del Río, Borda y Torres (2003), complementado con aspectos recogidos en el código ético del psicólogo español (COP, 1987), en las directrices para la evaluación de custodia infantil en procedimientos de divorcio (APA, 1994; 2009) y en el estudio desarrollado por Urra (2007). De los resultados obtenidos en la investigación empírica destaca que todas las situaciones planteadas han sido experimentadas en mayor o menor medida por los participantes en algún momento de su práctica profesional y que su postura ética no se adapta de forma unánime a los estándares éticos en ninguna de las situaciones planteadas. Solo en un tercio de las mismas más de tres cuartas partes de los participantes muestran una postura ética acorde con el código deontológico (COP, 1987). Respecto a las situaciones planteadas, las valoraciones éticas que llevan a cabo de manera más acorde con la norma ética son las relacionadas básicamente con temas de objetividad, informar y consentimiento informado, mientras que las relacionadas con temas de praxis, aspectos legales, honorarios, confidencialidad/secreto profesional y roles duales son las valoradas de manera más en desacorde con la normativa ética de referencia (COP, 1987). En cuanto a las fuentes de información, diez de las catorce presentadas son valoradas “positivamente” respecto a su nivel de eficacia en la promoción de la práctica ética por más del setenta por ciento de la muestra, siendo los recursos americanos y europeos los mejor valorados. Las cuatro restantes, la Comisión Deontológica del Colegio, las leyes estatales vigentes, las sentencias judiciales y el programa de licenciatura son valoradas como “más negativamente” por un mínimo del cuarenta por ciento de los participantes. Las valoraciones éticas de los psicólogos forenses expertos en los procedimientos de familia dejan entrever la necesidad de un conocimiento más profundo del código deontológico actual y un nivel de conocimientos legales insuficientes. / DOCTORAL DISSERTATION "Knowledge and application of ethical principles by forensic psychologists expert in family procedures". SUMMARY: There is an increasing requirement for forensic psychologists to act in family proceedings and the existence of numerous complaints to the ethics commissions arising from such interventions is recognized (Del Rio, 2000; Cayuela, Jarne and Molina, 2005). However, research of ethical professional practice by forensic psychologists expert in family procedures is limited. The main objective of the presented work is to study the knowledge of ethics and professional standards by forensic psychologists expert in family procedures. The secondary objectives are the analysis of the relationship between the frequency of forensic psychologists in these situations and their ethical posture, and assessment of the different types of resources that can be used in the ethical dilemmas of practice. The sample of expert forensic psychologists in family procedures is composed of 81 Spanish professionals, who have completed a questionnaire developed from the one used by Pope, Tabachnick and Keith-Spiegel (1987), a Spanish version by Del Rio, Bordas and Torres (2003), and complemented by the Spanish code of ethics for psychologists (COP, 1987), the guidelines for child custody evaluations (APA, 1994, 2009) and the study by Urra (2007). The results obtained in the empirical investigation show that all these situations have been experienced by the participants in their professional practice and their ethical posture does not fit unanimously with the ethical standards. Only one third of the participants show an ethical posture in line with the code of practice (COP, 1987). The ethical values that are held more consistently with the ethical standard are basically related to objectivity, reporting obligations and informed consent, while those related to issues of practice, legal, fees, confidentiality and dual roles disagree with the ethical standards. Ten of the fourteen information sources are assessed as "positive" about their effectiveness in promoting ethical practice for more than 70% of the sample, and American and European resources are top rated. The Practice Committee of the College, state laws, court decisions and the degree program, are rated as "more negative" for a minimum of 40% of the participants. The evaluation of the ethics held by forensic psychologists expert in family procedures shows the need for a deeper understanding of the current code of ethics and an insufficient level of legal knowledge.

This dissertation thesis called 'Lie Detection Through Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior' deals with lying and lies from the viewpoint of its types, functions and considering the development of an individual and it describes the role of lying in our lives. Lying itself is not considered as a negative term, but as a type of communication, a social phenomenon, which is a part of our everyday existence. Attention is aimed to verbal behaviour, but especially to nonverbal aspects of lying persons. Then it examines the use of information on lying and lies in the system of forensic psychology during the deception detection tests. It describes historical approaches to lie detection and its current appearance as well as some other aspects, that may be considered lying even if they are not lying at all - false memories or suggestions. The empirical part compares two research designs, one of them trying to find possible personal determinants of successful lie detectors on a group of psychology students and connecting lie detection ability with the concept of emotional inteligence. The second research analyzes the ability to detect deception among Czech police officers as a specific population group, that uses lie detection methods as a means of investigation. Keywords: lying, deception detection, nonverbal...

Este trabalho investigou práticas, conhecimento e tomada de decisão em psicólogos que atuam em situações de abuso sexual contra crianças e adolescentes e suas relações com a Justiça. Para investigar práticas, conhecimento e tomada de decisão, foram realizados quatro estudos, sendo um de revisão teórica e três empíricos quantitativos, envolvendo 95 psicólogos brasileiros. Um dos estudos investigou, também, o conhecimento sobre abuso sexual em estudantes do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, bem como em profissionais americanos. Para investigar as relações com a Justiça, foram realizados outros quatro estudos, sendo um de revisão da literatura e outros três empíricos qualitativos. Nesses estudos, foram entrevistados 20 profissionais (cinco juízes de direito, cinco promotores de justiça, cinco defensores públicos e cinco psicólogas judiciárias). De maneira geral, os resultados indicaram que os profissionais brasileiros apresentam qualificação para o trabalho com essas situações e utilizam especialmente a entrevista como instrumento principal de avaliação. Comparados aos profissionais americanos, os psicólogos brasileiros estão em desvantagem no que se refere ao conhecimento da literatura sobre abuso sexual. Em relação ao aspecto da tomada de decisão, os psicólogos decidem diferentemente sobre um caso fictício, mesmo diante das mesmas informações e são influenciados por aspectos representativos dos casos de abuso sexual. Para os operadores do Direito, a participação da Psicologia é essencial em diferentes funções no Poder Judiciário, tanto por habilidades e conhecimentos técnicos, quanto por habilidades pessoais que contribuem para o manejo das situações. O Depoimento Especial, como uma prática que envolve a relação entre essas áreas de conhecimento, mostrou-se uma estratégia que tem evoluído tecnicamente, mas que ainda necessita investimentos. As conclusões gerais da Tese apontam para a necessidade dos psicólogos investirem em instrumentos empiricamente fundamentados, no conhecimento da literatura sobre o tema, na consciência sobre os vieses que influenciam a tomada de decisão sobre os casos e na proximidade e diálogo com o Direito. / This thesis investigated practices, knowledge and decision-making in bachelors in Psychology working with sexual abuse situations and its relations with Justice. To investigate practices, knowledge and decision-making, four studies were developed: one theoretical review and three quantitative empirical studies, involving 95 Brazilian psychologists. One of these studies investigated the knowledge on sexual abuse in students from a state in the south of Brazil and students and professionals from the United States. To investigate the relations with Justice, other four studies were developed: one theoretical review and three qualitative empirical studies. In these studies, 20 professionals were interviewed (five judges, five prosecutors, five public defenders and five forensic psychologists). Results indicated that Brazilian professionals show qualification to work with these situations and they use the interview as the main instrument for evaluation. Compared to the American professionals, Brazilian psychologists are in disadvantage concerning the knowledge on sexual abuse. Regarding decision-making, the psychologists decide differently about a fictitious case, even if exposed to the same information. They are influenced by representative aspects of sexual abuse cases when they make decisions. For Law workers, the participation of Psychology is essential in different functions in the Justice System because not only do they have technical abilities and knowledge, but also they have personal abilities contributing to dealing with these situations. The Special Testimony, as a practice that involves the relations between Law and Psychology, seems to be evolving technically, but still needs improvement. General conclusions from this Thesis indicate the necessity of psychologists to invest in empirical based instruments, in literature knowledge, in the consciousness about the bias influencing decision-making on cases and in the proximity and dialogue with the Law.

O presente trabalho apresentado ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Social da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), no Curso de Doutorado Interinstitucional (DINTER) realizado em parceria com a Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), teve como proposta pesquisar a visão dos atores sociais envolvidos diretamente com a medida socioeducativa de internação no Maranhão. O objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar a visão dos atores sociais sobre aspectos relacionados ao processo de aplicação, execução e cumprimento da medida socioeducativa de privação de liberdade. Com o propósito de compreender a percepção das pessoas que atuam nas três etapas da medida socioeducativa de internação, realizou-se uma pesquisa de campo com três grupos sendo que, cada grupo foi representado por indivíduos que estavam vinculados a cada uma das etapas da referida medida. Os dados foram coletados por intermédio de entrevistas com os respectivos sujeitos, utilizando-se como apoio um roteiro semiestruturado, elaborado em consonância com os objetivos da pesquisa. Para categorização, dimensionamento e análise dos dados e dos registros do diário de campo utilizou-se a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados alcançados com a pesquisa proporcionam subsídios para uma reflexão sobre o processo e as condições em que se dão a execução e o cumprimento da medida socioeducativa de internação no Centro da Juventude Esperança (CJE) da Fundação da Criança e do Adolescente (FUNAC) no Maranhão (MA). Os resultados da pesquisa apontam para uma incongruência entre o que estabelece a Lei n 8.069/1990, que instituiu o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), o que preconiza o Sistema Nacional de Atendimento Socioeducativo (SINASE) e o que, de fato tem sido efetivado pela unidade (CJE) de internação e execução da medida de privação de liberdade. Além destas questões, os resultados da pesquisa também indicam que o Sistema de Garantias de Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente (SGDCA), no Maranhão não vem funcionando em conformidade com os princípios e diretrizes previstos pelo ECA, cujo objetivo principal da medida socioeducativa de internação, abrangendo aspectos educativos, formativos e sociais, não estaria acontecendo no Estado do Maranhão. / This paper presented to the Graduate Program in Social Psychology at the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), the Interinstitutional Doctorate Course (DINTER) conducted in partnership with the Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), was proposed search the vision of the social actors directly involved with the admission a socioeducative measure in Maranhão. The objective of this research was to identify the vision of social actors on issues related to the implementation process, implementation and enforcement of a socioeducative measure deprivation of liberty. With the purpose of understand the perception of people who act in three stages a socioeducative measure admission, there was a field research with three groups of which each group was represented by individuals who were linked to each step of the measure. Data were collected through interviews with their subjects, using as support a semi-structured, prepared in line with the research objectives. For categorization, measurement and analysis of data and registers of daily records we used the technique of content analysis. The results achieved from research grants to provide a reflection on the process and give conditions under which the implementation and enforcement of the measure socio admission in Hope Youth Center (CJE) Foundation for Children and Adolescents (FUNAC) in Maranhão (MA). The search results point to an incongruity between what the law provides n 8.069/1990, which established the Child and Adolescent (ECA), which advocates the National Socio-Educational Services (SINASE) and that in fact has been effected by the unit (CJE) admission and implementation of the measure of deprivation of liberty. Besides these issues the search results also indicate that the System Guarantees Rights of the Child and Adolescent (SGDCA) in Maranhão not have worked in accordance with the principles and guidelines provided by ACE, and that the main objective of the measure socio-admission, which are the aspects of education, training and social, would not be happening in the State of Maranhão.

This study examined, within the South African context, the prevalence of mental retardation in a forensic observation setting, and the impediments of and successes to forensic rehabilitation. The results of the study indicated that a significant amount of forensic observation patients (25.16%) are ultimately diagnosed as being mentally retarded, with 39.24 percent of such offenders being found unfit to plead. Further 32.91 percent of the same sample was found to be not responsible for their actions. A link was also drawn between the mentally retarded offender and violent offenses. The advantages and disadvantages of a current rehabilitative process are discussed in light of alternate community-based forms of rehabilitation that are being implemented in other countries, for example the United States of America, with a view towards investigated their usefulness and adaptability to South African circumstances. The findings of the study have implications for mental health professionals working within forensic settings concerning the future management of mentally retarded offenders, particularly within the rehabilitative process .