This study investigates Swedish secondary and upper secondary school teachers' knowledge and attitudes with respect to implementing self-assessment activities in teaching of Spanish as a foreign language. The purpose of the study has been to get an overview of the state of the implementation of self-assessment in Swedish schools. In order to achieve this objective, a survey method has been used. The results of this study, like the findings of previous studies, indicate that there is a deficiency in the implementation of self-assessment in teaching. Additionally, the results suggest some possible explanations for this deficiency. However, in order to be able to draw a definite conclusion regarding the matter, more detailed information and further studies would be needed. / Este estudio investiga conocimientos y actitudes de profesores suecos de secundaria y de bachillerato acerca de la implementación de actividades de autoevaluación en la enseñanza de español como lengua extranjera (ELE). El propósito del estudio ha sido obtener una imagen general sobre el estado de la implementación de la autoevaluación en los institutos suecos. Para lograr este objetivo, se ha recurrido a una técnica de encuesta. Los resultados de este estudio, similares a los de los estudios anteriores, indican que existe una deficiencia en la implementación de la autoevaluación en la enseñanza. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren además algunas explicaciones posibles para esta deficiencia. No obstante, para poder sacar alguna conclusión definitiva, habría que profundizar más en el tema y realizar nuevos estudios.

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The main objective of the research was to explore how teachers use formative assessment to enhance the teaching of reading comprehension to Grade 3 siSwatispeaking learners. While the research also sought to determine whether teachers’ practice of formative assessment supported learners’ comprehension of written text, it did not attempt to measure the learners’ achievements. The research was prompted by the low reading performance levels of South African Grade 3 learners, including Grade 3 learners in Mpumalanga. The study was qualitative in nature and was a case study of seven teachers from four primary schools. The paradigmatic position of the study was interpretive. Data was collected through individual semi-structured interviews, lesson observations and analysis of learners’ workbooks. Interviews were taped and transcribed. Data from the three sources was analyzed and reported in an integrated way through themes. The study developed a conceptual framework from the literature review. Various theories and concepts were identified, namely Vygotsky’s theory of learning and socio-cultural perspective (1978), Engeström’s activity system model (1987) and the formative assessment process (Harlen, 2000; Ruiz-Primo, 2011; Birenbaum, Kimron, Shilton & Shahaf-Barzilay, 2009). It was clear that effective use of formative assessment for reading comprehension requires collaboration between teachers and learners. Teachers should involve learners in the five phases of formative assessment of reading comprehension. The conceptual framework also implies that teachers should have pedagogical knowledge of the teaching of reading comprehension. Findings of this study revealed that participating teachers lacked knowledge of formative assessment; consequently they did not plan to use formative assessment to support the teaching of reading comprehension. Teachers did not communicate clear learning objectives and assessment criteria to the learners. As a result, learners did not know what they should achieve in a lesson and did not know how they should achieve it. Teachers did not develop learning activities that supported learners’ comprehension of the written text. Teachers often used literal and closed questions to assess reading comprehension. Teachers did not provide constructive feedback based on the learning objectives, and they did not comment on weaknesses and strengths with regard to the learning objectives. Teachers did not encourage learners to assess their own work or that of their peers. Therefore learners did not develop skills in assessing their own work; they relied on the teacher’s assessment. Furthermore, this study found that teachers were not trained in the teaching and formative assessment of reading comprehension. They did not have a variety of materials to teach reading to siSwati-speaking learners. Some schools did not receive the workbooks from the Department of Basic Education (DBE) and had to make do with copies from the DBE workbook on a daily basis. Recommendations ensuing from this research are that the Department of Basic Education and the Mpumalanga Department of Education should equip Foundation Phase teachers with knowledge of and skills in formative assessment applicable to the teaching of reading comprehension. In addition, the Mpumalanga Department of Education should provide a variety of reading material for siSwati-speaking learners to support the teaching and learning of reading comprehension. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Early Childhood Education / unrestricted

Syftet med min uppsats är att undersöka vad några elever i årskurs 9 har för kunskap om kursplanen i fysik, samt hur de uppfattar att denna kunskap påverkar deras lärande. Undersökningen består av sex kvalitativa elevintervjuer. En slutsats som framkommit i undersökningen är att om elever delges kunskap om vad kursplanen är och dess syfte kan det användas som ett verktyg till att höja motivationen och på så sätt även gynna lärandeprocessen. Men kursplanen är endast en liten del i vad som kan påverka lärandet i den formativa bedömningen. Även svårigheter i att förstå och göra skillnad på begrepp så som kursplan, kunskapskrav och centralt innehåll framkommer. I det sociokulturella perspektivet kan kursplanen och kommunikationen om den samma ses som en resurs och ett verktyg i lärandeprocessen. / The purpose of my study is to evaluate what knowledge some Swedish fifteen year old students’ in 9 th grade had about the syllabus in physics, and how they perceive that the knowledge affects their learning process. The method, six qualitative interviews which is used in the evaluation, is chosen by the principles which can be found in studies of social science. One of the conclusions drawn from the study is that if students communicated knowledge about what the syllabus is and its purpose, it could be used as an artefact in the socio-cultural perspective of learning to improve motivation and increase the learning process. Over all, the syllabus is a very small part in what impacts the learning process in the formative assessment. Even difficulties in understanding concepts and the differences in concepts as syllabus, knowledge requirements and the content of importance has appeal in the process. In the perspective of social culture, communication of the syllabus can be seen as a resource in the learning processes.

I den här studien är syftet att ta reda på hur lärare uppfattar begreppet formativ bedömning i samband med skrivundervisningen i svenska och hur den återkoppling som ges kan påverka elevernas möjlighet till progression. För att finna svar på studiens frågeställningar har en kvantitativ enkät använts som datainsamlingsmetod. Enkäten baserades mestadels på frågor av sluten karaktär, men flera frågor av öppen karaktär förekom också då det var lärares egen uppfattning som efterfrågades. Resultatet har visat att de lärare som studien baseras på har en uppfattning om formativ bedömning som en process där man under arbetets gång ger eleverna relevant återkoppling med syfte att hjälpa och stötta eleverna mot de uppsatta målen, vilket till viss del stämmer väl överens med vad forskare anser om begreppet. Men trots att lärarna i denna studie hade en uppfattning om begreppet formativ bedömning som till viss del stämde överens med vad forskare anser så var det få av dessa lärare som uppfattade den formativa bedömningen som något som även syftar till att utveckla den egna undervisningen. Att kommunicera den formativa återkopplingen muntligt är något som flera av lärarna upplever tas emot bättre av eleverna. Dock har forskare skilda uppfattningar angående om muntlig återkoppling bör ges till eleverna eller ej. / In this study, the purpose is to find out how teachers perceive the concept of feedback for formative assessment in the education of Swedish writing and how the feedback that is given can affect the student´s ability to progress. To help me find out the answers of the issues of this study a quantitative survey has been used as the method to collect data. The survey was mostly based on questions of closed nature, but some questions of open character was also used as it was the teacher´s own perception that was investigated. The result has shown that the teachers, on which the study is based, have an idea of formative assessment as a process where teachers during the course gives students relevant feedback with the aim of helping and supporting the students towards the goals that has been set. The teacher's idea of formative assessment is consistent with what researcher’s views about the concept. However, although the teachers in this study had a god idea of the concept for formative assessment, few of these teachers perceived the formative assessment as something that also aims to develop their own teaching. Communicating the formative feedback orally is something that several of the teacher´s experience as better received by the students. However, researchers have different views on whether or not oral feedback should be given to the students.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka högstadielärares idéer och tillämpning av formativ bedömning i ämnet idrott och hälsa, samt vilken typ av formativ bedömning lärarna anser hjälper eleverna bäst i deras lärande. Till studien hör följande frågeställningar: (1) Vilka idéer, värderingar och normer kännetecknar lärares uppfattning om formativ bedömning och dess tillämpning i undervisningen? (2) Vilken typ av formativ bedömning anser idrottslärare hjälper eleverna bäst i sitt lärande? (3) Vilka skillnader finns mellan idrottslärare i deras användning och konceptualisering av formativ bedömning? Studiens kvalitativa ansats har resulterat i semi-strukturerade intervjuer med sex verksamma lärare inom ämnet Idrott och hälsa (IH) i årskurs 7-9.  Kopplingen mellan ämnet IH och idrottsrörelsen befästs bland annat genom att lärarna beskriver hur de hämtat mycket av sin inspiration kring återkoppling från föreningslivet. Det är främst den direkta och muntliga formen av återkoppling (feedback) som används och anses ha stor effekt på elevernas lärande. Motiveringen handlar om att förmågorna inom IH oftast synliggörs på sekunder och det är där och då lärarna ska stötta eleverna framåtsyftande. Lärarna ser självbedömning och kamratbedömning som problematiskt. De relaterar främst till aspekter av tid, planering och elevernas förmåga att bedöma varandra. Studien synliggör även exempel på framgångsfaktorer för när den formativa bedömningen fungerar bäst.

The diploma thesis entitled Forms and methods of cooperation with parents is focused on distance learning in the 1st year of elementary school. It represents a method of teaching that was established in March 2020 in connection with the covid-19 pandemics. During the new school year 2020/21, this form de facto became the main educational form. The aim of the diploma thesis is to describe the positives and difficulties of distance learning and its specifics in a broader context, especially in terms of methods and forms applied within the cooperation with the family. It is a dynamic material that monitors a longer period of time, and so in connection with the circumstances, the main topic has changed. The work was expanded in a sense of describing the progress in the way of education during the re-closing of schools, thus reflecting the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of parents with the teaching forms and, except for the first year, it also describes the major part of the second year. The theoretical part is focused on three key areas. First, it characterizes distance education, then focuses on the period of entry of the first-graders and, aims to establish suitable ways of communication between the school, family and pupils. The empirical part finds out in several ways whether the school was again...

The diploma thesis focuses on the Learning Stories method and its implementation in a Czech pre-school. Its aim is to explore, document, and analyse how the Learning Stories method is applied into a Czech pre-school as a part of the process of formative assessment. The theoretical part defines assessment in the pre-primary education - its content, and characteristics. Selected assessment tools used in a Czech pre-primary education are introduced. The theoretical part then focuses on the definition of the formative assessment in both Czech and foreign literature, and on the analysis of the Czech Statutory Pre-primary Educational Framework in the relation to the formative assessment. It also describes theoretical background of the Learning Stories method and its use within the international pre-primary education. The empirical part presents the aims of the research project - its methodology and results. Research data were acquired from a content analysis of learning stories and from semi- structured interviews with teachers who have been working with the LS method. Semi- structured interviews focused on how the teachers implemented the LS method in their schools. The content analysis of the learning stories centres on finding out whether the stories about children's learning fulfil the aims of...

The thesis relates to the grading system during the first five years of primary school. It concerns the various types of assessing students, especially grading, assessment for teaching and self-evaluation. It aims to find a fair way of assessing the school grading system. It also concerns the relationship between the teacher, the students and the parents. The practical part of the thesis relates to the outcome of the research of the case study. The main method were group interviews with the pupils, a semi-structured dialogue with the class teacher and a questionnaire filled in by the pupils' parents. The aim was to find out how the students, teachers and parents perceive the fairness of the grading system. The research shows that the pupils and the parents alike find the assessment for teaching and marks the fairest. The teachers found that they needed specific criteria in order to assess the students whether with a grade or by a written assessment.

The presented diploma thesis deals with the use of formative assessment in the educational area Man and His World. Its outcome offers a possible way of solving the shortcomings of the area in question which negatively affects pupils' attitudes towards the school subjects of this educational area. The theoretical part presents findings about the assessment in general, namely its definition, presentation of functions, types and forms of assessment. It also emphasizes the relationship between the objectives and assessment which will be a pivotal one in the educational area in question. It also discusses the specifics of this educational area in relation to the impact on pupils' attitudes. Findings about formative assessment are focused on the definition, analysis of advantages and methods of implementation into teaching. The empirical part is based on the findings from the theoretical part and is carried out by a mixed research design. Questionnaire, interview and observation was used as methods to conduct the research. The aim was to find out whether the pupils who are assessed formatively have a more positive attitude than the pupils, who are assessed only summatively. The established hypothesis assumes that the pupils who are assessed formatively would have a better attitude towards the subject,...