<p>The Nord Stream natural gas pipeline has been a controversial project. The debate was primarily escalated by Poland's strong negative reaction to the project in the spring of 2006 over safety and security and then alternated back and forth in Europe until the approval by the nations most concerned in the Baltic region during the autumn of 2009.In the case study an approach is used that primarily maps out the media image of the various viewpoints that deal with the pipeline and how these viewpoints position themselves, primarily through political and environmental dimensions. Simultaneously there’s an attempt to map out the spatial spread of the media image views as to the proximity and distance to the pipeline in Sweden, Poland and Germany. A key question is whether distance or proximity to a large facility can affect people's attitudes.A parallel focus of the study is to explore the role of the Nord Stream natural gas pipeline in the cross-border hinterland region of Szczecin-Świnoujście. The complex cross-border relationship between Germany and Poland is characterized by the opportunities and obstacles to mobility & the potential of conflict between the needs of the individual vs. the state, partly due to an unbalanced hierarchy between the two nations.An understanding of the pipeline's impact on the border region is shown in part by an analysis of the city of Szczecin's theoretical potential in its hinterland, with special reference to the impact of the state boundary before and after Poland's entry into the European Union and the Schengen regime.Other contributions to the outline of this thesis deal partly with Medialisation and Framing, as the media-investigation in the study handles concerns, arguments and opinions about the pipeline-project, highlighted by the media. Another subject deals with risk assessment, as no one can be certain what will happen in case of an accident to the pipeline.A general concluding comment to the results of the media-investigation is that they are too parsimonious. However there are some assumptions to be made: In the resulting discussion it is argued, among other things, that from the political aspect both Poland and Sweden share a negative opinion towards the pipeline, while the opinion of German people appears positive to the project, according to the media viewpoints. From the environmentalaspect the over-all picture is that the opinions of the whole of Poland and the local levels of Germany and Sweden respectively (i.e. people living near the Nord Stream pipeline) are negative also – feel unsafe according to the project, due to the media viewpoints.A second assumption is that the media location does not play a major role in the way media coverage highlights the views of those for the pipeline or those against the pipeline.The overall impression is that the media coverage largely follows state affinities, in the sense that the relative openness of the argument that every state seems to represent, seems also to be reflected through media coverage in each state.The Nord Stream natural gas pipeline has been a controversial project. The debate was primarily escalated by Poland's strong negative reaction to the project in the spring of 2006 over safety and security and then alternated back and forth in Europe until the approval by the nations most concerned in the Baltic region during the autumn of 2009.In the case study an approach is used that primarily maps out the media image of the various viewpoints that deal with the pipeline and how these viewpoints position themselves, primarily through political and environmental dimensions. Simultaneously there’s an attempt to map out the spatial spread of the media image views as to the proximity and distance to the pipeline in Sweden, Poland and Germany. A key question is whether distance or proximity to a large facility can affect people's attitudes.A parallel focus of the study is to explore the role of the Nord Stream natural gas pipeline in the cross-border hinterland region of Szczecin-Świnoujście. The complex cross-border relationship between Germany and Poland is characterized by the opportunities and obstacles to mobility & the potential of conflict between the needs of the individual vs. the state, partly due to an unbalanced hierarchy between the two nations.An understanding of the pipeline's impact on the border region is shown in part by an analysis of the city of Szczecin's theoretical potential in its hinterland, with special reference to the impact of the state boundary before and after Poland's entry into the European Union and the Schengen regime.Other contributions to the outline of this thesis deal partly with Medialisation and Framing, as the media-investigation in the study handles concerns, arguments and opinions about the pipeline-project, highlighted by the media. Another subject deals with risk assessment, as no one can be certain what will happen in case of an accident to the pipeline.A general concluding comment to the results of the media-investigation is that they are too parsimonious. However there are some assumptions to be made: In the resulting discussion it is argued, among other things, that from the political aspect both Poland and Sweden share a negative opinion towards the pipeline, while the opinion of German people appears positive to the project, according to the media viewpoints. From the environmentalaspect the over-all picture is that the opinions of the whole of Poland and the local levels of Germany and Sweden respectively (i.e. people living near the Nord Stream pipeline) are negative also – feel unsafe according to the project, due to the media viewpoints.A second assumption is that the media location does not play a major role in the way media coverage highlights the views of those for the pipeline or those against the pipeline.The overall impression is that the media coverage largely follows state affinities, in the sense that the relative openness of the argument that every state seems to represent, seems also to be reflected through media coverage in each state.</p>

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<p>Purpose/Aim: This essay seeks to describe in what way different newspapers framed Uppsala Reggaefestival, which is a music festival in Uppsala, Sweden. Not only the local press, but also the framing by national press will be analyzed. Furthermore, it seeks to discuss what causes different frames.</p><p>Material/Method: The material consist of 96 articles from 4 different newspapers which are being analyzed through a quantitative content analysis method inspired by Melin and Lange, and their ideas of identifying the main message of a text. The media framing of Uppsala Reggaefestival are compared to another similar music festival in Sweden, Arvikafestivalen. By using theories about media framing and media logic the results can, if not explained, at least be discussed.</p><p>Main results: The study shows that Uppsala Reggaefestival is framed in a way that is focused on the problems within the festival, for example drug abuse. Compared to Arvikafestivalen, especially in the national press the difference is great. The cause of the difference requires further studies, but according to the theory of media logic the content in a media company should be viewed as a result of the company needs and not as a mirror of reality. The way media content is presented can according to the framing theory be a result of existing frames within media, which can be caused by prevailing ideologies and views in society.</p>

<p>Purpose/Aim: To study the existence and level of bias in British press coverage of the 2008 US presidential election.</p><p>Material/Method: A rhetorical analysis of 20 newspaper articles dealing with the election taken from The Guardian (liberal) and The Daily Telegraph (conservative) newspapers over a fiveday period up to and including the election.</p><p>Main Results: Bias was found to be present, although the level of bias proved significantly higher in the material selected from the liberal newspaper. The conservative newspaper selected exhibited significantly lower levels of bias. This trend was true of both news and opinion articles</p>

<p>Purpose/Aim: This essay explores the framing and representation of pensioners in Swedish press during the period of 2002-2008. The aim was to investigate what meaning news give elderly people on the manifest level, and also what meaning the media texts construct on the latent level.</p><p>Material/Method: For this paper I have investigated framing of pensioners using quantitative analysis of 100 news articles, followed by a qualitative hermeneutic analysis applied on the most frequent frames discovered in the quantitative study.</p><p>Main results: Four frames were identified concerning pensioners: crime victims, heroes in daily dues, economically advantaged and economically disadvantaged. The dualistic result in the economy frame was investigated in the qualitative research. The study revealed that pensioners as a group may have good economic standards, although there are individual differences. Three stereotypes were discovered in the articles: “kind granny”, “fragile and miserable” and “look what I can do”.</p>

<p>Purpose/Aim: To study the rhetorical changes in the speeches of Barack Obama from being a presidential candidate to being the President.</p><p>Material/Method: A rhetorical analysis of two defining speeches using logos, pathos and ethos in conjunction with framing and identity.</p><p>Main Results: The main result of the essay was that the rhetoric used by Barack Obama did indeed change as his position as a politician changed. This change, however, was the result of how language is affected by circumstance, audience, the context in which the language is sent and received and the current identity being used by the speaker. Rhetoric is not purely about the language used.</p>

<p>Purpose/Aim: The comprehensive purpose is to study how the political journalism is framed, and how the party leaders, with focus on the authority, are constructed in the press.</p><p>Material/Method: Firstly 84 articles articles printed in the swedish newspapers Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet have been analysed. Secondly, a textual analysis by means of a critical discourse analysis.</p><p>Main results: Media are inclined to frame politics as a game or a strategic race. The partyleaders are ascribed authority in different ways. This ascribed authority can also be deconstructed.</p><p>Key words: Media and politics, party leader, discourse, democracy, framing theory</p>

With the creation and continuous enhancement of Computer Aided Design (CAD) software, innovations in the area of computer modeling for the construction industry have brought numerous benefits in terms of precision, operability, extensibility, and time-cost savings, among others. Nevertheless, the construction industry is one which continually demands innovation and efficiency in design, leading to the introduction of newer modeling approaches to satisfy client needs. The central thinking behind this research, then, has to do with the automation and generation of construction drawings for the home building industry based on 3D and parametric modeling techniques, and the utilization of the best practice for the platform-frame method. Homebuilders in Canada often build without construction drawings due to the high cost and extensive time expenditure associated with their production; instead, the industry relies on trades personnel to build from architectural model designs. This poor practice contributes to the accumulation of material waste and other construction quality issues. The underlying basis for this research is the notion of adding structure to information, both by incorporating intelligence into a set of operational commands and by adding innovation to the construction process. These topics have been incorporated into a 3D CAD solid model to demonstrate the importance of communicating information from consultants to trades and contractors. 3D and parametric modeling provide the foundation for this complex analysis, which focuses on the generation of panelized and site-built dwellings. The minimization of construction wood materials through the use of mathematical models and a search for best combinations of nominal lumber, sheathing and drywall has been added to this research as an aim to become more efficient. Mathematical optimization models are used to verify the concept for efficient cutting layouts for one- and two-dimensional elements. This research sets out to demonstrate, by underscoring the present shortcomings, the manner in which 3D and parametric modeling will provide a solution for practitioners and researchers who wish to reduce drafting time and material waste production; to incorporate intelligence to CAD models; and to provide a better use of primary resources by generating guidelines for construction practice. / Construction Engineering and Management

This framing analysis used content analysis to show how a newspaper with a more liberal slant, The Age, and a newspaper with a more conservative slant, The Australian, used frames, sources, and valence in their news and opinion coverage of a very complex scientific and political issue ? climate change. The sample included 1,019 news and opinion articles from 1997 through 2007 in The Australian and The Age. The study revealed that the controversy over climate change was still prevalent in two Australian newspapers. Results showed that The Australian and The Age displayed different prominent frames, sources, and valence in their climate change coverage. Overall, The Australian was more critical and uncertain about climate change, while The Age aimed to educate its readers about the background of the issue and inspire action.

Purpose/Aim: This essay seeks to describe in what way different newspapers framed Uppsala Reggaefestival, which is a music festival in Uppsala, Sweden. Not only the local press, but also the framing by national press will be analyzed. Furthermore, it seeks to discuss what causes different frames. Material/Method: The material consist of 96 articles from 4 different newspapers which are being analyzed through a quantitative content analysis method inspired by Melin and Lange, and their ideas of identifying the main message of a text. The media framing of Uppsala Reggaefestival are compared to another similar music festival in Sweden, Arvikafestivalen. By using theories about media framing and media logic the results can, if not explained, at least be discussed. Main results: The study shows that Uppsala Reggaefestival is framed in a way that is focused on the problems within the festival, for example drug abuse. Compared to Arvikafestivalen, especially in the national press the difference is great. The cause of the difference requires further studies, but according to the theory of media logic the content in a media company should be viewed as a result of the company needs and not as a mirror of reality. The way media content is presented can according to the framing theory be a result of existing frames within media, which can be caused by prevailing ideologies and views in society.