This thesis introduces a financial simulation model covering two related financial domains: Mobile Payments and Retail Stores systems.   The problem we address in these domains is different types of fraud. We limit ourselves to isolated cases of relatively straightforward fraud. However, in this thesis the ultimate aim is to introduce our approach towards the use of computer simulation for fraud detection and its applications in financial domains. Fraud is an important problem that impact the whole economy. Currently, there is a lack of public research into the detection of fraud. One important reason is the lack of transaction data which is often sensitive. To address this problem we present a mobile money Payment Simulator (PaySim) and Retail Store Simulator (RetSim), which allow us to generate synthetic transactional data that contains both: normal customer behaviour and fraudulent behaviour.    These simulations are Multi Agent-Based Simulations (MABS) and were calibrated using real data from financial transactions. We developed agents that represent the clients and merchants in PaySim and customers and salesmen in RetSim. The normal behaviour was based on behaviour observed in data from the field, and is codified in the agents as rules of transactions and interaction between clients and merchants, or customers and salesmen. Some of these agents were intentionally designed to act fraudulently, based on observed patterns of real fraud. We introduced known signatures of fraud in our model and simulations to test and evaluate our fraud detection methods. The resulting behaviour of the agents generate a synthetic log of all transactions as a result of the simulation. This synthetic data can be used to further advance fraud detection research, without leaking sensitive information about the underlying data or breaking any non-disclose agreements.   Using statistics and social network analysis (SNA) on real data we calibrated the relations between our agents and generate realistic synthetic data sets that were verified against the domain and validated statistically against the original source.   We then used the simulation tools to model common fraud scenarios to ascertain exactly how effective are fraud techniques such as the simplest form of statistical threshold detection, which is perhaps the most common in use. The preliminary results show that threshold detection is effective enough at keeping fraud losses at a set level. This means that there seems to be little economic room for improved fraud detection techniques.   We also implemented other applications for the simulator tools such as the set up of a triage model and the measure of cost of fraud. This showed to be an important help for managers that aim to prioritise the fraud detection and want to know how much they should invest in fraud to keep the loses below a desired limit according to different experimented and expected scenarios of fraud.

Bakgrund Penningtvätt är en typ av ekonomisk brottslighet där olagligt förtjänta pengar tvättas rena i den lagliga ekonomin. Cirka 130 miljarder kronor penningtvättas årligen i Sverige och eftersom det görs genom den lagliga ekonomin påverkar det samhället. Auktoriserade redovisningskonsulter arbetar nära kunders ekonomi och har tillgång till deras transaktioner. År 2018 anmäldes endast 7 fall av 19 306 av misstankar om penningtvätt från verksamhetsutövare inom revision och bokföring, trots auktoriserade redovisningskonsulters förutsättningar att upptäcka penningtvätt visar statistiken en annan riktning. Syfte Syftet med studien är att utforska varför auktoriserade redovisningskonsulter anmäler få fall av misstankar om penningtvätt. Metod Denna kvalitativa studie har främst en deduktiv ansats. Teorierna Beslutsteori, Struktur respektive bedömning, Bedrägeritriangeln och Modiferingsmodellen inom bedrägeri & revision har tillämpats på empiri. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom primärdata i form av intervjuer och har sedan analyserats med en tematisk analysmetod. Slutsats Studiens resultat visar flera olika anledningar varför få fall av misstankar om penningtvätt anmäls av auktoriserade redovisningskonsulter. Anledningarna kan vara att auktoriserade redovisningskonsulter har för lite kunskap och förståelse om penningtvätt samt att de bedömer bort risker i ett för tidigt skede. Studien bidrar med att uppmärksamma auktoriserade redovisningskonsulter om penningtvätt och hur förändringar bör ske för att kunna öka antalet anmälningar. / Introduction Money laundering is a kind of financial crime, illegal earned money is washed through the legal economy. About 130 billion SEK is money laundered annually in Sweden and since the money laundry is done through the legal economy it affects the society at large. Authorized accounting consultants work closely with customers’ finances and they have access to their transactions. In 2018 there were 19 306 suspicions of money laundering that were reported. Only 7 of these cases were reported by operators in auditing and accounting, despite the fact the authorized accounting consultants have the preconditions to detect money laundering even though statistics shows otherwise. Purpose The purpose of the study is to explore why authorized accounting consultants reports only a few cases of money laundering suspicions. Method This qualitative study mainly has a deductive approach. The theories used throughout the study are Decision theory, Structure and judgement, The fraud triangle and The modification model in fraud and auditing. These theories have been applied to empirical data throughout the study. The empirical data has been collected through primary data, interviews, which has been analysed with a thematic analysis method. Conclusion The study shows several different reasons why only a few cases of money laundering suspicions are reported by authorized accounting consultants. The reasons for the few reports of money laundering may be that authorized accounting consultants lack knowledge and understanding of money laundering. Risk assessment at an early stage is another contributing factor. The study coerces authorized accounting consultants to pay closer attention to money laundering and how changes should take place in order to increase the number of reports.

Cette thèse a pour objet de voir en quoi la fiscalité est devenue à la fois un outil de gestion et de stratégie pour le développement des entreprises à tous les niveaux de leur existence juridique. Il s'agira de mettre cette affirmation en perspective avec les mécanismes mis en place par les Etats afin de lutter contre la fraude, l'évasion ou l'optimisation fiscale agressive, la fiscalité étant devenue un enjeu majeur de la politique économique des différents Etats notamment depuis la crise de 2008. Nos travaux s’intéresseront donc aux différents mécanismes utilisés par les entreprises afin de limiter leur charge fiscale et sur les solutions à envisager pour une meilleure gouvernance fiscale à la fois d'un point de vue législatif mais également de celui de la pratique des entreprises. / Le résumé en anglais n'a pas été communiqué par l'auteur.

Tidigare studier och undersökningar visar en utbredd skattebrottslighet inom byggbranschen. Branschen har framförallt haft problem med brottslighet relaterad till svartjobb. Problemen i fuskbenägna branscher vänta-des öka efter avskaffandet av revisionsplikten för små aktiebolag, då revision har en granskande funktion som både kan avhjälpa och upptäcka fel i redovisning. Idag är det drygt åtta år sedan revisionsplikten avskaffades och det är av stor betydelse att mäta effekten av lagändringen, samt att undersöka behovet av revision i arbetet mot att förebygga skattebrott inom byggbranschen. Studiens syfte är att undersöka och analysera behovet av revision för små bolag inom den svenska byggbranschen, i förebyggandet av skattebrott. Studien siktar på att ge en utökad förståelse om revision motverkar kriminell verksamhet, som leder till uteblivna skatteintäkter och en dysfunktionell konkurrens i branschen.                        Studien har en kvalitativ ansats med målet att besvara olika frågeställning-ar som berör revision och skattebrott. Det empiriska materialet är inhämtat genom en innehållsanalys av tingsrättsfall som omfattar skattebrotts-domar mellan åren 2011–2017. Data analyserades med besvarande av fem delföreställningar. Studien visar ett behov av revision i förebyggandet av skattebrott inom den svenska byggbranschen. Denna slutsats är grundad på resultaten som visar att; byggbranschen är överrepresenterad i fall om skattebrott, att förekomsten av revision i små byggbolag är mindre än rikssnittet i fallen som skattebrott, att skattebrott till följd av osanna fakturor är mer förekommande inom byggbranschen jämfört med övriga branscher, samt att revision är mer förekommande i fallen med penningmaskering än i övriga fall. Studien visade också det oförväntade resultatet att skattebrotten i små byggbolag inte hade ökat efter avskaffandet av revisionsplikten, vilket kan relateras till teorin om att det finns ett stort mörkertal av skattebrott delvis till följd av utebliven revision. / Previous studies show a widespread of tax crime in the construction industry. The industry has mainly had problems with crimes related to undeclared work. Problems in fraudulent industries are expected to increase after the abolition of the audit obligation for small limited liability companies, as auditing has an examining function that can both remedy and detect errors in the accounting. Today, more than eight years have passed since the statutory audit was abolished and it is of great importance to measure the effect of the amendment, and to investigate the need for audit in the work aiming to prevent tax crimes in the construction industry. The aim of the study is to investigate and analyze small companies' need for audit within the Swedish Construction Industry in the work to prevent tax crimes. The study aims to provide an enhanced understanding of whether auditing counteracts criminal activity in the construction industry, which leads to tax evasion and a dysfunctional competition on the market. The study has a qualitative approach with the aim of answering various questions concerning audit and tax crimes. The empirical material is obtained through a content analysis of district court cases involving tax crime sentences between the years of 2011–2017. Data were analyzed through answering five partial questions. The study shows a need for audit in the work aiming to prevent tax crimes in the Swedish Construction Industry. The conclusion is based on the results that shows; an over-representation of construction companies in cases of tax crimes, that the presence of auditors in small construction companies is less than the national average in cases about tax crimes, that tax crimes as a result of false invoices are more prevalent in the construction industry compared to other industries, and that the auditor is more prevalent in the cases of reverse money laundering than in other cases. The study also showed the unexpected result that the tax crimes did not increase among small construction companies after the abolition of the statutory audit, which can be related to the theory of a large number of un-detected cases of tax crimes partly as a result of inexistent audit.

A presente tese de doutorado objetiva compreender a relação entre a constituição da propriedade privada capitalista da terra, que se fundamenta na grilagem de terras, e a desapropriação capitalista como forma de reprodução da aliança entre terra e capital no Brasil, buscando analisar as especificidades da formação territorial brasileira a partir da formação da propriedade privada da terra. A formação territorial brasileira foi produzida como uma via de desenvolvimento capitalista que reproduz determinados fundamentos do processo de produção e acumulação capitalista geral, constituindo assim um desenvolvimento desigual e contraditório. Tal formação é produzida por uma especificidade sui generis: a formação da propriedade privada da terra se fundamenta na reprodução da grilagem de terra em todos os momentos da história brasileira, produzindo e reproduzindo também a classe dos grandes proprietários de terra e seu poder político, social e econômico. A estrutura fundiária brasileira e sua expressão territorial peremptória, o latifúndio, conforma-se em mecanismos jurídicos, sociais, econômicos e políticos advindos de uma reprodução contínua da acumulação originária do capital. Ou seja, constata-se a permanência da produção (não capitalista) de capital no capitalismo brasileiro. A apropriação privada de terras públicas e as formas de instituir e burlar leis, a realização de pactos e alianças territoriais e econômicas entre classes sociais burguesas, a consolidação de interesses políticos a partir do domínio (ou do consentimento do domínio a classes aliançadas) do Estado revelam que o capitalismo no Brasil apresenta uma via específica, a qual denomina-se nesta tese de rentismo à brasileira. Para tanto, empreende-se a análise da reprodução de classes capitalistas a partir da teoria do território, uma revisão bibliográfica das teorias marxistas sobre a questão agrária e as vias de desenvolvimento do capitalismo no campo na Europa, um retorno à história da formação da propriedade privada da terra no Brasil e aos fundamentos da concentração fundiária, além do estudo de casos de desapropriação de terras como um negócio capitalista em seu duplo caráter: garantia absolutizada da propriedade privada e instrumento de especulação. / This thesis aims to understand the relationship between the constitution of capitalist private ownership of land, which is based on public land fraud, and capitalist expropriation as a mean of reproduction of the alliance between land and capital in Brazil, analyzing the Brazilian territorys specific formation stating the importance of the private ownership of land. The Brazilian territorial formation was produced as a capitalist development path that reproduces certain grounds of the production and general capitalist accumulation process, thus constituting an uneven and contradictory development. This formation is produced by a sui generis specificity: the formation of the private ownership of land is based on the reproduction of public land fraud trough all Brazilian history, producing and also reproducing the class of large landowners and their political, social and economic power. Brazil\'s agrarian structure and its peremptory territorial expression, latifundia, conforms itself in legal, social, economic and political mechanisms arising from a continuous reproduction of the original accumulation of capital. In other words, there has been the production of the remaining (non-capitalist) capital in Brazilian capitalism. The private appropriation of public lands and the different ways of creating and circumvent laws, the territorial and economic alliances between bourgeois social classes, the consolidation of political interests from the domain (or the consent of the articulated domain by these classes) of the State, all reveal that capitalism in Brazil has a specific path, which is called in this thesis Brazilian rentism. Therefore, we undertake the analysis of the reproduction of capitalist classes based on the theory of the territory, a literature review of Marxist theories on the agrarian question and capitalism developing in the field in Europe, a return to the history of private property of land\'s formation in Brazil and the foundations of land concentration and the study of cases of land expropriation as a capitalist business in its dual character: made absolute guarantee of private property and speculation instrument.

L'enjeu de l'étude est de saisir l'organisation du marché russe des modes françaises au XVIIIe-XIXe siècles, d'analyser son évolution et les facteurs dont il est tributaire. Créée artificiellement par les lois vestimentaires de Pierre le Grand, la demande pour les toilettes européennes devient naturelle dans le contexte de la gallomanie. Cependant, la consommation reste principalement étroite et aristocratique en raison de la valeur élevée des produits de mode importés. Pour les fabricants français, la Russie représente un débouché incontournable qui consomme une partie importante des soieries et autres articles de mode. Le marché russe ne se résume pas aux exportations directes indiquées dans statistiques qui sous-estiment son importance, il englobe également un vaste trafic indirect qui transite via l'Allemagne, mais aussi les flux illégaux. L'importation considérable des marchandises françaises de luxe contredit les intérêts des autorités russes qui s'efforcent de la contrôler afin de stimuler les industries nationales. Le marché évolue sous l'impact de la politique douanière protectionniste de l'Empire russe et les guerres qui le rendent instable, en particulier pour les fabricants et les commerçants. Si les échanges sont régulièrement perturbés, ils ne se rompent pas. Les liens entre les fabricants français et les consommateurs russes se révèlent plus forts que les contraintes législatives et les conflits internationaux. L'adaptation du marché russe aux circonstances défavorables passe par la mise en place de nouveaux circuits, légaux ou illicites qui permettent de faire triompher les lois de l'offre et de la demande. / The main purpose of this study is to determine the organisation of the Russian market of French fashion in the XVlllth-XIXth centuries, to analyse its development and the factors that influence it. First created artificially by Peter the Great's decrees on dress, the demand for the European outfits becomes natural in the context of gallomania. However, the consumption is mainly narrow and aristocratic because of the high cost of the imported fashion goods. Russia represents an important outlet for the French manufacturer as it consumes a large part of silk and other fashion products. The Russian market is not limited to the direct exports shown in the statistics which underestimate its importance, it also involves a big traffic that transits via Germany, and the illicit flows. The imports of French luxury goods contradict the interests of the Russian authorities that try to control them in order to stimulate the national industries. The market develops under the influence of the protectionist customs policy of Russian Empire and the wars that make it unstable, especially for the manufacturers and merchants. Despite the fact that the exchanges are often disrupted, they never stop. The links between the French manufacturers and the Russian consumers have turned to be stronger than the legislative compulsions and international conflicts. The adaptation of the Russian market to the difficult circumstances takes place through the appearance of new trade channels, both legal and illegal that make the laws of offer and demand triumph.

This paper uses statistical learning to examine and compare three different statistical methods with the aim to predict credit card fraud. The methods compared are Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbour and Random Forest. They are applied and estimated on a data set consisting of nearly 300,000 credit card transactions to determine their performance using classification of fraud as the outcome variable. The three models all have different properties and advantages. The K-NN model preformed the best in this paper but has some disadvantages, since it does not explain the data but rather predict the outcome accurately. Random Forest explains the variables but performs less precise. The Logistic Regression model seems to be unfit for this specific data set.

A tese tem por objeto a análise do instigante tema do abuso de minoria em direito societário, sobre o qual muitos possuem uma noção geral empírica, extraída da sua vivência profissional, mas que, no direito brasileiro, não havia sido objeto de análise sistemática por parte dos juristas pátrios, que ao tema dedicaram não mais do que algumas breves considerações, malgrado a sua inegável importância e a riquíssima experiência acumulada noutros países, em especial na França, Itália e Alemanha. Partindo das constatações inegáveis de que a minoria, ainda quando atue em face de um grupo controlador preestabelecido, exerce um verdadeiro poder e de que, onde há poder, existe sempre a possibilidade de sua degeneração, do seu desvirtuamento, procurou-se apontar quais são os pressupostos caracterizadores do abuso de minoria no direito societário brasileiro, com apoio em subsídios de direito comparado. De fato, tanto a maioria como a minoria podem exercer os seus direitos de maneira abusiva dentro de uma sociedade, de modo que o estudo do tema não pode ser entendido como um golpe à posição dos grupos minoritários, e sim o contrário: só quem conhece os limites dos seus poderes tem condições de exercê-los de forma eficaz, sem temer as reações de seus atos. Elaborado sob tal perspectiva, o estudo encontra-se dividido em cinco partes. A primeira delas, composta por dois capítulos, tem por objetivo caracterizar o abuso de minoria em direito societário analisando, para tanto, os vários institutos empregados pela doutrina nessa tarefa edefinindo os seus elementos constitutivos. Na segunda parte, procura-se apresentar a tipologia do abuso de minoria e a sua casuística, com destaque para as situações mais interessantes ou corriqueiras. A terceira parte, por sua vez, trata do delicado e intrigante problema dos meios de repressão dos abusos de minoria e as possíveis técnicas contratuais e estatutárias de auto-tutela. A quarta parte, a seu turno, traz breves considerações sobre a hipótese, também pouquíssimo explorada na doutrina, do abuso de igualdade, que pode se instalar em sociedades em que o capital votante é igualmente dividido entre dois sócios e que, assim, só consegue operar sob o signo da unanimidade. Por fim, na quinta e última parte são apresentadas as considerações finais, com o apanhado das principais conclusões construídas ao longo da tese. / The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the exciting theme of minority abuse in the corporate law, of which many legal professionals have general empirical knowledge, extracted from their professional experience, but that, in the Brazilian law system, had not been the subject matter of a systematic analysis on the part of Brazilian law experts, that dedicated no more than some brief considerations to the theme, in spite of their undeniable importance and very rich experience accumulated in other countries, especially in France, Italy and Germany. Based on undeniable verifications that the minority, even if acting against a pre-established controlling group, exercises a true power and that, where there is power, there is always a possibility for degeneration and distortion of power, we sought to point out the assumptions characterizing minority abuse in the Brazilian corporate law, supported on inputs from comparative law. Actually, both the majority and the minority may exercise their rights abusively in a society, so that the study of the theme should not be understood as an attack on the position of minority groups, much on the contrary: only those who know the limitations of their powers are in a position to exercise them effectively, without fearing any reactions to their actions. Prepared under such perspective, this study is divided into five parts. The first of them, consisting of two chapters, intends to characterize minority abuse in corporate law analyzing for such, the several institutes employed by the doctrine in that task and defining their constitutive elements. In the second part, the author seeks to present the typology of minority abuse and its casuistry, highlighting situations that are most interesting or ordinary. The third part, in turn, discusses the delicate and intriguing problem of manners to repress minority abuses and possible contractual and statutory self-protection techniques. The fourth part brings brief considerations on the hypothesis, also very little explored in the doctrine, of equality abuse, that may get settled in societies where the voting capital is equally divided among shareholders and therefore, can only operate under the sign of unanimity. Finally, the fifth part presents the final considerations, with a summary of the main conclusions developed throughout the thesis.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jeovan Lourenco da Silva.pdf: 899943 bytes, checksum: e1626b08056ec3f7436eaa2f957e302c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work includes exploratory and descriptive nature of the performance audit to continuous improvement of internal control to minimize risks of fraud in organizations aiming to provide a theoretical overview of the concepts of audit and risk, internal control, compliance and fraud specific objectives which relate to audit who uses methodologies for assessing the risks inherent to the activities of the company, addressing generic issues and their relationship to the internal control environment of enterprises, and then discuss the topic through the presentation of its phases and dimensions. This reference is directed to understanding the concepts of auditing and the difference between internal and external audit and the quality of audit work that can be measured. The main results refer reflection of the challenges of the audit to assist the internal control environment in order to decrease risks of fraud in companies with his work and methodology applied continuously, the need for accurate and reliable information for decision making and the relevance to that Audit has synergy with the Senior Management. Thus, the internal control environment and specializes certifies that its professionals have training to manage the major risks that the company is subject. The main gain is associated with the continuous improvement of internal control which should be incorporated into the management and culture of the organization / Este trabalho de caráter exploratório-descritivo compreende a atuação da auditoria com a melhoria contínua do controle interno para a minimização de riscos de fraudes nas organizações com o objetivo de apresentar uma visão teórica dos conceitos de auditoria, sendo risco, controle interno, compliance e fraudes os objetivos específicos os quais se relacionam com a auditoria que se utiliza de metodologias para avaliar os riscos inerentes às atividades da empresa, abordando os aspectos genéricos e a sua relação com o ambiente de controle interno das empresas, para então discorrer sobre o tema, mediante a apresentação de suas fases e dimensões. Esse referencial se orienta à compreensão dos conceitos de auditoria e a diferença entre a auditoria interna e externa e a qualidade dos trabalhos de auditoria que podem ser medidos. Os principais resultados remetem a reflexão dos desafios da auditoria em auxiliar o ambiente de controle interno visando diminuir riscos de fraudes nas empresas com os seus trabalhos e metodologia aplicada continuamente, a necessidade de informações precisas e confiáveis para tomada de decisão e a relevância para que se tenha sinergia da Auditoria com a Alta Administração. Com isso, o ambiente de controle interno se especializa e atesta que seus profissionais tenham capacitação para controlar os maiores riscos que a empresa está sujeita. O principal ganho está associado com a melhoria contínua do controle interno o qual deva ser incorporado à gestão e cultura da organização

The thesis deals with the issue of currently most frequent cyber attacks apperaring in the financial sector, that do not aim to fraud financial institutions, but particularly target their clients, average Internet users. The highest attention is deserved to fraud emails -- as known as phishing. The other types of internet frauds and scams, such as Nigerian email scams or the Zeus virus, are not omitted. In the document is presented textual and pictorial guide, which contents a list of warning signs, that helps common Internet user identify and reveal email fraud. The multicriterial analysis evaluates the level of education and awareness, that selected financial institutions provide to their clients using the official web sites. In the last chapter are suggested recommendations and advices leading to increase availability, clearness and quality of information regarding internet frauds and financial threats.