University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities. / Department of Government and Public Administration

Conçu de prime abord pour organiser la redistribution sociale entre les membres sédentaires de la communauté de solidarité étatique, l’État providence est par essence fermé. Les frontières de l’État providence, déterminées en principe nationalement et territorialement, servent à empêcher l’entrée des non-membres et à rendre difficile la sortie des membres. La dynamique de l’intégration négative, associée à la citoyenneté de l’Union, aboutit à mettre en cause les critères de nationalité et de résidence comme conditions d’accès à l’État providence, entrainant par-là le double mouvement de « dénationnalisation » et de « déterritoralisation » de l’État providence. Les considérations solidaristiques et financières qui sous-tendent le fonctionnement de l’État providence exigent toutefois de reconnaître à ce dernier une certaine forme de fermeture essentielle à son maintien. Le critère de « liens réels » est érigé en un critère principal de régulation des rapports entre les citoyens migrants et les États membres à l’égard des droits aux prestations sociales. Ce nouveau critère de rattachement basé sur l’intégration témoigne de l’effort de conciliation entre la logique de fermeture et l’exigence de l’ouverture de l’État providence. / Designed to organize the social redistribution between sedentary members of solidaristic community of the Nation State, Welfare State is by nature closed. Its boundaries prevent entry of non-members and render difficult exit of members. The case law which associates European citizenship with principles of freedom of movement and equal treatment prohibits, without justifications, national and residential criteria as conditions of access to Welfare State’s benefits, entailing then the denationalization and the deterritorialization of social systems of the Members States. Nevertheless, some form of closure has to be granted to Welfare State to preserve its specific foundation and function. The “real links” became the main tool to regulate relations between migrants and the Member States as regards access to social benefits. Based on concept of integration, “real links” criterion demonstrates effort to reconcile the opposite interests in this field.

La pratique intensive du sport au cours du XXe siècle conduisit à son internationalisation et à sa professionnalisation. Les transferts de joueurs, devenus la base de l’équilibre du sport collectif professionnel, favorisèrent son développement mais aussi le principal financement des clubs, bien qu’ils ne fassent l’objet d’aucune définition légale. Un transfert de joueur peut toutefois se définir comme une opération par laquelle un club accepte de mettre fin au contrat de travail à durée déterminée qui le lie à un de ses joueurs avant son terme, afin de lui permettre de s’engager auprès d’un nouvel employeur en contrepartie du versement par ce dernier d’une indemnité financière appelée indemnité de transfert. Cette opération conciliant une logique sportive et marchande devint vite indispensable. Pourtant il ne fut pas facile de l’encadrer juridiquement. Cela se produisit néanmoins après un face-à-face d’une vingtaine d’années : il opposa principalement institutions sportives qui désiraient conserver leurs privilèges, et puissances publiques nationale et européenne attachées principalement à ce que le sport professionnel respecte les lois nationales et les grands principes de liberté de circulation des travailleurs. Ces deux partenaires, qui contribuèrent à la création d’un Tribunal arbitral du sport à vocation universelle, échouèrent à juguler une inflation inquiétante des salaires des joueurs et des indemnités qui leur sont versés à l’occasion des transferts. / The intensive practice of sports in the course of the 20th century led to to its the internationalization and professionalization. Player’s transfers, became the base of the balance of collective’s professional sport, promoted its development but also the main funding of clubs, even though they may the object of no legal defenition. Player’s transfer can however be defined as an operation by which a club agrees to end the fixed-term contract which binds him to one of his players before the term, to allow him to make a commitment with a new employer in return of the payment by the latter of a financial compensation called transfer fee. This operation reconciles a sport and commercial’s logic quickly became essential. However it was not easy to supervise it legally. It occure nevertheless after a wrestling match of about twenty years : it brought into a conflict mainly sports institutions which whished to preserve their privileges, and national and European public authorities attached mainly to fact that the professional sport respects the national the nationals law and the major principles of freedom of movement of the workers. These two partners, which contributed to the creation of the Court of Arbitration for Sport with universal vocation, failed to stop an alarming inflation of players incomes and the compensations which are paid to the transfers occasion.

The article addresses the prospective responsibility of states to protect citizens from emigration pressures. After establishing the moral weight of theinterest in staying, the article proceeds to explain why the interest to stay is comparatively more resistant to restrictions than the interest in exercising freedom of movement across borders. On this basis, the argument is then advanced that immigration fees can be charged on (well-off) immigrants as a means to protect economically vulnerable residents in recipient countries from emigration pressures. The argument that I will advance is in at least one sense nonconsequentialist: it accounts for the need for immigration fees without relying on (problematic) assumptions about the consequences of immigration. Furthermore, the argument is also realistic in so far as it accepts that states have the right to restrict immigration.

La Convention régissant l’Union économique de l’Afrique centrale (UEAC) renferme les dispositions particulières dont l’objet est d’harmoniser les politiques de transports. Cela passe par l’ouverture des marchés nationaux des Etats membres aux opérateurs économiques, la suppression des restrictions à la libre prestation des services et d’établissement, l’interconnexion des infrastructures, etc. A partir des critères de validité formelle, factuelle et axiologique du droit, cette thèse a pour objet d’analyser les contraintes qui handicapent ces politiques. Après avoir fait le constat des difficultés liées au choix de la technique d’harmonisation des droits, l’étude se penche sur les limites dues à la non-observation des procédures d’admission des conventions dans les ordres juridiques internes, à la faiblesse des institutions, aux risques économiques, financiers et politiques. Elle suggère qu’il est nécessaire de remettre de l’ordre dans les systèmes juridiques, grâce à une politique de codification et, à terme, de rechercher la sécurité juridique, par l’uniformisation des règles en présence. Enfin, face à la corruption, elle prend position pour un devoir d’ingérence de la Communauté internationale pour sécuriser les ressources destinées à la modernisation des infrastructures routières. / Convention governing the economic Union of central Africa (UEAC) contains the specific measures whose object is to harmonize the policies of transport. That passes by the opening of the national markets of the Member States to the economic operators, the suppression of the restrictions on freedom to provide services and of establishment, the interconnection of the infrastructures, etc From the criteria of formal, factual and axiologic validity of the right, this thesis has the aim of analyzing the constraints which handicap these policies. After having made the report of the difficulties related to the choice of the technique of harmonization of laws, the study considers the limits due to the nonobservance of the procedures of admission of conventions in the internal legal orders, with the weakness of the institutions, with the economic risks, financial and political. It suggests that it is necessary to give of the order in the legal systems, thanks to a policy of coding and, in the long term, seeking the legal security, by the standardization of the involved rules. Lastly, vis-a-vis corruption, it gives an opinion for a duty of interference of the International community to make safe the resources intended for the modernization of the road infrastructures.

L'influence européenne, notamment politique et juridique, la globalisation des échanges de médicaments de même que les conséquences de la globalisation - des crises sanitaires, économiques, financières - affectent les modalités d'organisation et d'exercice de la pharmacie d'officine française, italienne et anglaise. La convergence étant généralement présentée comme figurant au titre des conséquences possibles de l'européanisation et de la globalisation, les régimes français, italien et anglais de distribution de médicament à l'officine évoluent-ils vers une forme de « modèle juridique » commun, dépassant leur opposition historique ? En réalité, non seulement l'on assiste à l'émergence de modèles juridiques d'organisation et d'exercice de la pharmacie qui ne sont pas porteurs d'une unité susceptible de réduire de manière significative les différences entre les législations nationales, mais encore, cette unité n'est pas opportune. En effet, le maintien de spécificités nationales ainsi que l'adaptation des réglementations aux contextes nationaux apparaissent comme des éléments garants de l'efficacité des régimes nationaux de distribution officinale des médicaments. Pour autant, l'efficacité des réglementations ne se résume pas à la garantie des spécificités nationales de l'encadrement du secteur, comme l'illustrent les obstacles à la réparation des dommages imputables aux médicaments et à la protection du monopole pharmaceutique. Si certains apparaissent justement liés aux caractéristiques nationales, d'autres concernent de manière spécifique la lutte contre les ventes illégales de médicaments / European influence, especially political and legal, the globalisation of drug trade as well as the consequences of the globalisation of health, economic and financial crises impact the organisation and practice of French, Italian and English retail pharmacy. Convergence is generally presented as one of the possible consequences of europeanisation and globalisation. In effect, are the legal regimes of drug distribution in retail pharmacies in France, Italy and England evolving towards a common « legal model », beyond their historical opposition ? In reality, not only are we witnessing the emergence of organisational and operational retail pharmacy legal models that do not carry a unicity that would enable significantly reducing differences between national legislations, but this unicity would not be timely. Indeed, the preservation of national specificities, as well as the adaptation of regulations to national contexts appear as key guarantors of the efficacy of retail pharmacy drug distribution national legal regimes. However, the efficacy of regulations cannot be summarised to guaranteeing the sector’s national specificities, as illustrated by the obstacles to compensation for damages attributable to medicines and to the protection of the pharmaceutical monopoly. While some of these obstacles appear precisely linked to national characteristics, others relate specifically to the war against illegal drug sales

The overarching objective of this dissertation is to conceptualise the spatiality of citizenship through an exposure to its various others – especially to mobile subjectivity. In particular, it examines the changing patterns of territorialising space, distributing rights and regulating mobility in the intertwined politics of citizenship and that of migration in the EU. Building on the approach of critical citizenship studies, it assumes that the practices and discourses of othering have been constituent of the very foundation of modern citizenship, and understands citizenship at the interface between the governing structure and the acts of the governed that rupture, resist or appropriate it. In this framework, the thesis first of all looks at the spatial configurations of national citizenship by analysing the trajectories in which the interrelated concepts of territory, rights and mobility participate, and are reshaped, in the project of making the citizen and her various others. <p><p>The main part of the thesis investigates the ways in which the interrelations between these spatial dimensions of citizenship are reconfigured in a multiplied citizenship-migration nexus under the process of Europeanisation. It first looks at two different notions of territory – a statist one and a networked one – that are visible in the official discourses, yet it highlights the fact that the technologies that are supposed to produce each type of territoriality often converge. Thus I read the politics of Eurostar and the Channel Tunnel project as one that involves competing patterns of territoriality and manifests the dynamics between facilitated and obstructed mobilities at a moving border. However, the permeability of this border is partly enabled by the uneven and ambiguous configurations of Schengenland itself, and draws attention to the excessive forms of mobility that challenge and break with the official formulation of free movement rights. Thus we turn to the intricate relationship between mobility and citizenship in Europe following our dialogical approach: focusing on the rationalities implied in the government of free movement on one hand, and the paths through which to redefine the right to mobility on the other. In the light of Rancière’s reconceptualisation of rights and democracy, I present two examples each employing different strategies to politicise and mobilise mobility: one is through appealing to the universal, the other legitimating the particular. The politics of mobility is also seen as an endeavour of producing alternative spaces against the territorialised state-centric space to which the imagination of citizenship is usually limited. In discussing a possible global ethics, however, I argue that the dynamics between rights and citizenship are not bound to an emancipatory end. While the juridical system of differentiated rights is constantly challenged by those who claim that they have the rights they are denied to, once the ‘achievements’ of rights-claims are re-appropriated in the juridico-political form of citizenship, this form continues to reproduce boundaries and differential inclusions which shall again be contested. A self-critical global ethics therefore should be conscious about the imperfectability of citizenship and the impossibility of community. / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Déclaré « pierre angulaire » de la coopération judiciaire en matière civile au sein de l’ELSJ, le principe de reconnaissance mutuelle est devenu un véritable leitmotiv de la construction du droit international privé européen. Venu du marché intérieur, il est utilisé de deux façons : d’une part dans les règlements européens qui, posant le principe de reconnaissance mutuelle des décisions judiciaires, tentent de parvenir à une suppression généralisée de la procédure d’exequatur, et d’autre part dans la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice de l’Union qui utilise cette notion pour corriger les entraves causées par les règles nationales de conflit de lois à la libre circulation des citoyens, en énonçant un véritable principe de reconnaissance mutuelle des situations. Ces entraves sont notamment constituées en cas d’atteinte au principe de continuité des situations juridiques personnelles et familiales qui composent l’identité des citoyens de l’Union. Vecteur de nouvelles orientations dans les objectifs du DIP, ce principe exerce donc une influence certaine sur la mise en oeuvre des règles nationales de droit international privé en présence de situations qui concernent les citoyens de l’Union européenne, au soutien de leur libre circulation. L’heure est donc venue de s’interroger sur l’aptitude de ce principe à être combiné avec le rôle traditionnellement dévolu à la règle de conflit de lois. Loin d’envisager de manière concurrente le principe de reconnaissance mutuelle et le droit international privé au sein de l’ELSJ, l’étude de leur interaction devrait se clore par leur conciliation, afin de réassigner au DIP son rôle traditionnel qui est d’assurer la coordination des législations / The principle of mutual recognition was declared «corner stone» of the judiciary cooperation in the field of civil matters within the space of security and justice, and has become a real leitmotiv of the construction of European international private law.Directly derived from the internal market, this principle is used in two ways: first, the European regulations establishing the principle of mutual recognition of judiciary decisions aim at a general deletion of the exequatur procedure ; second, the European court of Justice uses this principle in its case law and has established a real principle of mutual recognition of situations in order to correct hindrances caused by national laws ruling conflict of laws upon people’s freedom of movement.Those hindrances are partly constituted in case of infringement to the principle of continuity of personal legal and family situations of the citizens of the European Union, which constitutes their identity.Driver of new approaches in respect of the objectives of international private law, the principle exert an influence on the implementation of national rules of international private law with respect in situations concerning citizens within the European Union, in support of their freedom of movement.In this view, time has come to examine the capability of this principle to be combined with the traditional role played by the rule of conflict of laws.Far from opposing the principle of mutual recognition and the international private law within the ELSJ, the study of their interaction should be examined through a conciliation spectrum in order to reassign international private law with its traditional role (coordinating legislation)

Pas de résumé<p> / Doctorat en droit / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Prior to 1994, citizenship was one of the pillars upon which the erstwhile government's policy of separate development rested. The concepts of citizenship and nationality were manipulated by the apartheid government to justify the denationalisation of black people and the creation of different classes of citizenship. Race, colour and language were the distinguishing features used to classify people into the different classes of citizenship. With the advent of the new constitutional order in 1994, common citizenship and the rights associated with it were restored to all South Africans. This discussion shows how in the post-1994 constitutional order citizenship has become an element of nation-building, while on the other hand it continues to perpetuate discrimination against non-citizens. The study aims to further the debate regarding the ill treatment of non-citizens with a view of influencing legislative and policy reform to replace the existing laws which are biased against no-citizens. / Law / LL.M.