In times of scarce resources, frugal innovation can be a driving engine for growth and market success, as it is a practical concept established in developing countries. Nonetheless, the available literature also emphasizes a potential importance for Western countries. Accordingly, our thesis and research add to the lack of literature that connects frugal innovation to developed countries and its specific underlying conditions. The review of available literature and further discussions led to the following research questions: 1. What is the current application status of frugal innovation in Germany? 2. What characteristics should frugal innovations have to serve the BoP in the context of the German market? A preliminary theoretical framework was created from the relevant literature streams stressing the fragmented nature of frugal innovation. As the concept and research addressing this issue are in a nascent stage, one unifying definition was not found. For the course of this thesis, the definition of frugal innovation was therefore chosen to be "thrifty, modest and affordable innovations, valuable for BoP customers”. One major derivation from the literature review is that frugal innovation can be of major importance in developed countries, not only for customers for getting access to certain products, but also for companies addressing untapped markets. The empirical investigation and explorative data collection was undertaken within the market context of Germany based on eight companies from different industry backgrounds. Therefore, interviews were held with representatives of companies that offer frugal products (thereafter also including services) according to the definition from above. Within the scope of the grounded theory analyzation techniques, the interviews supported our aim to gain rich and meaningful data to extend the substantive theory about the concept of frugal innovation. Our study results (based on our eight interviews) prove the existence of frugal products in the German market, while the term and the concept have previously been unknown. Even though frugal innovations were still to be confirmed, they were not labeled as such to connect them to the concept. The study also indicates the existence of a bottom of a pyramid in Germany, despite its original connection to emerging market population. Our findings resulted in a revised framework that connects relevant fragments to a logical comprehension of the concept of frugal innovation. Finally, characteristics for frugal products and requirements could be validated and improved to be economically successful in developed market contexts. The major contribution of our thesis is its general investigation of a rather unknown concept and its presence in other markets than originally laid down. The thorough literature review, the creation and revision of the framework and our study results will serve as a fruitful ground for further exploration of this innovation type.

Orientador: João Roberto Gomes Faria / Resumo: O presente estudo trata do desenvolvimento de um mouse específico para idosos buscando atender às necessidades desse público em relação a usabilidade e desempenho considerando os declínios e as debilidades motoras decorrentes do envelhecimento. O modelo proposto, em forma de protótipo, foi avaliado em conjunto com outros quatro modelos de mouse, sendo um padrão, dois ergonômicos verticais e um ergonômico horizontal, por meio de testes de coleta e análise de dados de performance (tempo X número de erros), percepção e usabilidade (agradabilidade, estética, complexidade), antropometria das mãos, avaliação socioeconômica e de caracterização da amostra composta de 40 sujeitos, divididos em dois grupos distintos: Grupo de Idosos Experientes (GIE): foram incluídos neste grupo idosos (acima de 60 anos) que estavam adaptados ao uso do computador de mesa e mouse, n=20; Grupo de Idosos Inexperientes (GII): foram incluídos neste grupo idosos (acima de 60 anos) que não tinham nenhuma experiência com o uso de computador de mesa e mouse, n=20. Após a coleta de dados, três idosos do GIE e um idoso do GII foram descartados por não conseguirem concluir a tarefa. Os resultados mostraram que diferentes tipos de mouse interferem no uso e na percepção, bem como o grupo com menores dimensões na mão obteve melhores resultados em relação ao tempo de movimento, ainda que em relação ao número de erros a diferença não tenha sido relevante. Embora com um baixo ângulo de extensão de punho, o que mantém um... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present study addresses the development of a specific mouse for the elderly seeking to meet the needs of this public regarding usability and performance considering the declines and motor weaknesses resulting from aging. A prototype of the proposed model was evaluated along with four other mouse models, being one standard, two vertical ergonomic and one horizontal ergonomic by means of performance tests – Fitts’ Law test – (time X number of errors), perception and usability (pleasantness, aesthetics, complexity). The sample consisted of 40 subjects divided into two distinct groups: a) Experienced Elderly Group (EEG, n=17); b) Inexperienced Elderly Group (IEG, n=19) who had some or no experience using a desktop and mouse respectively. Results showed the prototype made a positive difference in the average wrist extension angle well below the second best average angle among the other tested models. The results obtained using Fitts’ Law test showed that the proposed mouse model interferes in selection time, movement time and number of errors, considering the mouse design, format, and dimensions. Problems to execute the prototype mouse project, mainly its weight and button which was difficult to click, affected its use and results, causing its performance to be low during its use in both elderly groups (EEG and IEG). There was an exception regarding movement time in the EEG group, where the prototype obtained an average time below one of the models and very close to the time o... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

With the rise of a global economy and the growing importance of emerging markets, socioeconomic and environmental issues are becoming the main driving forces for many innovation practitioners. As a result of the recognition that traditional ways of managing innovation are not sustainable and that more inclusive and accessible efforts are needed, the exploration of frugal approaches to innovation has emerged. Startups that apply frugal innovation have the potential to stimulate sustainable growth and reduce development gaps between less developed and developed countries. Yet, given their specific context, many startups face difficulties to commercialize technologies and scale to new markets. There is a need to understand how to support startups and entrepreneurs to scale up in their early stages as a means to drive sustainable growth in emergent economies. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate what factors influence frugal innovation-based startups’ potential to accelerate (economic, environmental, and social) sustainable development. To understand the influencing factors, an investigation of the barriers and enablers to scale up as well as the entrepreneurial behaviors in relation to their social settings, is necessary. Literature within frugal innovation was reviewed and a study was performed in Cape Town, South Africa. South Africa is a relevant research area for frugal innovation since startups have the potential to leverage resources of the high-income market to solve large problems in lowincome communities (i.e. informal settings or townships). In-depth interviews were conducted with startup representatives and stakeholders within the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The study revealed that due to the entrepreneurs’ background, they have the ability to understand customer needs and influence mindset change. Meanwhile, the entrepreneurs are dependent on social support, because they often lack self-advocacy, skills, and resources required to scale up. The importance of democratizing digital technologies as well as leverage entrepreneurial ecosystems was highlighted. The author also suggests further discussions on how sustainable impact is assessed as well as the role of power dynamics within entrepreneurial ecosystems. / I linje med utvecklingen av att den globala ekonomin och den ökade vikten av tillväxtmarknader har socioekonomiska och miljörelaterade faktorer blivit en central drivkraft för många innovationsutövare. Från vetskapen att de traditionella sätten att hantera innovation inte är hållbara och att mer inkluderande och tillgängliga processer krävs, har appliceringen av frugala tillvägagångssätt av innovation uppkommit. Startups som tillämpar frugal innovation har potential att stimulera hållbar tillväxt och minska utvecklingsgapen mellan mindre utvecklade och utvecklade länder. Dock, givet deras unika kontext, har många startups svårt att kommersialisera teknik och skala upp till nya marknader. Följaktligen, finns det behov att förstå hur man kan stödja entreprenörer och startups att skala upp i tidigt skede för att driva hållbar utveckling i tillväxtmarknader. Därför är syftet med denna studie att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar frugala innovationsbaserade startups möjligheter att accelerera (ekonomisk, ekologisk och social) hållbar utveckling. För att förstå de influerande faktorerna är det nödvändigt att undersöka hinder och möjliggörare till att skala upp samt entreprenörernas beteende i förhållande till deras sociala kontext. Litteratur inom Frugal innovation granskades och en fältstudie utfördes i Kapstaden, Sydafrika. Sydafrika är ett relevant forskningsområde för frugal innovation eftersom startups har möjlighet att utnyttja höginkomstmarknadens resurser för att lösa stora problem inom låginkomstmarknaden. Fördjupade intervjuer genomfördes med startups representanter och intressenter inom entreprenöriella ekosystem. Studien avslöjade att på grund av entreprenörernas bakgrund har de en unik förmåga att förstå den informella marknadens behov och möjlighet att influera nya tänkesätt. Samtidigt är entreprenörerna beroende av socialt stöd på grund av brist på kompetenser, kunskaper och resurser nödvändiga för att skala upp. Därav belystes vikten av att demokratisera digital teknik samt utnyttja entreprenöriella ekosystem. Författaren föreslår också ytterligare diskussioner om hur hållbarhetskrav mäts samt maktdynamikens roll inom entreprenöriella ekosystem.

A closer look at innovation for and from emerging markets respectively developing economies reveals that a variety of different terms and concepts related to this type of innovation exist. The goal of my conceptual paper is to present a comprehensive overview of related terms and concepts and to suggest theoretical based classification criteria in order to differentiate them. After a first investigation in relation to innovation for and from emerging markets the keywords ‘reverse’, ‘frugal’, ‘jugaad’, and ‘bottom of the pyramid / bottom of pyramid / bop’ were identified and used for searching the database of Google Scholar. For further investigation only texts were considered with at least eight various terms. 19 different texts were identified which classified for a further analysis. As results 33 identified terms in relation to innovation for and from emerging markets, various spellings and synonyms and references with at least two mentions in the identified texts are presented. As theoretical based classification criteria ‘market orientation’, ‘determinants’ (of innovation for and from emerging market)’, ‘nature’ (of innovation for and from emerging markets), sophistication’, ‘sustainability’, ‘novelty’ and ‘innovator type’ were identified.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2018-02-21T15:21:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gleber Batista Ramao.pdf: 3019246 bytes, checksum: fed73f376b4e187c802ca67ba724e057 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-21T15:21:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gleber Batista Ramao.pdf: 3019246 bytes, checksum: fed73f376b4e187c802ca67ba724e057 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-19 / The search for innovations and new technologies can contribute to improvements in the current conditions of the emergency and emergency sectors, which are currently very precarious in most Brazilian hospitals, both in the public health sector and in the private sector, , or even neglected. In this context, they arise as patents, which carry with them a description of various technologies, and in turn are capable of representing the status of a nation's financial and technological development. The use of patent information is still incipient in the country, and these are practically not used to solve the problems present in most organizations. The patent bases are non-referential bases, where it is necessary to use computational tools that allow the extraction and massive analysis of information present in patent documents, since the manual accomplishment of said process is impossible, especially due to the enormous amount of patents available for consultation. Thus, the central focus of the present work is to use the Patent2net computational tool, a free patent mining software, to extract from the Espacenet database patent documents that contain information relevant to the solution of some problems present in the daily routine of hospital care. After evaluating the main problems observed in these sectors of a large public hospital in the capital of São Paulo, five subjects were considered of major relevance: 1 - difficulties in the execution of bedridden patients; 2 - problems in the drainage of gastric contents; 3 - difficulties in locating veins for medication administration; 4 - many cases of pressure ulcers; 5 - difficulties in performing oral hygiene in intubated patients or with difficult access to the oral cavity. The use of Patent2net focused on the search for free patents for reproduction in Brazil and with potential for frugality, ie, inclusive patents and presenting low reproduction cost, it being possible to locate 4 patents with these characteristics, with the exception of device technology of vein placement. As a contribution of the present work, a tool is presented that is easy to use and accessible to all who are interested in searching for patents, on any desired subjects. In addition, through this technometric study, patents have been identified that can assist in the care of severely ill patients, in critical units in hospitals or emergency and emergency care in Brazil. / A busca de inovações e de novas tecnologias pode contribuir para que ocorram melhorias nas atuais condições dos setores de urgência e emergência, atualmente bastante precários na maioria dos hospitais brasileiros, tanto no setor público de saúde, e porque não, no setor privado, que inúmeras vezes apresentam poucos recursos, ou mesmo são negligenciados. Nesse contexto, surgem as patentes, que trazem consigo a descrição de variadas tecnologias, e que per se são capazes de representar o status do desenvolvimento financeiro e tecnológico de uma nação. A utilização de informações patentárias ainda é incipiente no país, e estas praticamente não são utilizadas para solucionar os problemas presentes na maioria das organizações. As bases de patentes são bases não referenciais, onde se faz necessária a utilização de ferramentas computacionais que permitam a extração e análise maciça de informações presentes nos documentos de patentes, visto que a realização manual do referido processo é impossível, especialmente devido à enorme quantidade de patentes disponíveis para consulta. Dessa forma, o foco central do presente trabalho é utilizar a ferramenta computacional Patent2net, um software livre de mineração de patentes, para extrair da base Espacenet documentos patentários que contenham informações relevantes para solução de alguns problemas presentes no cotidiano do atendimento hospitalar. Após a avaliação dos principais problemas observados nestes setores de um hospital público de grande porte da capital paulistana, foram eleitos cinco temas considerados de maior relevância: 1 – dificuldades na execução do banho de pacientes acamados; 2 – problemas na realização de drenagem de conteúdo gástrico; 3 – dificuldades na localização de veias para administração de medicamentos; 4 – muitos casos de úlceras por pressão; 5 – dificuldades na realização da higiene oral de pacientes intubados ou com difícil acesso a cavidade oral. A utilização do Patent2net teve como foco a busca por patentes livres para reprodução no Brasil e com potencial de frugalidade, ou seja, patentes inclusivas e que apresentassem baixo custo de reprodução, sendo possível localizar 4 patentes com estas características, com exceção da tecnologia de dispositivos de localização de veias. Como contribuição do presente trabalho, apresenta-se uma ferramenta de fácil uso e acessível a todos que tiverem interesse na busca de patentes, sobre quaisquer assuntos desejados. Ademais, por meio deste estudo tecnométrico, foram identificadas patentes que podem auxiliar no atendimento aos pacientes em estado de gravidade, alocados em unidades críticas em centros hospitalares ou pronto Atendimento de urgência e emergência no Brasil.

Sustainability and the penetration of new markets beyond developed industries are two topics that are gaining increasing attention both in research and in business practice. As Western industries are becoming saturated, companies are looking for further business alternatives and are focusing on North-South opportunities, among others. Therefore, bottom-of-the-pyramid markets are often mentioned as promising mass markets. However, market access remains a challenge, as bottom-of-the-pyramid contexts are characterized by low incomes, resource constraints, and infrastructural barriers. In addition, sustainable practices are a challenge. Since the introduction of the Sustainable Development Goals by the United Nations, which apply to all countries, companies are required to address aspects of sustainability in their business practices. However, they have to cope with conflicting dimensions inherent to sustainability such as improving economic and social aspects, which are usually accompanied by higher resource demands and environmental degradation. Previous literature started to address these issues by focusing on innovative approaches such as frugal innovation, social innovation, or resource-constrained innovation. In the last decade, research on frugal innovations has particularly focused on how to address the challenges of low-income and resource-constrained contexts, often with aspects of sustainability in mind. However, to address these low-income contexts, having a suitable innovation is not enough; businesses must actually reach the target group, such as by overcoming accessibility issues in rural areas. Initial research has examined the value chains of frugal innovations and ways to engage the consumer, which also leads to social improvements. Building on this research, this dissertation combines four themes – frugal innovation, sustainability, inclusive business, and Scrum – to illustrate how innovations can address the needs of target groups in bottom-of-the-pyramid contexts and how these innovations can be implemented by engaging target customers. The first paper illustrates the links between frugal innovation and sustainability based on a new sustainability evaluation framework. All cases considered contribute to sustainability, with social improvements being most notable. New employment and income opportunities are key social improvements. They reflect inclusive business approaches, which are the focus of the second paper. The case examples of the second paper show how frugal innovation can be implemented in accordance with inclusive business, which leads to customer involvement and thus mutually supports frugal innovation. The Inclusive Business Link Model for Frugal Innovation was built to show connections of frugal innovation and inclusive business and to provide application possibilities. A key finding was that for the cases considered a high level of customer integration can be achieved through frugal innovations with modular designs and is supported by knowledge transfer and partnerships. To address knowledge transfer and partnerships in particular, the last paper applies Scrum as an agile approach at the execution level for inclusive business. In developing the conceptual model Inclusive Business Scrum Approach, inclusive business is considered as the 'what' and Scrum as the 'how' in engaging low-income consumers. With regard to all three papers and the four included topics, this dissertation achieves several outcomes and contributes to a broader view of how low-income consumers can be addressed. First, each paper illustrates benefits of combining the concepts that could be valuable when addressing the bottom-of-the-pyramid context. Thereby, the papers build on each other and include previous results. Second, aspects of social sustainability are addressed mainly by combining frugal innovation and inclusive business. Third, each paper develops a model or framework intending to support practical applicability. Finally, an outline is provided for how combining frugal innovation, inclusive business, and Scrum positively could impact partnerships, knowledge transfer, and the empowerment of the target group, which could culminate in an approach that addresses challenges experienced when entering the Bottom of the Pyramid that also considers sustainability. The new management options developed begin at a general level and end at an execution level and thus contribute to holistic perspectives on innovations, approaches, and implementation options for organizations intending to address the Bottom of the Pyramid.:Abstract 1 Table of Contents 3 List of Abbreviations 6 List of Tables 7 List of Figures 8 1 Introduction 9 2 Theoretical background 15 2.1 Defining sustainability 15 2.2 The BoP as target group 18 2.3 Frugal innovation 20 2.4 Inclusive business 22 2.5 The agile approach Scrum 25 2.6 Contribution of the investigations and the current relevance of topics 28 3 Methodology 30 4 Papers 32 4.1 Publication 1: Introducing a Sustainability Evaluation Framework based on the Sustainable Development Goals applied to Four Cases of South African Frugal Innovation 32 4.1.1 Introduction 33 4.1.2 Theoretical background and research context 34 4.1.3 Methodology 38 4.1.4 Developing an evaluation framework 40 4.1.5 Limitations 44 4.1.6 Introducing the frugal cases 44 4.1.7 Findings 45 4.1.8 Discussion 48 4.1.9 Conclusion 49 4.2 Publication 2: How Frugal Innovation and Inclusive Business Are Linked to Tackle Low-income Markets 51 4.2.1 Introduction 51 4.2.2 Literature review 55 4.2.3 Methods 62 4.2.4 Results 66 4.2.5 Cross case analysis 75 4.2.6 Inclusive business integration stair model 77 4.2.7 Development of propositions 82 4.2.8 Discussion 84 4.2.9 Research implications 86 4.2.10 Managerial implications 87 4.2.11 Concluding remarks and future research 88 4.3 Publication 3: Boosting Inclusive Businesses’ Opportunities Through the Adoption of Scrum: an Execution Strategy to Enter Low-end Markets 91 4.3.1 Introduction 92 4.3.2 Theoretical background 94 4.3.3 Conceptual model: Inclusive Business Scrum Approach 99 4.3.4 Challenges 106 4.3.5 Summary of key facts and propositions 108 4.3.6 Conclusion 111 4.3.7 Research implications 112 4.3.8 Managerial implications 113 4.3.9 Limitations and future research ideas 114 5 Discussion 116 5.1 Social sustainability 117 5.2 Partnerships 118 5.3 Knowledge transfer 118 5.4 Empowering the target group 119 5.5 Context challenges 119 6 Critical considerations and additional thoughts 121 6.1 Definition and contributions of frugal innovation 121 6.2 Sustainability of initiatives at the BoP and inclusive business 122 6.3 Aspects of leadership theories in Scrum 124 7 Methodological limitations 126 8 Research implications and future research ideas 128 9 Managerial implications 131 10 Conclusion 133 11 References 135 11.1 List of interviews 171 11.2 Further references used in Publication 2, anonymized form 171

A closer look at innovation for and from emerging markets respectively developing economies reveals that a variety of different terms and concepts related to this type of innovation exist. The goal of my conceptual paper is to present a comprehensive overview of related terms and concepts and to suggest theoretical based classification criteria in order to differentiate them. After a first investigation in relation to innovation for and from emerging markets the keywords ‘reverse’, ‘frugal’, ‘jugaad’, and ‘bottom of the pyramid / bottom of pyramid / bop’ were identified and used for searching the database of Google Scholar. For further investigation only texts were considered with at least eight various terms. 19 different texts were identified which classified for a further analysis. As results 33 identified terms in relation to innovation for and from emerging markets, various spellings and synonyms and references with at least two mentions in the identified texts are presented. As theoretical based classification criteria ‘market orientation’, ‘determinants’ (of innovation for and from emerging market)’, ‘nature’ (of innovation for and from emerging markets), sophistication’, ‘sustainability’, ‘novelty’ and ‘innovator type’ were identified.

A inovação tem sido amplamente reconhecida como uma fonte essencial de vantagem competitiva para as organizações. Este estudo buscou evidenciar, sob a ótica da teoria da aprendizagem organizacional, que as empresas precisam ser capazes de recombinar e criar seus recursos por meio do comportamento de bricolagem, com a finalidade de desenvolver a inovação frugal em mercados emergentes. Assim, nesta pesquisa procurou-se responder a seguinte pergunta: A bricolagem configura-se como um antecedente da inovação frugal para empresas em mercados emergentes? Logo, neste trabalho o objetivo principal foi identificar se a bricolagem influencia no desenvolvimento da inovação frugal. Além disso, analisou-se também se a bricolagem é estimulada em contextos de crise, evidenciados em mercados emergentes pela escassez de recursos e por crises financeiras, como no caso do Brasil. Assim, na pesquisa levantou-se as seguintes hipóteses: H1: O processo de bricolagem está positivamente relacionado com a inovação frugal; H2: A inovatividade organizacional modera positivamente a relação entre bricolagem e inovação frugal; H3: Um contexto de crise estimula a utilização da bricolagem nas empresas para desenvolver recursos. Essas hipóteses foram testadas estatisticamente por meio da técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais, utilizando-se uma base de dados coletados pelo método survey contendo 215 empresas no Brasil. Os resultados permitiram suportar as hipóteses H1 e H3 confirmando, respectivamente, a influência positiva da bricolagem no desenvolvimento de inovação frugal, e a influência do contexto de crise no comportamento da bricolagem. A hipótese H2 não foi confirmada, denotando que a inovatividade organizacional não necessariamente modera a relação da bricolagem com a inovação frugal. Com isso, contribuiu-se com a literatura de bricolagem e de inovação frugal, bem como estabeleceu-se uma ligação entre ambas, evidenciando a bricolagem como antecedente para desenvolver inovação frugal, principalmente em contextos de crise em mercados emergentes como o vivenciado no Brasil. / Innovation has been broadly recognized as a fundamental source of competitive advantage for organizations. This study sought to highlight, through the perspective of the organizational learning theory, that companies need to be able to recombine and create their resources through the bricolage behavior in order to develop the frugal innovation in emerging markets. Thus, in this research we tried to answer the following question: Is bricolage an antecedent of frugal innovation for companies in emerging markets? Therefore, in this work the main objective was to identify whether bricolage can influence the development of frugal innovation. In addition, it was also analyzed whether bricolage is stimulated in crisis contexts, evidenced in emerging markets due to resource scarcity and financial crises, as in the case of Brazil. In this sense, the following hypotheses were established: H1: The bricolage process is positively related to frugal innovation; H2: Organizational innovativeness positively moderates the relationship between bricolage and frugal innovation; H3: A crisis context encourages the use of bricolage in companies to develop resources. These hypotheses were statistically tested using the structural equation modeling technique, using a database collected by the survey method encompassing 215 companies in Brazil. The results allowed to support the hypothesis H1 and H3 confirming, respectively, the positive influence of bricolage in the development of frugal innovation, and the influence of the crisis context on the bricolage behavior. The hypothesis H2 was not confirmed, denoting that organizational innovativeness does not necessarily moderate the relationship between bricolage and frugal innovation. This study has contributed to the literature of bricolage and frugal innovation, as well as established a connection between both, evidencing the bricolage as antecedent to develop frugal innovation, especially in contexts of crisis in emerging markets such as experienced in Brazil

A inovação tem sido amplamente reconhecida como uma fonte essencial de vantagem competitiva para as organizações. Este estudo buscou evidenciar, sob a ótica da teoria da aprendizagem organizacional, que as empresas precisam ser capazes de recombinar e criar seus recursos por meio do comportamento de bricolagem, com a finalidade de desenvolver a inovação frugal em mercados emergentes. Assim, nesta pesquisa procurou-se responder a seguinte pergunta: A bricolagem configura-se como um antecedente da inovação frugal para empresas em mercados emergentes? Logo, neste trabalho o objetivo principal foi identificar se a bricolagem influencia no desenvolvimento da inovação frugal. Além disso, analisou-se também se a bricolagem é estimulada em contextos de crise, evidenciados em mercados emergentes pela escassez de recursos e por crises financeiras, como no caso do Brasil. Assim, na pesquisa levantou-se as seguintes hipóteses: H1: O processo de bricolagem está positivamente relacionado com a inovação frugal; H2: A inovatividade organizacional modera positivamente a relação entre bricolagem e inovação frugal; H3: Um contexto de crise estimula a utilização da bricolagem nas empresas para desenvolver recursos. Essas hipóteses foram testadas estatisticamente por meio da técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais, utilizando-se uma base de dados coletados pelo método survey contendo 215 empresas no Brasil. Os resultados permitiram suportar as hipóteses H1 e H3 confirmando, respectivamente, a influência positiva da bricolagem no desenvolvimento de inovação frugal, e a influência do contexto de crise no comportamento da bricolagem. A hipótese H2 não foi confirmada, denotando que a inovatividade organizacional não necessariamente modera a relação da bricolagem com a inovação frugal. Com isso, contribuiu-se com a literatura de bricolagem e de inovação frugal, bem como estabeleceu-se uma ligação entre ambas, evidenciando a bricolagem como antecedente para desenvolver inovação frugal, principalmente em contextos de crise em mercados emergentes como o vivenciado no Brasil. / Innovation has been broadly recognized as a fundamental source of competitive advantage for organizations. This study sought to highlight, through the perspective of the organizational learning theory, that companies need to be able to recombine and create their resources through the bricolage behavior in order to develop the frugal innovation in emerging markets. Thus, in this research we tried to answer the following question: Is bricolage an antecedent of frugal innovation for companies in emerging markets? Therefore, in this work the main objective was to identify whether bricolage can influence the development of frugal innovation. In addition, it was also analyzed whether bricolage is stimulated in crisis contexts, evidenced in emerging markets due to resource scarcity and financial crises, as in the case of Brazil. In this sense, the following hypotheses were established: H1: The bricolage process is positively related to frugal innovation; H2: Organizational innovativeness positively moderates the relationship between bricolage and frugal innovation; H3: A crisis context encourages the use of bricolage in companies to develop resources. These hypotheses were statistically tested using the structural equation modeling technique, using a database collected by the survey method encompassing 215 companies in Brazil. The results allowed to support the hypothesis H1 and H3 confirming, respectively, the positive influence of bricolage in the development of frugal innovation, and the influence of the crisis context on the bricolage behavior. The hypothesis H2 was not confirmed, denoting that organizational innovativeness does not necessarily moderate the relationship between bricolage and frugal innovation. This study has contributed to the literature of bricolage and frugal innovation, as well as established a connection between both, evidencing the bricolage as antecedent to develop frugal innovation, especially in contexts of crisis in emerging markets such as experienced in Brazil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The innovation has been pointed out by several studies (TORRES et al., 2017, COLBY, DOBNI, 2015, CARVALHO et al., 2015, SILVA, DACORSO, 2013, BESSANT and TIDD 2009) as a competitive energy source for business in a dynamic and globalized market. Regardless of the size and the segment, all businesses can innovate, because in countries like Brazil, small companies represent more than 90% of the country's total enterprises, being an important source of employability (SEBRAE, DIEESE, 2015). When searching specifically about frugal innovation, the objective was to describe how small businesses in the Itabaiana / SE region develop frugal innovation in their activities of producing goods and services in the light of Jugaad principles. The Jugaad innovation is in line with the Brazilian way, with the ability to adapt and improvise in the face of adversity in an ingenious way (RADJOU; PRABHU; AHUJA, 2012). This type of innovation follows six principles - seeking opportunities in adversity, doing more with less, being flexible, simplifying, giving the excluded a chance, and following the heart - consistent with the way innovation occurs in many small business in Brazil. The study is qualitative, using multiple case study strategy. For the collection of the evidences, documentary analysis, semi-structured interviews and direct observation were carried out in eight companies, two of them in the service sector, three in the industrial sector and three in the commercial sector. And the data were analyzed through individual case analysis and cross-case analysis. As the main results of the research were identified that six of the companies surveyed started the business when the owners sought opportunities in the personal adversities they faced, and only two companies emerged from the dream of their owners to undertake, as well as all entrepreneurs had prior knowledge on the field of activity, and all reported transforming the adversities that arise in their organizations in business opportunities, being the financial adversity pointed out as the main adversity faced by them; all respondents follow the principles of doing more with less in their organizations; in all the cases studied, the principle of flexibility was identified in actions such as: the change of the initial business model, and the interest in implementing innovative actions that are motivated by clients and / or competition; all the companies surveyed offer some kind of simple product, however good enough to solve the problems, needs or desires of the customers, while still maintaining the quality; all seek or have the majority of their clients poorly served or excluded by the market; and make decisions based on the following factors: intuition, empathy and / or passion. From the data analysis it was verified that the Jugaad principles are present in actions practiced by all the companies participating in the study. On some principles companies share the same type of action. Finally, the study presents a chart with examples of Jugaad actions found during the research to serve as inspiration for other SMEs. / A inovação vem sendo apontada, por diversos autores (TORRES et al., 2017; COLBY; DOBNI, 2015; CARVALHO et al., 2015; SILVA; DACORSO, 2013; BESSANT; TIDD 2009), como fonte de energia competitiva para os negócios num mercado dinâmico e globalizado. Independentemente do porte e do segmento, todos os negócios podem inovar, pois em países como o Brasil, as pequenas empresas representam mais de 90% do total de empreendimentos do país, sendo importante fonte de empregabilidade (SEBRAE, DIEESE, 2014). Ao pesquisar especificamente sobre a inovação frugal, objetivou-se descrever como os pequenos negócios da região de Itabaiana/SE desenvolvem inovação frugal em suas atividades de produção de bens e serviços à luz dos princípios da Jugaad. A inovação Jugaad ou inovação do improviso (melhor tradução para o português, de acordo com os autores do livro A inovação do Improviso) condiz com o “jeitinho” brasileiro, com a capacidade de se adaptar e improvisar diante das adversidades de maneira engenhosa (RADJOU; PRABHU; AHUJA, 2012). Este tipo de inovação segue seis princípios - buscar oportunidades na adversidade, fazer mais com menos, ser flexível, simplificar, dar chance aos excluídos, e seguir o coração - condizentes com o modo de atuação de tantas empresas brasileiras no que diz respeito ao processo de inovação. O estudo é de natureza qualitativa, sob a estratégia de estudo de casos múltiplos. Para coleta das evidências foram realizadas analise documental, entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação direta em oito empresas, sendo duas do setor de serviços, três do setor industrial e três do comércio. E os dados foram analisados por meio de análise individual dos casos e cross-case analysis. Como principais resultados da pesquisa identificaram-se que seis das empresas pesquisadas iniciaram os negócios quando os proprietários buscaram oportunidades nas adversidades pessoais que enfrentavam, e apenas duas empresas surgiram a partir do sonho de seus proprietários de empreender, bem como todos os empresários possuíam conhecimento prévio sobre o ramo de atuação, e todos relataram transformar as adversidades que surgem em suas organizações em oportunidades de negócios, sendo a adversidade financeira apontada como principal adversidade enfrentada por eles; todos os entrevistados seguem o princípios de fazer mais como menos em suas organizações; em todos os casos estudados o princípio da flexibilidade foi identificado em ações como: a mudança do modelo de negócio inicial, e o interesse pela implementação de ações inovadoras que são motivadas pelos clientes e/ou pela concorrência; todas as empresas pesquisadas oferecem algum tipo de produto simples, porém bom o suficiente para resolver os problemas, necessidades ou desejos dos clientes, mantendo ainda assim a qualidade; todas buscam ou tem a maioria dos seus clientes mal atendidos, mal servidos ou excluídos pelo mercado; e tomam decisões baseados nos fatores: intuição, empatia e/ou paixão. A partir da análise dos dados verificou-se que os princípios Jugaad estão presentes em ações praticadas por todas as empresas participantes do estudo. Em alguns princípios as empresas compartilham do mesmo tipo de ação. Por fim, o estudo apresenta um quadro com os exemplos das ações Jugaad encontradas durante a pesquisa para que sirva de inspiração para outras MPEs. / São Cristóvão, SE