Conservatism is a central theme of organismic evolution. Related species share characteristics due to their common ancestry. Some concern have been raised among evolutionary biologists, whether such conservatism is an expression of natural selection or of a constrained ability to adapt. This thesis explores adaptations and constraints within the plant reproductive phase, particularly in relation to the evolution of fleshy fruit types (berries, drupes, etc.) and the seasonal timing of flowering and fruiting. The different studies were arranged along a hierarchy of scale, with general data sets sampled among seed plants at the global scale, through more specific analyses of character evolution within the genus Rhamnus s.l. L. (Rhamnaceae), to descriptive and experimental field studies in a local population of Frangula alnus (Rhamnaceae). Apart from the field study, this thesis is mainly based on comparative methods explicitly incorporating phylogenetic relationships. The comparative study of Rhamnus s.l. species included the reconstruction of phylogenetic hypotheses based on DNA sequences. Among geographically overlapping sister clades, biotic pollination was not correlated with higher species richness when compared to wind pollinated plants. Among woody plants, clades characterized by fleshy fruit types were more species rich than their dry-fruited sister clades, suggesting that the fleshy fruit is a key innovation in woody habitats. Moreover, evolution of fleshy fruits was correlated with a change to more closed (darker) habitats. An independent contrast study within Rhamnus s.l. documented allometric relations between plant and fruit size. As a phylogenetic constraint, allometric effects must be considered weak or non-existent, though, as they did not prevail among different subclades within Rhamnus s.l. Fruit size was correlated with seed size and seed number in F. alnus. This thesis suggests that frugivore selection on fleshy fruit may be important by constraining the upper limits of fruit size, when a plant lineage is colonizing (darker) habitats where larger seed size is adaptive. Phenological correlations with fruit set, dispersal, and seed size in F. alnus, suggested that the evolution of reproductive phenology is constrained by trade-offs and partial interdependences between flowering, fruiting, dispersal, and recruitment phases. Phylogenetic constraints on the evolution of phenology were indicated by a lack of correlation between flowering time and seasonal length within Rhamnus cathartica and F. alnus, respectively. On the other hand, flowering time was correlated with seasonal length among Rhamnus s.l. species. Phenological differences between biotically and wind pollinated angiosperms also suggested adaptive change in reproductive phenology. / Äpplet faller inte långt från trädet. Men varför? Den biologiska mångfalden präglas i stor utsträckning av fylogenetiskt bevarade karaktärsdrag; närbesläktade arter är lika. Det pågår en diskussion bland evolutionsbiologer om i vilken utsträckning denna konservatism är ett resultat av naturlig selektion eller av en begränsad anpassningsförmåga. Denna avhandling diskuterar begreppet evolutionära begränsningar i relation till den reproduktiva fasen hos växter. I fokus ligger särskilt evolutionen av bärliknande (endozoochora) frukter respektive evolutionen av säsongsmässiga mönster (fenologi) för blomning och fruktsättning. Avhandlingen är hierarkiskt organiserad så att olika delstudier gjordes på olika skalnivåer: fenologi- och fruktevolution analyserades för fröväxter respektive gömfröiga växter; inom brakvedssläktena Rhamnus och Frangula (Rhamnaceae); samt för en lokal population av brakved (Frangula alnus). Populationsstudien baserades på såväl experimentella som deskriptiva data, medan övriga studier i huvudsak genomfördes med fylogenetisk komparativ metodik baserade på litteraturdata. Som en del av de komparativa studierna rekonstruerades fylogenetiska hypoteser för Rhamnus s.l. utifrån DNA-sekvenser (ITS, trnL-F), vilka gav stöd för att Frangula och Rhamnus är monofyletiska systersläkten. I en biogeografiskt kontrollerad fylogenetisk kontrastanalys upptäcktes inga skillnader i artrikedom mellan djur- och vindpollinerade växter. Bärliknande frukter verkar dock vara en betydelsefull karaktär (key innovation) i skogsmiljöer. För det första var fylogenetiska klader med bärliknande frukter mer artrika än systerklader med torra frukter. Dessutom var uppkomster av bärliknande frukt korrelerad till habitat med mer sluten vegetation. En fylogenetisk kontrastanalys av allometriska effekter visade på en positiv korrelation mellan växtindividens och fruktens storlek inom Rhamnus s.l. Upprepade analyser av dessa allometriska samband i olika monofyletiska subklader inom Rhamnus s.l. indikerar dock att allometri, såsom evolutionär begränsning, är svag. I populationsstudien av F. alnus var fruktstorlek positivt korrelerad till såväl fröantal som frövikt. En generell hypotes utifrån denna avhandling blir därför att frugivorer (de djur som äter bären och därmed sprider växtens frön) utövar ett starkt selektionstryck på växter som koloniserar ett habitat där fröstorlek är adaptivt, eftersom fruktstorlek påverkar frugivorernas (ssk. fåglars) sätt att hantera frukten. Reproduktiv fenologi var korrelerad till fruktsättning, fröspridning och fröstorlek hos F. alnus. Detta stödjer tanken att evolutionen av blomnings- och fruktsättningstider begränsas av avvägningar (trade-offs) och partiella beroenden mellan blomning-, fruktsättnings-, spridnings och rekryteringsfaserna. Inomartsvariation i blomningstid för F. alnus respektive getapel (Rhamnus cathartica) över en nordeuropeisk latitudinell transekt var inte korrelerad till säsongslängd, vilket antyder att utvecklingen av blomningstider är evolutionärt begränsad. Å andra sidan påvisades en sådan korrelation mellan blomningstid och säsongslängd i en mellanartsstudie inom Rhamnus s.l. Den fylogenetiska kontrastanalysen mellan djur- och vindpollinerade växter visade också på adaptiva skillnader i fenologi. Blomningstiderna inom en klad med biotiskt pollinerade arter var mer åtskilda än inom den vindpollinerade systerkladen, och den välkända iakttagelsen att vindpollinerade träd blommor tidigare på säsongen fick även stöd i ett fylogenetiskt komparativt perspektiv.

La present tesi doctoral es centra en l'aplicació dels bacteris de l'àcid lactic (BAL) com a agents bioprotectors davant microorganismes patògens i deteriorants.Es van aïllar i seleccionar BAL de fruites i hortalisses fresques i es van assajar in vitro davant 5 microorganismes fitopatògens i 5 patògens humans.Es van realitzar assajos d'eficàcia en pomes Golden Delicious amb tots els aïllats enfront les infeccions causades pel fong Penicillium expansum. La soca més eficaç era Weissella cibaria TM128, que reduïa el diàmetre de les infeccions en un 50%.Les soques seleccionades es van assajar enfront els patògens Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli i Listeria monocytogenes en enciams Iceberg i pomes Golden Delicious.Els BAL interferien eficientment amb el creixemet de S. typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes, però van mostrar poc efecte enfront E. coli.Finalment, es van realitzar assajos dosi-resposta amb les soques Leuconostoc mesenteroides CM135, CM160 and PM249 enfront L. monocytogenes. De totes les soques assajades, la soca CM160 va ser la més efectiva. / The present thesis focuses on the use of lactic acid bacteria as bioprotective cultures to inhibit pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms.Lactic acid bacteria were isolated and selected from fresh fruit and vegetables and tested in vitro against five plant pathogens and five human pathogen test bacteria.Efficacy trials with all the isolates were performed in Golden Delicious apples against the blue mould rot infections, caused by Penicillium expansum. The highest effectivity found in this assay was of about 50%, with strain Weissella cibaria TM128.Selected lactic acid bacteria were tested against Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes in Iceberg lettuce and Golden Delicious apples. Lactic acid bacteria interfered efficiently with the growth of S. typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes, but showed little effectivity over E. coli.Finally, dose-response assays were done with Leuconostoc mesenteroides strains CM135, CM160 and PM249 against L. monocytogenes.Among the three strains tested, strain CM160 showed the highest effectivity.

Η μεσογειακή μύγα αποτελεί το κύριο παράσιτο πολλών καλλιεργούμενων φρούτων προκαλώντας ετησίως μεγάλες καταστροφές σε γεωργικές καλλιέργειες. Η μελέτη του εντόμου τόσο σε γενετικό όσο και σε πληθυσμιακό επίπεδο μπορεί να συμβάλλει σημαντικά στην ανάπτυξη ή και τη βελτίωση αποτελεσματικών και φιλικών προς το περιβάλλον μεθόδων ελέγχου. Οι μικροδορυφόροι είναι απλές επαναλήψεις ενός νουκλεοτιδικού μοτίβου που αποτελείται 1-6 ζεύγη βάσεων. Αποτελούν πολύ χρήσιμους γενετικούς δείκτες διότι είναι άφθονοι και διάσπαρτοι στο γονιδίωμα των ευκαρυωτκών οργανισμών. Επιπλέον είναι υψηλά πολυμορφικοί, κληρονομούνται ως συνυπερέχοντες Μεντελικοί δείκτες και αναλύονται εύκολα μέσω PCR, χαρακτηριστικά που τους καθιστούν πολύτιμα εργαλεία για πληθυσμιακές και εξελικτικές μελέτες. Από τους μικροδορυφορικούς δείκτες που αναπτύχθηκαν στο εργαστήριό μας, επιλέχθηκαν 10 με βάση το βαθμό πολυμορφισμού που έδειξαν σε εργαστηριακά στελέχη. Οι δείκτες αυτοί χρησιμοποιήθηκαν στην ανάλυση 481 ενηλίκων ατόμων που προέρχονταν από 19 διαφορετικά δείγματα φρούτων που συλλέχθηκαν από εννέα διαφορετικές περιοχές της Δυτικής Ελλάδας και της Βόρειας Πελλοπονήσου. Η γενοτυπική ανάλυση πραγματοποιήθηκε με ηλεκτροφόρηση των προϊόντων της PCR για κάθε γενετικό δείκτη σε πήκτωμα πολυακρυλαμιδίου και επακόλουθη αυτοραδιογραφία. Η στατιστική επεξεργασία των αποτελεσμάτων, με τη βοήθεια υπολογιστικών προγραμμάτων αποκάλυψε σημαντική γενετική διαφοροποίηση μεταξύ των δειγμάτων, που αποδίδεται εκτός των άλλων παραγόντων (κλιματολογικές συνθήκες, γεωγραφική προέλευση) στο είδος του ξενιστή. / C. capitata, is the main pest of many cultivable fruits and responsible for a significant loss in annual products, resulting in great economic damage. Studies on the genetic and population analysis will make a contribution towards the development or the improvement of environmental friendly control methods. Microsatellites are tandem simple sequence repeats of short (1-6) nucleotide motifs. They are very important genetic markers because they are dispersed and abundant in most eukaryotic genomes. They are highly polymorphic, inherited as co-dominant Mendelian markers and easily scored by PCR. Consequently, they have become one of the most popular molecular markers with application in many genetic studies, including genetic analysis of natural populations and evolutionary studies. From the available microsatellites in our laboratory, were selected ten (10), based on their polymorphism in laboratory strains. They were used for the screening of 481 adult flies in the medfly, collected from nineteen (19) different samples of fruits from nine (9) different areas in west Greece and north Peloponnesus. Analysis of genotype composition in the samples was achieved by polyacrylamide electrophoresis of the PCR products, for every genetic marker and then autoradiography. The statistic analysis of our results using software programs, revealed an important genetic differentiation in samples. Except for many factors (climatic conditions, geographic origin), the host origin will be responsible for this genetic differentiation.

No description available.

New emerging markets such as Japan and the United States require cold sterilisation of South African citrus fruit as a phytosanitary standard against fruit fly. However, citrus fruit are chilling susceptible, with lemons being the second-most chilling susceptible after grapefruit. Chilling injury is a physiological rind disorder; the occurrence of which is despite its prevalence in horticultural commodities, not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate physiological compounds regulating chilling susceptibility or resistance in citrus fruit, with special emphasis on lemons. Furthermore, the potential of hot water dips or “molybdenum soaks” to maintain a certain level of physiological compounds which determine manifestation of chilling injury symptoms in citrus fruit was investigated. Moreover, it was attempted to create an understanding of the order in which physiological compounds mitigate chilling injury. Lemon fruit from different farms known to be chilling susceptible or resistant were obtained during the 2007 and 2008 harvest season. Thereafter, fruit were treated by soaking for 30 min in 1μM NaMo04.2H20 solution followed by a 2 min HWD 47 or 53°C. Treated fruit were waxed, weighed and stored at -0.5°C for up to 28 days and sampled for chilling injury evaluation 7, 14, 21, or 28 days into cold storage. A second evaluation was carried out five days after withdrawal from cold storage to allow development of chilling injury symptoms as a shelf-life simulation. After the second evaluation fruit were peeled, peel freeze-dried, milled using mortar and pestle and stored at -21°C for further physiological analysis. Freeze-dried peel was analysed for soluble sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin E (α-tocopherol), β-carotene, polyamines (putrescine, spermine, spermidine), specific flavanones (naringin and hesperidin) using HPLC-UV-Vis detector and proline, total antioxidant assays (FRAP, ABTS, DPPH), total phenolics, total flavonoids, lipid peroxidation using spectrophotometry, as well as for the heat shock protein (HSP70) using electrophoresis and silver-staining. Chilling susceptibility of lemon fruit varied with fruit source; those sourced from Ukulinga and Eston Estates were chilling resistant, while fruit from Sun Valley Estates showed chilling injury symptoms after 28 days of cold storage plus five days shelf-life. Furthermore, hot water dips (HW) 53°C, 1 μM Molybdenum (Mo) and 10 μM Mo plus HW 53°C significantly reduced chilling injury symptoms compared with the control and HW 47°C. In addition, Sun Valley Estates fruit also showed higher fruit weight loss compared with non-chilling resistant lemons. The alignment of higher fruit weight loss during storage with chilling susceptibility ascertains the use of weight loss as a non-destructive parameter for chilling susceptibility. With respect to flavedo sugars, glucose was found to be the dominant soluble sugar with multi-functional roles during cold storage. This plays a significant role in mitigating cellular stress. Chilling susceptible lemons from Sun Valley Estates had low flavedo glucose concentrations and, therefore, little conversion of glucose to ascorbic acid was possible resulting in a low antioxidant capacity. However, treatments with HW 53°C and Mo soaks seemed to enhance the enzymatic conversion of glucose to ascorbic acid leading to a higher antioxidant capacity in the flavedo of such treated fruit. Furthermore, glucose also feeds into the pentose phosphate pathway which is coupled with the shikimate pathway synthesizing secondary metabolites, especially of the phenolics group. The decrease in glucose was aligned to the levels of total phenolics, but not to that of β-carotene, naringin and hesperidin through 28 days into cold storage period. Moreover, as glucose also feeds into shikimate pathway, simultaneously an increase in proline flavedo concentration was observed. Proline is an antioxidant synthesized from glutamate; as cellular glucose decreases so does the total antioxidant capacity during cold storage. Ascorbic acid is a dominant and potent antioxidant in lemon flavedo as proven with the FRAP, ABTS and DPPH assays. Chilling resistant fruit have significantly higher ascorbic acid conversion. Furthermore, ascorbic acid also acts to generate the α-tocopheroxy radical to further important membrane-bound antioxidant, vitamin E (α-tocopherol equivalent). Furthermore, the DPPH assay was found to be effective in quantifying total antioxidants in lemon flavedo since it detects both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants compared with the ABTS and FRAP assays which are bias to the estimation of liphophilic or hydrophilic antioxidants, respectively. The hot water and molybdenum treatments increased total antioxidants (DPPH assay) with reduced lipid peroxidation 7 days into cold storage and therefore, reduced chilling symptoms in fruit from Sun Valley Estates. The capacity of antioxidant to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) was increased during cold storage and membrane stability significantly improved. Furthermore, putrescine as low valency polyamine was reduced as such compound acted as precursor to the synthesis of the high valency polyamines, spermine and spermidine. Chilling susceptible lemons from Sun Valley Estates showed increased soluble-conjugated polyamines as a response to stress. Furthermore, HW 53°C, 1 μM Mo and 10 μM Mo plus HW 53°C significantly increased the protein concentration and, therefore, likely also the occurrence of proteins with 70kDa (as estimator of HSP70). Additionally, the concentration of conjugated high valency polyamines was also increased, resulting in reduced chilling injury symptoms. The effect of ROS has only been viewed as damaging, while recently their role has also been viewed as stress acclamatory signalling compounds when produced concentrations below critical damaging threshold. Therefore, hot water dips seems to signals synthesis of total protein which include HSPs which then act throughout cold stress to protect other protein and channel other damaged proteins towards proteolysis. While molybdenum increased ROS production below damaging critical threshold, with ROS signalling stress acclimation by further signalling production of bioactive compound with antioxidant properties. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.

Les hydrocarbures aromatiques monocycliques (BTEX) et polycycliques (HAP) sont pour la plupart reconnus pour leur toxicité via ingestion. Le suivi de leur contenu dans les matrices alimentaires est donc indispensable. Plusieurs approches sensibles et complémentaires ont été établies, avec la pomme comme modèle d’étude, pour la double détermination de ces hydrocarbures aromatiques volatils et semi-volatils au niveau du µg/kg.Une micro-extraction en phase solide dans l’espace de tête (HS-SPME) a été utilisée pour l'extraction des hydrocarbures aromatiques les plus légers (MM entre 78 et 178 g/mol). La récupération des composés les plus lourds (MM entre 202 et 278 g/mol) a quant à elle été permise par une méthodologie basée sur l'extraction assistée par les ultrasons (UAE) suivie d'une extraction en phase solide (SPE). Une alternative plus sensible à cette stratégie combinant l’HS-SPME et l’UAE/SPE pour la détermination globale des hydrocarbures aromatiques a également été développée. Le remplacement de l’étape de SPE par une micro-extraction sur solide compacté (MEPS) a permis une récupération plus rapide, sensible et plus large des HAP (MM entre 152 et 278 g/mol).L’ensemble des stratégies d'extraction, associées à des analyses en chromatographie gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse, a ensuite pu être appliqué à la détermination des 20 composés aromatiques ciblés dans des pommes récoltées en Normandie ou des fruits provenant du commerce contaminés ou non par des gaz d’échappement ou des fumées de combustion de biomasse. Ces applications ont révélé la faible contamination des pommes normandes étudiées, l’adsorption prédominante des composés aromatiques au niveau de la peau des fruits et leur faible transfert vers la chair. / Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered and recognized as toxic compounds via ingestion. Their monitoring in food product is thus a significant concern. Sensitive and complementary experimental approaches were investigated with apple as model for the dual determination of volatile and semi-volatile aromatic hydrocarbons at the ppb level.A solid-phase micro-extraction in the headspace of samples (HS-SPME) was used for the most volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (MW between 78 and 178 g/mol). The recovery of the least volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (MW between 202 and 278 g/mol) was implemented with an ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) followed by a purification step using a solid phase extraction (SPE). The methodology consisting in HS-SPME and UAE/SPE enabled the global determination of BTEX and PAHs. The SPE step was then substituted by a micro-extraction with a packed sorbent (MEPS) to elaborate a most sensitive and rapid methodology for the quantification of a wider range of PAHs (MW between 152 and 278 g/mol).Extraction procedures associated with analyses using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were then applied to the determination of 20 targeted aromatic compounds in apples harvested in Normandy or in commercial fruits exposed or not exposed to exhaust gas or to wood smoke. These applications revealed low levels of contaminants in the studied apples from Normandy. A predominant adsorption of aromatic compounds occurs on the skin of fruits and the transfer to the pulp is almost inexistent.

The search for other sources of energy has encouraged the development of research and innovation in the production of biofuels, such as the second generation ethanol. Biomass from agricultural residues has advantages such as reuse, solves the disposal problem and also offers a low cost of production. In this context, this paper evaluates the best pretreatment (acid, alkaline and hydrothermal) waste from processing fruits (orange, passion fruit and soursop) to obtain bioethanol. The waste collected, stored at -20°C were thawed at room temperature, sanitized in 100 ppm sodium hypochlorite for 15 min and dried in an oven with air circulation at 55 ± 5°C until constant weight, ground and subsequently on a knife mill type Willye 30 mesh and packed in airtight plastic bottles at room temperature. Determinations of lipid, protein, moisture, ash, fiber, pectin and carbohydrate were performed. Pretreatments were designed according to experimental design where, for the acid, time 15 to 120 min, Cacid from 1 to 5% and Cbiomass 1 to 9%. For the alkali, it was used the same conditions as the acid, changing only the Cbasis, from 0.5 to 2.5%. For the hydrothermal only Cbiomass and time were evaluated. As answers, the mass yield, the amount of total reducing sugars (TRS) and total soluble solids in the liquid fraction. For the enzymatic hydrolysis it was employed cellulase Sigma-Aldrich in a 2:1 by enzyme mL:g pretreated biomass in 60 mL of 50 mM citrate buffer at 50°C and 100 rpm, evaluating the concentration of total reducing sugars. In ethanol fermentation, was used the hydrolyzate complemented with mineral solution and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the main responses analyzed were ethanol concentration and yield of fermentation. The waste orange, passion fruit and soursop higher content of sugar in the liquor pretreatment occurred in the acid using low biomass concentration and longer pretreatment (65%), whereas at higher acid concentrations was sugars decreased, probably because undergo degradation. In alkaline pretreatment, was lower than the saccharification acid pretreatment (35%) and lower yields mass, indicating that some component of the lignocellulosic matrix was solubilized lignin probably characteristic of alkaline treatments. In hydrothermal there was the lowest saccharification liquor from both the pretreatment and in the enzymatic hydrolysis, possibly because the time and temperature used were not effective in destroying the lignocellulosic matrix. In enzymatic hydrolysis, alkali was more efficient than the acid, achieving, in the best conditions, around 35% of ART, except for the residue of passion fruit (<10% hydrolysis for the three pre-treatments), suggesting negative relationship between the amount of pectin and action of cellulases. The yield of fermentation behaved differently among trials for obtaining pre-treatment acid with shorter (15 minutes) the highest rates, while for these alkaline and hydrothermal stood in a longer time (120 min) pretreatment. These observations suggest that in the case of residual soursop optimizations must be carried out using lower heating times and higher biomass concentrations. However, for the orange peel and passion fruit residue, the intermediate condition seems to be more appropriate, and more efficient enzyme complexes and the presence of enzymes that break down pectin. / A busca por outras fontes de energia tem incentivado o desenvolvimento de pesquisas e a inovação na produção de biocombustíveis, a exemplo do etanol de segunda geração. A biomassa proveniente de resíduos agroindustriais apresenta como vantagens seu reaproveitamento, resolve o problema de descarte e, também, oferece um baixo custo de produção. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho avalia o melhor pré-tratamento (ácido, alcalino e hidrotérmico) de resíduos do processamento de frutas (laranja, maracujá e graviola) para a obtenção de bioetanol. Os resíduos coletados, armazenados em freezer a -20°C, foram descongelados à temperatura ambiente, sanitizados em hipoclorito de sódio 100 ppm por 15 min e secos em estufa de recirculação de ar a 55±5°C até peso constante, sendo posteriormente triturados em um moinho de facas do tipo Willye a 30 mesh e acondicionados em frascos plásticos herméticos à temperatura ambiente. Foram realizadas determinações de lipídios, proteínas, umidade, cinzas, fibra, pectina e carboidratos totais. Os pré-tratamentos foram idealizados de acordo com delineamentos experimentais, sendo para o ácido, tempo de 15 a 120 min, Cácido de 1 a 5% e Cbiomassa de 1 a 9%. Para o alcalino, utilizaram-se as mesmas condições do ácido, mudando apenas a Cbase, de 0,5 a 2,5%. Para o hidrotérmico, somente os tempos e Cbiomassa foram avaliados. Como respostas, o rendimento mássico, a quantidade de açúcares redutores totais (ART) e sólidos solúveis totais na fração líquida. Para a hidrólise enzimática, empregou-se celulase Sigma-Aldrich® na proporção 2:1, em mL enzima:g biomassa pré-tratada em 60 mL de tampão citrato 50 mM a 50°C e 100 rpm, avaliando-se a concentração de açúcares redutores totais. Na fermentação etanólica, empregou-se o hidrolisado, solução mineral e a levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, tendo como principais respostas a concentração de etanol e o rendimento da fermentação. Nos resíduos de laranja, graviola e maracujá as maiores sacarificações no licor do pré-tratamento ocorreram no ácido, utilizando-se menor concentração de biomassa e maior tempo de pré-tratamento (65%), ao passo que nas concentrações mais elevadas de ácido houve uma diminuição de açúcares, provavelmente porque sofreram degradação. No pré-tratamento alcalino, houve menor sacarificação que o ácido (35%) e menor rendimento mássico, indicando que algum componente da matriz lignocelulósica foi solubilizado, provavelmente a lignina, característica de tratamentos alcalinos. No hidrotérmico, houve a menor sacarificação tanto no licor do pré-tratamento quanto na hidrólise enzimática, possivelmente porque o tempo e temperatura usados não foram eficientes na destruição da matriz lignocelulósica. Na hidrólise enzimática, o alcalino foi mais eficiente que o ácido, conseguindo-se, nas melhores condições, em torno de 35% de ART, à exceção do resíduo do maracujá (< 10% de hidrólise para os três pré-tratamentos), sugerindo relação negativa entre quantidade de pectina e ação das celulases. O rendimento de fermentação se comportou de modo diverso entre os ensaios, obtendo-se para o pré-tratamento ácido com menor tempo (15 min) as maiores taxas, enquanto que para o alcalino e o hidrotérmico estas se situaram em um maior tempo (120 min) de pré-tratamento. Essas observações sugerem que, no caso do resíduo de graviola, as otimizações devem ser realizadas empregando menores tempos de aquecimento e maiores concentrações de biomassa. Entretanto, para o bagaço de laranja e resíduo de maracujá, a condição intermediária parece ser mais adequada, além de complexos enzimáticos mais eficientes e com a presença de enzimas que quebrem a pectina.

This PhD thesis focuses on the admissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings. Appropriate setting of limits of admissibility of illegally obtained evidence in the criminal proceedings is not only regarded as one of the main guaranties of fair justice system, but also represents topical and vital issue which raises number of legal dilemmas. The importance of the topic has been increasing recently as gathering of evidence in criminal proceedings often conflicts with the fundamental rights of individuals that are subject to severe limitation on constitutional and especially international level and that are broadly endangered during the process of collecting evidence. The core of the thesis lies in the in-depth analysis of current legislation, jurisprudence and case law dealing with the issue. Within the framework of that analysis, all of the important and disputed questions relating to the general aspects of admissibility of evidence are examined from the perspective of jurisprudence and case law; the knowledge is enriched with real practical impacts on domestic judicial practice. Special attention is paid to the issues related to the exclusion of illegally obtained evidence from the process of evaluating evidence and forming final decision on the case. The thesis does not overlook the problems...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:34:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EstevaniPO_DISSERT.pdf: 1554547 bytes, checksum: 9e51e66979a260b54372a998e0aaae83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-17 / This study discuss the issue on Clusters Global, the productive arrangement of fruits melon Mossor?/Bara?na in Rio Grande do Norte, located in the Potiguar semi-arid RN, is entered in the arket international level, the job serch, from the benchmark neo-schumpeterian, strongly condensed and absorbed in Brazil by focusing on Local Productive Arrangements set out by the Reseatch Netwoark on Sistemas Produtivos e Inovativos Locais (REDESIST), understanding the extent to which innovation efforts, and as interactions between the main actors that make up this APL in particular, account for its global insertion. The methodology includes the application of questions to the producers of melon arrangement as well as interviews with the main responsible for the support, promotion and financing. In conclusion, there is a significant interaction between producres and actors of the arrangement, a fact that contributes to the integration into the international market together with the implementation of relevant innovations. Finally, it is pointed out the need for public policies directed to the production of melon because of its relevance to the exports of Rio Grande do Norte / Este estudo discute a tem?tica Arranjos Produtivos Globalizados, precisamente o arranjo produtivo de fruticultura de mel?o de Mossor?/Bara?na, no Rio Grande do Norte que, a despeito de ser de base agr?cola e localizado no semi-?rido potiguar, se inseriu no mercado internacional. O presente trabalho busca, a partir do referencial neo-schumpeteriano, fortemente condensado e assimilado no Brasil por meio do enfoque em Arranjos Produtivos Locais enunciado pela Rede de Pesquisa em Sistemas Produtivos e Inovativos Locais (REDESIST), compreender em que medida os esfor?os de inova??o, bem como as intera??es entre os principais atores que comp?em este APL em espec?fico, respondem por sua inser??o global. A metodologia inclui a aplica??o de question?rios junto aos produtores de mel?o do arranjo, bem como entrevistas com os principais respons?veis pelo apoio, promo??o e financiamento. Como conclus?o, verifica-se uma significativa intera??o entre os produtores e os atores do arranjo, fato este que contribui para a sua inser??o no mercado internacional acompanhada da implementa??o de inova??es relevantes. Por fim, aponta-se para a necessidade pol?ticas p?blicas direcionadas para a produ??o de mel?o, em raz?o de sua relev?ncia para a pauta de exporta??es do Rio Grande do Norte

This research analyzes the Sergipe citrus industry and its institutional relations, highlighting the intervention of the state government via Revitalization Program Citrus (2003). Among the objectives we sought to make a historical overview of global and national citrus production in line with activity in the state of Sergipe, to identify the determinants of national crisis and citrus proposal to revitalize the role of institutionalism in favor of the action of the agents involved production chain in orange. The study data allowed to make a career in production, harvested area, yield and market strategies that involves the production of national and state orange. Research shows that before the recovery strategies of the government of Sergipe little changed reality of the institutional environment in order to generate employment and economic development for the citrus region of the state. Pests, increases in production costs, reduced government incentives for new patterns of industrial production of juice (which consume less amount of concentrate juice) increased consumption of juices and other drinks and fragility of articulation with institutions involved in the process (unions, associations cooperatives, industries, government agencies) make the resumption of a major product of the state´s economy has no prospects of return. / Esta pesquisa analisa a citricultura sergipana e suas relações institucionais, destacando-se a intervenção do governo do estado via Programa de Revitalização da Citricultura (2003). Entre os objetivos buscou-se fazer uma retrospectiva histórica da citricultura mundial e nacional, em sintonia com a atividade no estado de Sergipe; identificar os condicionantes da crise da citricultura nacional e a proposta de revitalização, o papel do institucionalismo no favorecimento da ação dos agentes envolvidos na cadeia produtiva da laranja. Os dados do estudo permitiram fazer uma trajetória da produção, área colhida, produtividade e estratégias de mercado que envolve a produção de laranja nacional e estadual. As pesquisas revelam que diante das estratégias de recuperação do governo de Sergipe pouco se alterou a realidade do ambiente institucional, de forma a gerar emprego e desenvolvimento econômico para a região citrícola do estado. Pragas, aumentos dos custos de produção, redução de incentivos governamentais novos padrões de produção industrial do suco (que consomem menos teor de suco concentrado) aumento do consumo de outros sucos e bebidas e fragilidade de articulação com as instituições envolvidas no processo (sindicatos, associações, cooperativas, indústrias, órgãos do governo) fazem com que a retomada de um dos principais produtos da economia do estado não tenha perspectivas de retorno.