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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Quantitative investigations of Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani colonization and rot of Glycine max cv. essex seedlings

Farias, Graciela Maria January 1987 (has links)
Essex soybean seedling colonization by Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani and disease severity studies were conducted using soil collected from areas in a field (P. Minor field, King and Queen County), which exhibited poor stands and growth of Essex soybean in 1986. Tests were conducted also with soil collected from a field (Holland field, Suffolk), which had no history of poor soybean emergence or growth. Population densities of F. oxysporum and F. solani in the P. Minor soil were significantly higher (P≤0.05) than that in the Holland soil. In P. Minor soil maintained at -0.01 MPa water potential, no significant differences were found in disease severity for 15, 20 and 25 C after 6 days. However, disease severity was significantly (P≤0.05) higher at 20 C than at 15 C or 25 C, 13 days after planting. F. oxysporum and F. so/ani were isolated from lesions on Essex cotyledons and hypocotyls at all three temperatures. Rhizoctonia so/ani was isolated with highest frequency from hypocotyl lesions at 25 C. Colonization of soybean plant parts by F. oxysporum and F. solani in P. Minor soil was studied by plating asymptomatic, sequential, 2-mm long tissue segments on Komada's selective medium. Tissue segments from cotyledons, yielded significantly (P≤0.05) more F. oxysporum than F. solani, 3 and 4 days after planting. Both fungi were recovered at high frequencies from hypocotyl segments although F. solani recovery was significantly (P≤0.05) higher than F. oxysporum after 4 days of planting. From root segments, F. solani isolation frequency was significantly higher (P≤0.05) than F. oxysporum after 4 days. In Holland soil, the colonization patterns of F. oxysporum and F. solani were similar but the frequencies were lower than for P. Minor soil. Of 102 representative F. oxysporum, F. solani and R. solani isolates tested, 40% gave disease severity ratings on Essex soybean that were significantly (P≤0.05) higher than for the control, using artificially infested, pasteurized P. Minor field soil. In greenhouse soil- temperature tanks, all Fusarium and Rhizoctonia isolates tested caused significant (P≤0.05) reductions in stem length and plant fresh weight after 13 days at 20 C in soil maintained at -0.01 MPa water potential. Disease severity ratings for all F. oxysporum and F. solani isolates were significantly (P≤0.05) higher than that for the control. All F. oxysporum, F. solani and R. solani isolates delayed emergence of seedlings, compared to the control, but final stands were affected only slightly. / M.S.
62

Effect of dsRNA-containing and dsRNA-free hypovirulent isolates of Fusarium oxysporum on severity of Fusarium seedling disease of Essex soybean

Kilic, Ozlem III 08 August 1997 (has links)
Sixty-six isolates of <I>F. oxysporum</I> and <I>F. solani</I> were recovered from healthy and necrotic Essex soybean seedlings grown in naturally infested soil. These were tested for pathogenicity at 20 C and -0.01 MPa water potential in artificially infested, autoclaved field soil. Highly pathogenic, moderately pathogenic, and hypovirulent isolates of both species were identified. Fifty-seven <I>F. oxysporum</I> and nine <I>F. solani</I> isolates were tested for the presence of dsRNA. The presence of dsRNA was not associated with hypovirulence in <I>F. oxysporum</I> since some hypovirulent isolates contained dsRNA while other hypovirulent isolates did not. Furthermore, of six dsRNA-containing <I>F. oxysporum</I> isolates, three were hypovirulent, two were moderately pathogenic, and one isolate was highly pathogenic. Four segments of dsRNA, with sizes of 4.0, 3.1, 2.7, and 2.2 kb, were detected in extracts of all six <I>F. oxysporum</I> isolates. No morphological differences were found between dsRNA-containing and dsRNA-free <I>F. oxysporum</I> isolates. Attempts to cure dsRNA-containing hypovirulent <I>F. oxysporum</I> isolates, either by single-sporing of isolates or by using a range of concentrations of cycloheximide, were not successful. No dsRNA was found in any of the F. solani isolates tested. Pythium ultimum, an associate in Essex seedling disease, was isolated from water-soaked lesions and interfered with evaluations of disease caused by the Fusarium spp. Metalaxyl was used to control P. ultimum and had no apparent effect on symptoms associated with <I>F. oxysporum</I> and <I>F. solani</I> in field soil. Prior inoculation of Essex soybean seeds with conidia of dsRNA-free hypovirulent <I>F. oxysporum</I> isolates, plus metalaxyl seed treatment, significantly (p<0.05) reduced disease severity on both cotyledons and hypocotyls and increased the rate of seedling emergence in field soil, compared to the control plants treated with metalaxyl alone or not treated with metalaxyl. No significant (p>0.05) differences were found between dsRNA-containing and dsRNA-free hypovirulent <I>F. oxysporum</I> isolates in their effects on the reduction of disease severity. A mixture of two hypovirulent <I>F. oxysporum</I> isolates was significantly (p<0.05) more effective than single hypovirulent <I>F. oxysporum</I> isolates in increasing the rate of seedling emergence. Symptoms associated with P. ultimum were not affected by the prior inoculation of seeds with individual hypovirulent <I>F. oxysporum</I> isolates. / Master of Science
63

Fumigação de solo com óleo essencial de mostarda para o controle da murcha de fusário em tomateiro / Soil fumigation with mustard essential oil to control fusarium wilt of tomato

Lage, Daniel Anacleto da Costa 12 February 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:37:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 494315 bytes, checksum: ae779e1b9f8fc13a152740edf2e2b595 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-12 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol), is one of the major problems in tomato cultivation especially in green house crop. The soil infestation with this pathogen can make the green house cultivation unviable, therefore periodic fumigation is recommended to maintain low inoculum level in soil. This study was done to evaluate the fumigant effect of the mustard essential oil (MEO), containing 90% allyl isothiocyanate, to control Fol. In vitro bioassays were done to determine its effect on mycelial growth, sporulation and germination of conidia and clamydospores, with use of a wild Fol and benomyl resistant mutant (Folm). The fungal cultures in Petri plates were fumigated with different concentration of the MEO for 24 or 48 h, and then incubated in MEO free atmosphere. For all fungal propagules, the estimated DE50 was lowest if the fumigation was done for 48 h. The mycelium and conidia of the Fol were more susceptible to MEO than chlamydospores. The MEO did not affect sporulation. Fumigation with MEO was also evaluated for eradication of the chlamydospores of Folm in soil. Initially, the interaction between dose (0, 50, 100 or 150&#956;L/L) and exposure time was determined (2, 4, 6 or 8 days). The soil infested with 2000 ±200 chlamydospores/g was placed in flasks, and after adding the requited amount of MEO the flasks were hermetically sealed. After each exposure period, the inoculum density of the fungus was determined by plating the soil dilutions on benomyl enriched galactosenitrate agar. The regression equation revealed that at dose of 125&#956;L/L an exposure period of 5.4 days was required to eradicate Folm. To determine the fumigant effect of MEO in the green house, 20L of soil infested with 4000 ±250 chlamydospores/g was placed in the plastic bags of 30L, and treated with 0, 50, 100 or 150&#956;L/L of MEO. The bags were then sealed and stored. After 7-days exposure period, the soil was distributed into 4L-plastic pots, and one 20-day old tomato seedling was transplanted into each pot. At 15-day interval, soil from each pot was sampled at 15-day interval to follow the population dynamic of the fungus. The disease progress was accompanied by leaf chlorophyll analysis leaves, and the final severity was evaluated by use of a numerical at the end of 60 days. It was found that the soil fumigation with 150&#956;L/L of MEO reduced the Folm inoculum density by 95% and the disease severity was less than 15%. / A murcha de fusário, causada por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol), é um problema comum em campos de produção de tomate, especialmente quando o cultivo é realizado em ambiente protegido. Solos infestados por este patógeno podem inviabilizar a produção em estufas, sendo recomendada a fumigação periódica, visando à manutenção de um baixo nível de inóculo no solo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito fumigante do óleo essencial de mostarda, que é composto por 90% de isotiocianato de alila (ITCA), na redução de inóculo e no controle da murcha vascular causada por Fol. Foram realizados bioensaios in vitro de crescimento micelial, formação de conídios e germinação de conídios e de clamidósporos. Para os testes, foram utilizados um isolado selvagem (Fols) e um mutante resistente ao benomil (Folm), os quais foram fumigados com ITCA, em diferentes doses, dentro de recipientes plásticos vedados, por períodos de 24 ou 48 horas. Após a fumigação, as placas contendo as culturas foram incubadas na ausência dos vapores do produto até a avaliação. Os menores valores de DE50 foram estimados para o período de 48 horas de exposição, tanto para o bioensaio de crescimento micelial como para os de germinação de conídios e de clamidósporos. Verificou-se que os conídios foram os propágulos de Fol mais sensíveis ao produto e os clamidósporos os mais resistentes. O ITCA não afetou significativamente a formação de conídios pelos isolados. Avaliou-se também a eficiência do produto na erradicação de clamidósporos de Folm no solo. Inicialmente, foi estudada a interação entre doses (0, 50, 100 e 150&#956;L/L) e tempo de exposição (2, 4, 6 e 8 dias) ao ITCA. Solo infestado com 2000 ±200 clamidósporos/g foi transferido para erlenmeyers, que receberam a dose desejada, sendo, em seguida, hermeticamente vedados. Após exposição, a população do fungo foi determinada por meio de plaqueamento de diluições em série em meio seletivo para F. oxysporum acrescido de benomil. A partir da equação de regressão gerada, pôde-se estimar que seria necessária uma fumigação de solo com 125&#956;L/L por períodos superiores a 5,4 dias para erradicação de Folm no solo. Para determinar o efeito de ITCA em casa de vegetação, 20L de solo infestado com 4000 ±250 clamidósporos/g foram colocados em sacos de polietileno de 30L, os quais receberam as doses de 0, 50, 100 ou 150&#956;L/L sendo, posteriormente, vedados, permitindo a fumigação por 7 dias. Decorrido este período, o solo foi transferido para vasos de 4L, os quais receberam uma muda de tomate com 20 dias de idade. As plantas foram cultivadas por 60 dias, sendo retiradas amostras quinzenais de solo para acompanhamento da dinâmica populacional do fungo no solo. Através de análise do conteúdo de clorofila nas folhas, acompanhou-se o desenvolvimento da doença e a severidade final foi avaliada por meio de escala de notas. Foi verificado que a fumigação com 150&#956;L/L de ITCA reduziu em mais de 95% a população de Folm no solo e que a severidade da doença aos 60 dias foi inferior a 15%.
64

Avaliação da segregação do gene da Oxalato Descarboxilase e da resistência ao Fusarium oxysporum na geração T1 de fumo transformado com OXDC

Amaral, Danielle Luciana Aurora Soares do 07 March 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-06-22T12:13:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 daniellelucianaaurorasoaresdoamaral.pdf: 933775 bytes, checksum: ab2892397c2895f9047b1f683dec1351 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-07T19:20:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 daniellelucianaaurorasoaresdoamaral.pdf: 933775 bytes, checksum: ab2892397c2895f9047b1f683dec1351 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T19:20:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 daniellelucianaaurorasoaresdoamaral.pdf: 933775 bytes, checksum: ab2892397c2895f9047b1f683dec1351 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-07 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Desde a domesticação das plantas para a utilização humana, as doenças vêm causando grandes perdas na produção. Fungos fitopatogênicos tais como Sclerotium rolfsii, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum e Sclerotinia sclerotiorum são capazes de infectar diferentes espécies de plantas. A infecção por estes fungos leva a perdas consideráveis na época da colheita. A fase inicial da infecção envolve a produção e o acúmulo de grande quantidade de ácido oxálico (AO), que parece ser um dos maiores determinantes da patogenicidade. Fusarium oxysporum é a espécie mais comum do gênero e causa murcha vascular em diferentes espécies de plantas. Esse fungo causa perdas severas em muitas lavouras, como algodão, fumo, banana, café, morango e cana de açúcar. Genes que conferem resistência a fitopatógenos tornam-se de importância agronômica como recursos para melhoramento. Dentre esses, destacamos o da enzima oxalato descarboxilase (OXDC), capaz de catalizar a degradação do AO em ácido fórmico e dióxido de carbono, diminuindo a capacidade de infecção do fungo. Na geração T0 de fumo transformado com gene da OXDC, foram obtidas quatro linhagens resistentes ao fungo, estas foram analisadas na T1. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a segregação do transgene OXDC para a geração T1 de fumo e avaliar se a geração T1 de plantas transformadas é capaz de resistir ao fitopatógeno Fusarium oxysporum. Trinta plantas de cada linhagem T1 de fumo transformado com OXDC foram avaliadas, por PCR, quanto a presença do HPTII. Estas quatro linhagens foram analisadas apresentaram proporção de segregação de 3:1. Uma planta PCR positiva de cada linhagem foi submetida a bioensaios para verificar a resistência ao fungo e ao AO. No ensaio de resistência ao fungo Fusarium oxysporum, este não foi capaz de infectar as linhagens transgênicas, mostrando um aumento da resistência da T1 em relação a T0 quando os resultados foram comparados. Os níveis de expressão do transgene foram avaliados por RT-PCR. As linhagens T1, T4 e T6 mostraram níveis de expressão semelhantes, já a linhagem T2 apresentou menor nível de expressão que as demais linhagens, de maneira que este resultado pode ser correlacionado com menor resistência ao AO. Com base nestes resultados pode-se concluir que a enzima Oxalato Descarboxilase demonstrou ser eficiente no combate ao patógeno Fusarium oxysporum e potencialmente eficiente no combate a outros fungos que também utilizem AO no processo de infecção. / Since the domestication of plants for human use, the diseases are causing major production losses. Pathogenic fungi such as Sclerotium rolfsii, Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium oxysporum are capable of infecting various plant species. Infection by these fungi leads to considerable losses at harvest. The initial phase of the infection involves the production and accumulation of large amounts of oxalic acid (OA), which seems to be one of the biggest determinants of pathogenicity. Fusarium oxysporum is the most common species of the genus and causes vascular wilt in different plant species. This fungus causes severe losses in many crops such as cotton, tobacco, bananas, coffee, strawberry and sugar cane. Genes that confer resistance to pathogens become of agronomic importance as resources for improvement. Among these we highlight the enzyme oxalate decarboxylase (OXDC) capable of catalyzing the degradation of OA in formic acid and carbon dioxide, decreasing the infectivity of the fungus. In the T0 generation of tobacco transformed with OXDC gene four resistant fungal strains were obtained, they were analyzed in T1. The objective of this study was to evaluate the segregation of the transgene OXDC for T1 generation of smoke and assess whether the T1 generation of transformed plants are able to resist the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Thirty T1 plants of each line of tobacco transformed with OXDC were evaluated by PCR for the presence of HPTII. These four strains were analyzed showed a segregation ratio of 3:1. A positive PCR plant of each strain was subjected to bioassays to verify resistance to the fungus and the OA. In the test of resistance to the fungus Fusarium oxysporum, this was not able to infect the transgenic lines , showing an increase of the resistance of T1 relative to T0 when the results were compared. The levels of transgene expression were assessed by RT-PCR. T1, T4 and T6 strains showed similar levels of expression, the T2 strain showed lower expression level than other strains , so that this result can be correlated with lower resistance to OA. Based on these results it can be concluded that the enzyme Oxalate Descarboxylase demonstrated to be effective in combating the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum and potentially efficient against other fungi which also use OA in the infection process.
65

Caracterização de nanopartículas de prata e sua aplicação na produção de tecidos antimicrobianos / Characterization of silver nanoparticles and their application in the production of antimicrobial fabric

Ballottin, Daniela Pott Marinho, 1987- 05 August 2014 (has links)
Orientadores: Ljubica Tasic, Priscyla Daniely Marcato Gaspari / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T19:45:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ballottin_DanielaPottMarinho_D.pdf: 4687735 bytes, checksum: 78a932e6ae81a2c4a51ae94b6bf0c65f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta tese compreende a produção biogênica e extracelular de nanopartículas de prata (AgNP) utilizando o fungo Fusarium oxysporum, a caracterização físico-química e bioquímica de AgNP e de proteínas, respectivamente. As partículas obtidas foram caracterizadas por técnicas microscópicas, espectroscópicas e de espalhamento dinâmico de luz, as quais forneceram informações em relação a morfologia, tamanho, composição elementar, carga superficial e cristalinidade das partículas. A presença de proteínas estabilizadoras ao redor das partículas foi evidenciada por UV-Vis e TEM. Estas macromoléculas também foram estudas e caracterizadas por diferentes técnicas, tais como, fluorescência, dicroísmo circular, FTIR e Raman. Além disso, foram realizadas análises de eletroforese em gel sendo possível estimar a massa molar das proteínas que estabilizam as AgNP. Algumas destas proteínas foram identificadas por espectrometria de massas, a qual permitiu a obtenção de resultados promissores e inéditos, uma vez que não há na literatura nenhum relato sobre a identificação de proteínas envolvidas na síntese e/ou na estabilização das AgNP. Adicionalmente, foi estudada a atividade antimicrobiana das AgNP frente a diversos micro-organismos patogênicos, como duas espécies de Candida sp. (C. albicans e C. parapsilosis), as quais causam infecções hospitalares, e Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), uma bactéria patogênica causadora do cancro cítrico, doença com sérias consequências para citricultura brasileira. Nestes estudos foi verificada a alta atividade antimicrobiana das partículas com a atividade inibitória mínima (MIC) da ordem de ?g mL-1. Cito- e genotoxicidade em diferentes organismos e células também foram investigadas, demonstrando que em concentrações utilizadas neste trabalho, as AgNP não apresentam efeito cito- ou genotóxico. São mostrados também resultados da impregnação das AgNP em tecido de algodão e a atividade antimicrobiana deste material frente a C. albicans, C. parapsilosis e Xac / Abstract: This thesis comprises the biogenic and extracellular production os silver nanoparticles (AgNP) using the Fusarium oxysporum fungus, the physic-chemical and biochemical characterization of AgNP and proteins, respectively. The obtained particles were characterized by microscopic, spectroscopic and dynamic light scattering techniques, which provided information regarding the morphology, size, elemental composition, particle surface charge and cristallinity. The presence of surrounding proteins, which stabilize particles was evidenced by UV-Vis and TEM. These macromolecules have also been studied and characterized by different techniques, such as, fluorescence, circular dichroism, Raman and FTIR. Moreover, del electrophoresis analysis were performed ans it was possible to estimate the molar weight of proteins. Some of these were identified by mass spectrometry, which allowed to obtain novel and promising results since there is no reports on the identification of proteins involved in synthesis and/or stabilization of AgNP. Additionally, it was studied the antimicrobial activity of AgNP against several pathogenic micro-organisms, such as, Candida sp. (C. albicans and C. parapsilosis), which cause nosocomial infections, and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), a pathogenic bacterium that causes citrus canker, a disease with serious consequences for the Brazilian citrus industry. In these studies it was investigated the high antimicrobial activity of particles through the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (order of ?g mL-1). Cyto- and genotoxicity in different organisms and cells have also been investigated, showing thet at determined concentrations, AgNP have no cyto- and genotoxic effects. Results of impregnation of AgNP in cotton fabrics and its antimicrobial activity are also shown against C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and Xac / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutora em Ciências
66

Etude de l'interaction de Medicago truncatula avec Fusarium oxysporum et du rôle de l'acide salicylique dans les interactions de la plante avec différents agents pathogènes et symbiotiques / A study on the interaction between Medicago truncatula and Fusarium oxysporum and of the role of salicylic acid during the interactions of the plant with various pathogenic and symbiotic micro-organisms

Ramirez-Suero, Montserrat 03 December 2009 (has links)
Des études de l'interaction de la plante modèle des légumineuses Medicago truncatula avec des microorganismes pathogènes et symbiotiques ont été réalisées. Tout d'abord un pathosystème fongique a été caractérisé: M. truncatula en interaction avec Fusarium oxysporum spp., champignon responsable des fusarioses, soit du flétrissement vasculaire ou de la pourriture racinaire chez de nombreuses plantes cultivées. Deux lignées de M. truncatula: A17 et F83005.5 ont été identifiées comme sensible et tolérante respectivement à F. oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis, la forma specialis attribuée à la luzerne. De plus 9 souches de F. oxysporum isolées de différentes plantes hôtes et une souche non pathogène du sol ont été testées dans des expériences d'inoculation avec ces deux lignées. Elles ont toutes été capables d'induire les symptômes de la maladie chez M. truncatula. A l'aide d'une souche de F. oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis exprimant le gène rapporteur GFP, les étapes de colonisation de la racine par le champignon ont été caractérisées. Les observations en microscopie à fluorescence et microscopie confocale des racines d'A17 et F83005.5 ont indiqué un patron de colonisation inhabituel et ont montré que la tolérance de F83005.5 n'était pas corrélée à un mécanisme d'exclusion du cylindre central. Cependant, des différences dans l'expression de gènes de défense ont été détectées entre les deux lignées. Dans la deuxième partie, le rôle de l'acide salicylique a été étudié. Les résultats d'expériences avec l'acide salicylique exogène ont indiqué que le prétraitement de racines avec ce composé pouvait conférer une protection aux plantes vis-à-vis de F. oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis et la bactérie phytopathogène Ralstonia solanacearum. Avec l'objectif d'étudier le rôle de l'acide salicylique endogène dans les interactions avec les microorganismes, la transformation génétique de M. truncatula avec le gène NahG codant le salicylate hydroxylase a été entreprise. Cette enzyme dégrade l'acide salicylique en catechol. Seulement la lignée 2HA a pu être transformée et régénérée en plantes transgéniques. Ces plantes 2HA-NahG ont été inoculées avec des microorganismes pathogènes (R. solanacearum, Verticillium albo-atrum, F. oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis Colletotrichum trifolii et C. higginsianum) ainsi qu'avec le champignon endomycorhizien Glomus intraradices. Les limitations expérimentales n'ont pas permis de conclure définitivement, mais indiquent qu'il est possible que la signalisation par l'acide salicylique ne soit pas impliquée dans les défenses de M. truncatula face à ces microorganismes pathogènes et symbiotiques. / A study on the interactions of the plant model legume Medicago truncatula (M.t.) with pathogens and symbiotic microorganisms was undertaken. First, a fungal pathosystem was characterized: M. truncatula in interaction with Fusarium oxysporum spp., the causal agent of Fusariosis, of Fusarium wilt and of root rot in many crop plants. Two M. truncatula lines, A17 and F83005.5, were identified as susceptible and tolerant respectively to F. oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis, the forma specialis related to alfalfa. Besides, 9 strains of F. oxysporum isolated from different host plants and a non-pathogenic soil-borne strain were tested in inoculation experiments with both lines. All the strains were able to trigger disease symptoms in M. truncatula. Using the F. oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis strain transformed with the GFP reporter gene, the stages of the root colonization by the fungi were characterized. Fluorescence and confocal microscopy observations on A17 and F83005.5 roots showed an unusual pattern of colonization and showed that the F83005.5 tolerance was not related to an exclusion mechanism in the central cylinder. However, differences on defence gene expression were detected in both lines. In the second part, the role of salicylic acid was studied. Results of experiments with exogenous salicylic acid indicated that prior treatment of roots with this compound may confer a protection towards F. oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis and the phytopathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. With the goal to study the role of endogenous salicylic acid, the genetic transformation of M. truncatula with the NahG gene was initiated. This gene codes for a salicylate hydroxylase which degrades salicylic acid to catechol. Only the highly embryogenic 2HA line could be transformed and regenerated into transgenic plants. These 2HA plants were inoculated with pathogenic microorganisms (Ralstonia solanacearum, Verticillium albo-atrum, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis Colletotrichum trifolii and C. higginsianum) as well as the mycorrhiza fungus Glomus intraradices. Experimental limitations did not allow us to conclude definitely, but it seems possible that the salicylic acid signaling way may not be implicated in the defence of M. truncatula against these pathogenic and symbiotic microorganisms
67

Efeito da inativação fotodinâmica com fotossensibilizadores fenotiazínicos em microconídios não germinados e germinados dos fungos Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium moniliforme e Fusarium solani / Effect of photodynamic inactivation with phenothiazinium photosensitizers on non-germinated and germinated microconidia of the fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium solani

Menezes, Henrique Dantas de 16 March 2017 (has links)
Fusarium é um grande gênero de fungos filamentosos amplamente distribuídos que são importantes patógenos de plantas, animais e humanos. As doenças causadas por Fusarium spp. geram grandes perdas econômicas na produção de frutas, legumes, cereais e de celulose. Em humanos, o controle da fusariose com apenas um antifúngico é ineficaz, apresentando uma elevada taxa de mortalidade, especialmente em pacientes imunocomprometidos. A maior resistência aos fungicidas utilizados atualmente tem estimulado o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias mais eficazes para o controle de fungos patogênicos. Assim, é necessária a busca de alternativas para o controle de microrganismos em ambas as áreas, clínica e agrícola. A inativação fotodinâmica antimicrobiano (IFA) é uma promissora plataforma antifúngica alternativa que pode ser utilizada para controlar o inóculo de fungos em mamíferos e no meio ambiente. A IFA baseia-se na utilização de um fotossensibilizador (FS) que se acumula na célula fúngica alvo. A exposição do FS à luz com um comprimento de onda apropriado, inicia um processo fotoquímico que produz espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs), principalmente o oxigênio singleto, causando um dano oxidativo não especifico levando a morte da célula fúngica, sem dano significativo às células do hospedeiro. Em comparação com os fungicidas utilizados atualmente, a multiplicidade dos danos causados pelas EROs, reduzem a chance de selecionar microrganismos tolerantes. No presente trabalho, avaliamos o efeito da IFA com a combinação de luz vermelhas com fluências de 10 e 15 J cm-2 e cinco FS fenotiazínicos, azul de metileno (MB), azul de toluidina O (TBO), novo azul de metileno N fórmula sem zinco (NMBN), novo azul de metileno N formula com zinco (NMBN Zn) e um novo fenotiazínico pentacíclico S137, em microconídios não germinados e 4 h-germinados de Fusarium oxysporum, F. moniliforme e F. solani. A IFA com NMBN Zn resultou em uma redução de aproximadamente 5-logs na sobrevivência dos microconídios não germinados (quiescentes) e 4 h-germinados (metabolicamente ativos) das três espécies de Fusarium quando expostas a luz na fluência de 15 J cm-2. A lavagem dos microconídios não germinados e 4 h-germinados para retirar o excesso de FS antes da exposição à luz reduziu, porém não impediu a morte provocada pela IFA. A IFA com todos os FS e fluência aumentou a permeabilidade da membrana celular dos microconídios nas três espécies de Fusarium. O dano oxidativo causado pelas EROs produzidos durante o processo fotoquímico da IFA foi avaliado nos lipídios, proteínas e DNA dos microconídios das espécies de Fusarium. Foi observado um aumento da peroxidação lipídica em microconídios das três espécies de Fusarium após a IFA com NMBN Zn e S137. Observamos o aumento na carbonilação de proteínas em microconídios de F. oxysporum após IFA subletal com todos os FS. O aumento no dano do DNA em microconídios não germinados e 4 h-germinados foi observado apenas para o S137 na fluência de 0, 10 e 15 J cm-2. Nossos estudos expandem a compreensão da inativação fotodinâmica de fungos filamentosos / Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi widely distributed wich are important pathogens of plants, animals and humans. Crop diseases caused by Fusarium generate great economic losses in the production of fruit, vegetables, cereals, and cellulose. In humans the control of progression of fusariosis by single-agent antifungal therapy is problematic, leading to a high mortality rate, especially with immunocompromised patients. The increased tolerance to currently used fungicides has stimulated the development of novel and effective technologies to control pathogenic fungi. Thus, the search for alternatives to control microorganisms is necessary in both, clinical and agricultural areas. Antimicrobial photodynamic treatment (APDT) is a promising alternative antifungal platform that can be used to control fungi both in mammalian hosts and in the environment. APDT is based on the use of a photosensitizer (PS) that accumulates in the target fungal cell. The exposure of the PS to light of an appropriate wavelength starts a photochemical process that produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially singlet oxygen, leading to non-specific oxidative damage causing the death of the fungal cell without significant harm to the host cells. In comparison with currently used fungicides, the multiple and variable targets of ROS reduce the chance of selecting tolerant microorganisms. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of APDT with the combination of red light with fluence of 10 and 15 J cm-2, and five phenotiazinium photosensitizer, methylene blue (MB), toluidine blue O (TBO), new methylene blue N zinc free form (NMBN), new methylene blue N zinc chloride double salt (NMBN Zn) and a novel pentacyclic phenothiazinium S137, on ungerminated and germinated microconidia of Fusarium oxysporum, F. moniliforme and F. solani. APDT with NMBN Zn resulted in a reduction of approximately 5 logs in the survival of the quiescent ungerminated microconidia and metabolically active germinated microconidia of the three Fusarium species when the light fluence of 15 J cm-2 was applied. Washing out the PS from both ungerminated and germinated microconidia before light exposure reduced but did not prevent the killing effect of APDT. APDT with all the PS and fluences increased cell membrane permeability for the three Fusarium species. The oxidative damage caused by ROS produced during the photochemical process of APDT, was evaluated in the lipids, proteins and DNA present in the microconidia. Increases in lipid peroxidation in microconidia of the three Fusarium species were observed only after APDT with NMBN Zn and S137. Proteins oxidative damage was observed by the increase in protein carbonylation in microconidia of the F. oxysporum after APDT with all PS. The increases in DNA damage from both ungerminated and germinated microconidia was observed only for S137 at fluence of 0, 10 and 15 J cm-2. Our study expands the understanding of photodynamic inactivation in filamentous fungi
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Influência de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares associa- dos ou não a Fusarium oxysporum Schecht. sobre plantas de alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) e manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) /

Russomanno, Olga Maria Ripinskas, 1952- January 2006 (has links)
Orientador: Marli Teixeira de Almeida Minhoni / Banca: Nilton Luiz de Souza / Banca: Edson Luiz Furtado / Banca: Mario Barreto Figueiredo / Banca: Sandra Farto Botelho Turfem / Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho visou avaliar a influência dos FMA Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerd. e Glomus clarum Nicol. & Schenck, no desenvolvimento de plantas de alecrim e manjericão, bem como verificar a capacidade destas plantas micorrizadas em superar os danos causados pelo fungo Fusarium oxysporum Schecht. Plantas de alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) e de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) foram inoculadas, separadamente, com G. etunicatum e G. clarum, em casa de vegetação, com temperatura de 26 l 20C e luminosidade de 3000 Lux. Utilizou-se substrato autoclavado composto por uma parte de areia e uma de terra; o inóculo constou de esporos [500 esporos de G.etunicatum (50 mL-1) de solo e 700 esporos de G.clarum (50 mL-1) de solo] e ainda fragmentos de raízes infectadas e micélio. Em cada tipo de planta inoculada foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: altura das plantas (AP), peso da matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA), peso da matéria fresca das raízes (MFR), esporulação (E), colonização radicular (CR) e teor de macro e micronutrientes no substrato e nas plantas (TMm). Foi avaliada também a influência de G. etunicatum e G. clarum no controle de F. oxysporum em plantas de alecrim e manjericão. A inoculação do patógeno (concentração de 5 x 103 esporos mL-1) foi realizada, separadamente, em plantas de alecrim e de manjericão com 90 dias de micorrização (5 vasos com G. etunicatum e 5 vasos com G. clarum) e ainda plantas testemunhas, não micorrizadas (5 vasos). No alecrim, G. clarum mostrou-se significativamente mais eficiente do que G. etunicatum em AP, MSPA e E; por outro lado, G. clarum apresentou CR menor do que G. etunicatum. Em relação às plantas testemunha, G. clarum diferiu significativamente destas em 2 todos as variáveis analisadas, porém G. etunicatum não diferiu estatisticamente das plantas testemunha em AP e MSPA. No manjericão, em relação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: The purpose of the present work had the objective of evaluating the influence of AMF Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerd. and Glomus clarum Nicol. & Schenck on the rosemary and basil plants development and also concerning the capacity of the mycorrhizal plants in resisting the wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schecht. For that, rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants were previously inoculated with G. etunicatum and G. clarum in greenhouse under the temperature of 26 l 20C and luminosity of 3000 Lux. The soil was sterilized and composed by one part of sand and one part of earth. The inoculum was composed by the fungi spores [500 spores of G. etunicatum in (50 mL-1) soil and 700 spores of G. clarum in (50 mL-1) soil] and micelium and roots fragments infected by the AMF. In each plant inoculated the following variables were evaluated: plant height (PH), plant dry weigt (PDW), roots fresh weight (RFW), sporulation rate (SR), root mycorrhizal percentage (RMP) and macro and micronutrients level (MmL) present in the plants and in the soil. The G. clarum and G. etunicatum influence in the control of F. oxysporum wilt in both plants was also evaluated. The inoculation of the pathogen (5x103 spores mL-1) was separatety realized in the rosemary and basil plants after 90 days of the mycorrhization (5 pots of G. clarum and 5 pots of G. etunicatum); the control was also composed by 5 pots without mycorrhization. In the rosemary, G. clarum was significantely more efficient than G. etunicatum in the variables PH, RFW and SR; although G. clarum 4 presented RMP smaller than G. etunicatum. In relation to the control, G. clarum was significably better to the plants in all the variables, although G. etunicatum do not differed statistically for the control plants in PH and PDW. For basil in all the analised variables G. clarum differed statistically from G. etunicatum and was similar to the control treatment in all the variables. / Doutor
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Influ?ncia de diferentes fontes de nitrog?nio no processo de infec??o de plantas de feijoeiro por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli / Influence of different nitrogen sources in the infection process of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli in the region of the rhizosphere of bean plants

LEMOS, Joice de Jesus 31 August 2010 (has links)
Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-26T20:53:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Joice de Jesus Lemos.pdf: 529861 bytes, checksum: 869aef193d0f1b7b1b385f7ee3a2de73 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-26T20:53:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Joice de Jesus Lemos.pdf: 529861 bytes, checksum: 869aef193d0f1b7b1b385f7ee3a2de73 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-31 / CAPES / With the aims to study the efflux of H+ or OH- due nitrogen sources on the process of infection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli in the rhizosphere of two beans cultivars Diamante Negro (susceptible) and Ouro Negro (more resistant), a series of experiments were done in greenhouse and growth chamber. Were applied to three different sources of nitrogen (N-N2 N-NO3- and N-NH4+) in three nitrogen concentrations (0, 30 and 120 kg ha-1), in plants grown in clay and sand soil. In addition, an experiment was conducted with different concentrations of inoculum of Fusarium (0, 10 ? and 106 conidia mL-1) in greenhouse in order to know the concentration that would affect the infection and when applied the fungi. Overall, the results suggested that nitrate decreased the infection process of Fusarium and ammonium increase. The association between nitrate with the cultivar more tolerant Ouro Negro, decreased the perceptual infection of fungi. The source of nitrogen influence of pH of rhizosphere occurred interaction with the type of soil. In all the experiments, found lower numbers of nodules. The concentration of inoculum or the times of inoculation not produce effect in the perceptual of infection. / Foram realizados estudos com duas cultivares de feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a Diamante Negro, considerada suscet?vel ao Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli e a Ouro Negro, mais resistente a esse fungo causador da murcha-de-fus?rio. Os experimentos foram instalados em c?mara crescimento ou em casa de vegeta??o. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de analisar a influ?ncia da libera??o OH- ou H+ devido ao uso de fontes nitrogenadas na infec??o do fungo. Foram utilizadas tr?s fontes de nitrog?nio (N-N2, N-NO3 ? e N-NH4+) e diferentes doses de nitrog?nio (0, 30 e 120 kg ha-1) com plantas inoculadas com o referido fungo, crescidas no substrato areia ou em solos com diferentes teores de argila. Tamb?m foi realizado um experimento utilizando diferentes concentra??es de in?culo do Fusarium (0, 10? e 106 con?dios mL-1) com o objetivo de analisar qual concentra??o afetaria mais a infec??o na presen?a de fontes nitrogenadas. Foram analisados, o percentual de infec??o do Fusarium, o pH da rizosfera e n?o rizosf?rico, massas da parte a?rea e ra?zes secas, e o n?mero de n?dulos em diferentes ?pocas de amostragem. De modo geral foi observado que a fonte nitrato diminuiu o processo de infec??o do Fusarium e a fonte am?nio aumentou. Foi confirmado que a cultivar Ouro Negro ? mais tolerante ao fungo e que quando associada ? fonte de nitrog?nio nitrato aumentou ainda mais a resist?ncia. O pH da rizosfera e n?o rizosf?rico foram influenciados pela fonte de nitrog?nio: nitrato aumenta, e am?nio diminui. Os dados do trabalho sugeriram haver intera??o entre a fonte de nitrog?nio x dose x cultivar x solo. O n?mero de n?dulos encontrado nas condi??es experimentais foi baixo, especialmente nas amostragens na fase inicial do ciclo.
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Caracterização populacional e molecular, e seleção de trichoderma spp. para biocontrole de fusarium sp. em crisãntemo / Populational and molecular characterization, and selection of trichoderma spp. for biocontrol of fusarium sp. in chrysanthemum

Menezes, Josiane Pacheco 28 February 2007 (has links)
Trichoderma spp. is one of the most researched fungi as biocontrole agent of diseases, being antagonistic to several phytopathogens in different crops. The soilborne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum causes wilt in several crops, including chrysanthemum, is of difficult control, due mainly to its survival capacity in the soil for long periods, even without the presence of the host. Studies about the population dynamics of Trichoderma spp. and Fusarium spp. and of the associated native microbiota they necessary, especially, to observe the impact of the biocontrols addition in the soil. Ornamental plants, such chrysanthemum, are cultivated in Rio Grande do Sul, but they are susceptible to several diseases, among them, the wilt of Fusarium oxysporum, mainly in protected environment. Aiming at the biocontrol of the wilt caused by F. oxysporum in chrysanthemum, as well as the understanding of the population dynamics of the microbiota in this patossystem, this work had for objectives: to study the dynamics of the fungic population present in soil used in the chrysanthemum cultivation in greenhouse in presence and ausence of wilt symptoms; to select and identify isolates of Fusarium pathogenic to chrysanthemum; to isolate and select antagonists, of the gender Trichoderma, effective in the biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum in vitro; to verify, in vivo, the effectiveness of the antagonists tested in vitro in control of F. oxysporum; to evaluate the survival of Trichoderma sp. in substract with the incorporation of biological products of the fungus; to analyze the population dynamics of Fusarium sp. and Trichoderma sp. in sterilized soil and with addition of bioprotector; to identify the isolates of Trichoderma sp. used in the biocontrol of the pathogen; to evaluate the effect of administrations of Trichoderma sp. in non-target organisms. The soil sampling cultivated with chrysanthemum in greenhouse showed variation in the fungic populations of Trichoderma sp. and Fusarium sp. as a function of the occurrence of wilt symptoms in plants. Of the isolates of Fusarium sp. inoculated, 25,3% were pathogenic to chrysanthemum, which were found at points with visible symptoms of the disease on the plants. The biological products of Trichoderma sp. used varied in their effectiveness in the control of the wilt of chrysanthemum, being able to reach 100% of biocontrol as in the case of isolate UFSMT15.1. The desinfestation of the soil with methyl bromide reduced the population of Trichoderma, Fusarium and other fungi. The incorporation of the biological products in the soil promoted population growth of Trichoderma sp. and inhibited the growth of Fusarium sp. The molecular characterization of the isolates of Trichoderma indicated that the region of ITS of isolates UFSMT15.1, UFSMT16 and UFSMT17 of Trichoderma sp. it presents a simple band with a fragment of approximately 600 bp and the isolate UFSMT17 present high phylogenetic similarity with the specie Trichoderma aureoviride. In the rats treated with biological product of active Trichoderma sp., no viable spores of the fungus werw found in the sampled tissues after a hour of the administration of the bioproduct. / Trichoderma spp. Persson é um dos fungos mais pesquisados como agente de biocontrole de doenças, sendo antagonista a vários fitopatógenos em diferentes culturas. O patógeno de solo Fusarium oxysporum Link causador de murcha vascular em várias culturas, inclusive em crisântemo, é de difícil controle, devido principalmente à sua capacidade de sobrevivência no solo por longos períodos, mesmo sem a presença do hospedeiro. Estudos sobre a dinâmica populacional de Trichoderma spp. e de Fusarium spp. e da microbiota nativa associada são necessários, em especial, para observar-se o impacto da adição de biocontroladores no solo. Plantas ornamentais, como o crisântemo, são cultivadas no Rio Grande do Sul, mas são suscetíveis a várias doenças, dentre as quais, a murcha por Fusarium tem se destacado, principalmente, em ambiente protegido. Visando o biocontrole da murcha vascular causada por F. oxysporum em crisântemo, bem como, o entendimento da dinâmica populacional da microbiota nesse patossistema, este trabalho teve por objetivos: estudar a dinâmica da população fúngica presente em solo utilizado no cultivo de crisântemo em estufa na presença e ausência de sintomas de murcha; selecionar e identificar isolados de Fusarium patogênicos ao crisântemo; isolar e selecionar antagonistas, do gênero Trichoderma, eficazes no biocontrole de Fusarium oxysporum em teste in vitro; verificar a eficácia in vivo dos antagonistas testados no controle in vitro de F. oxysporum; avaliar a sobrevivência de Trichoderma sp. em substrato com incorporação de biopreparados desse fungo; analisar a dinâmica populacional de Fusarium sp. e Trichoderma sp. presentes em solo esterilizado e povoado com bioprotetores utilizados no cultivo de crisântemo em ambiente protegido; caracterizar molecularmente os isolados de Trichoderma sp. utilizados no biocontrole do patógeno; avaliar o efeito de administrações de Trichoderma sp. em organismos não-alvo. A amostragem de solo cultivado com crisântemo em estufa mostrou variação nas populações fúngicas de Trichoderma sp. e de Fusarium sp., em função da ocorrência de sintomas de murcha nas plantas. Dos isolados de Fusarium sp. inoculados, 25,3% foram patogênicos ao crisântemo, os quais foram amostrados em pontos com sintomas visíveis da doença nas plantas. Os biopreparados de Trichoderma sp. utilizados variaram em sua eficácia no controle da murcha do crisântemo, podendo atingir 100% de biocontrole como no caso do isolado UFSMT15.1. A desinfestação do solo com brometo de metila reduziu a população de Trichoderma, Fusarium e outros gêneros fúngicos. A incorporação do biopreparado no solo promoveu crescimento populacional de Trichoderma sp. e inibiu o crescimento de Fusarium sp. A caracterização molecular dos isolados de Trichoderma indicou que a região do ITS dos isolados UFSMT15.1, UFSMT16 e UFSMT17 de Trichoderma sp. apresenta uma banda simples com um fragmento de aproximadamente 600 pares de bases e o isolado UFSMT17 possui alta similaridade filogenética com a espécie Trichoderma aureoviride. Nos ratos tratados com o biopreparado de Trichoderma sp. ativo, não foram encontrados conídios viáveis do fungo nos tecidos amostrados após uma hora da administração do bioproduto.

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