The current of private participation in the public infrastructure buildings is dramatically spreading in Taiwan. Neoliberalism promotes development of privatization, and it is thought that privatization can release the financial, technical, and manpower burden of government. But it also seems to have the rational explanation that government avoids their responsibility. Pubic-Private Partnership does not simply transfer responsibility, it transfers the role and function between pubic and private sectors. As the Act for promotion of Private Participation in Infrastructure Projects (Act of public-private partnership) is carried out to establish the role of public and private sector in public-private partnership program. This study uses Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process to establish risk management in public-private partnerships. The inaccuracy questions are judged by attending quantification weights of principles. The conclusion for suggests to Public Construction Commission, Executive Yuan will amending Act of public-private partnerships. Keyword: Public-Private partnerships, Neoliberalism, Fuzzy Analytical- Hierarchy Process, Risk Management

In the book of ¡§The Practice of Management.¡¨ Peter Drucker (1989), one of the most famous masters of management field, noted that being the only dynamic element of the company, the quality and performance of managers determine the fate of the company. Indeed, as the world changes getting faster and faster, the role manger played is becoming more and more important. In order to advance the competency managers need, enterprises worldwide are putting more and more effort to develop all kinds of competency assessment models that they can use as the base to make decision about managerial competency activities. Limited by the skill or ability of assessor, the traditional general assessment was unable to make fare judgments and the effect is hard to see. On the other hand, because the Assessment Center often takes longer time and more money to implement, it also limits the number of people to be assessed. Therefore, by using the AHP method of Multi-Criteria Evaluation to construct a new managerial competency assessment model, the assessor would be able to obtain the information needed to assist the relative managerial competency activities with a more systematic ways and fewer steps than before. The study adopted Borda Function and AHP method conduct a further survey and analysis with the semi-conductor industries. The findings are list as bellows: 1. Constructing the managerial competency assessment weighting system, is consisted of 8 main indicators and 39 sub-indicators, which shows a correct direction to conduct activities 2. Meaning on the scale of weighting indicators, indicates the relative degree of importance between indicators, which can show the key points to accelerate the effects of relative activities. 3. The AHP Management Competency Assessment Model is developed from the mathematics which can reflect the impact on decision making, caused by fuzzy situations and which can provide valuable information about the assessment management of management competency. 4. An empirical study was conducted to examine this model. The target of this empirical study is one electronics company. Top executives of the company heavily recognize this analytical result of the main evaluative indicator and sub-indicator. They consider this research¡¦s model having highly explanative capacity and can be reference of future managerial related activities. Keyword: Management Competency, Fuzzy Theory, Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP).

The semiconductor industry plays an important role in the economic development of Taiwan. Under continuous technology advancement and global division of labor, the industry relies on high performance teams consisted of outstanding talents for competitiveness. However, the mere clustering of talents is not guarantee for high performance. The manager plays a critical role in the organization. Therefore, the selection and cultivation of the manager is a challenging issue to the organization and the human resource manager. This study employed questionnaire survey and literature review to study a case company in the semiconductor assembly and testing industry. There were totally 51 copies issued for Manager level (42 copies were collected) and 17 copies issued for Director level and above (16 copies were collected). It used Fuzzy Delphi Method to discuss the management competency evaluation indices of the case company, and used the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process of Multi-Criteria Decision Making Methods to construct a management competency assessment model. The model is used for decision-making on talents, and explores the current talents cultivation system, in order to discuss the practice of cultivating talents with management competency as successors. This study used Fuzzy Delphi Method, Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, and single case research method to analyze and investigate the case company. The findings are as follows: 1. The priority of importance of management competency assessment indices for different levels of management. There are 5 indices and 24 sub-indices. The importance analysis shows the priority of important management skill of different management levels, according to their weight ranking for leadership cluster, personality cluster, personnel communication cluster, business administion cluster and operation execution cluster, in order to show the difference in demand for management competency at different levels. 2. Establishing weight system for the management competency assessment indices The results of the weight system show the relative importance of the assessment indices for the reference of management competency related activities and basis for managers in screening. 3. Practice of cultivating talents with management competency as successors The discussion on the system employed by the case company show the feasibility of the practice of cultivating talents with management competency as successors, and suggestions are provided for future system.

Through technological innovation and various stages of standardisation, wireless Internet has developed into a powerful business tool. Nowadays, business becomes not only e-business but also mobile business, or m-business, where business is done via mobile devices. This is especially true in industries where the provision of real-time and location-based information is important. Cultural tourism is one evident example of such industry. And museum might be the best testing ground for the effective use of wireless Internet in cultural tourism. Taking Taiwan¡¦s five national museums as cases, this study explores the current wireless deployment and the applications with it. It specifically examines whether and to what extent museum visitors would appreciate such deployment. After a thorough literature review, the author sorts out seven dimensions (comprising 40 elements) for the first wave of survey. Using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP), the author further finds out the priority setting of those key success factors. The priority settings fall into three groups according to their significance. Connectivity and content design are perceived as the most important. The second group inlcudes, information content, marketing and promotion, and user¡¦s experience. The least urgent dimensions for wireless Internet development are applications and business model. This study should contribute to the understanding of applying new information and communications technologies (ICTs) in museum exhibitions. It suggests that museums should consider enhancing experiential marketing by thoughtful introduction of ICTs, notably wireless Internet application such as WLAN. This study is also characterised by using FAHP for sorting out the priority settings in the minds of museum visitors and related experts.

The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) has constantly promoted sustainable tourism development as well as played an important role since 1980; in addition, numerous standards were regulated accordingly. Under the impacts of both environment protection, energy saving and carbon reduction, the marketing strategy of numerous operators have been changes consequently. The ecological or environment lodging facilities gradually adopted by the people in this trade; nevertheless, there are still not appropriate criteria of green B&B for domestic lodge industry to carry out related strategies. One of the major aims of this study is to establish the criteria of green B&B and index of feasible implementation, and constitute index levels with fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP), as the major basis of conducting survey of adoption willingness of lodge operator in implementing environment protection strategy. Next, this study intends to explore the current status of environment strategy implemented by B&B manager as well as the factors influence the adoption willingness. Third, find out any other factors and significance that could affect the adoption willingness of B&B manager to carry out strategy. Fourth, this study intends to locate the factors and significance of influencing consumer in accepting environment protection strategy (lodging willingness). There are three research targets employed by the design method of this study, namely, representative experts and scholars in the related domain, for presenting construct index and significance degree; research model establishment of B&B manager, the green B&B index are used for interview and questionnaire survey methods, so as to confirm the aim of this study; and finally the research model establishment of lodge consumer, through hierarchical regression analysis and relevant statistic analysis, to explain significant meaning and reason of variables. The research result proves that green B&B index can be simplifies into eight main dimensions and concrete strategies (management and marketing, social participation and communication, energy management, water resources management, green purchase, solid waste treatment, green restaurant and lodge activities, natural and cultural resources), for reference by verification unit. Secondly, in the research model of B&B manager, environment knowledge behavior would influence the self-efficacy, and further affect the adoption willingness. For operator, the higher the compatibility of environment strategy is, the higher of adoption willingness will be. Finally, in the research model of consumer, the higher the frequency that consumer engaged in the environment related activity, the higher the willingness of selecting green B&B will be; while environment knowledge behavior would affect the perceived caracteristics of innovation, lodge preference, and attitude of engaging in environment activity of consumer. This study defines the implication of promoting green B&B development strategy is ¡§to educate B&B managers attach more importance on environment ethics, and encourage consumer to change the attitude of recreation activity.¡¨ Furthermore, with the conception of simplified green lodge index, to direct towards tourism map planning of ecology village, apart from the unique features of ¡§green B&B¡¨ image, to minimize the impact of recreation environment. By employing innovation diffusion theory (IDT) model in the behavior prediction of environment behavior and tourism behavior strategy, the result of this study could be served as a useful reference for following researches.

如何永續發展已成為人類面臨的重大議題，依據先進國外之經驗，透過智慧電網之相關技術，可以有效的提升能源效率與達成節能減碳之目的。在國外建置智慧電網的過程中，往往從先進讀表基礎建設(Advanced Metering Infrastructure, AMI)切入，AMI對往後智慧電網的延伸發展有很大的影響。 因此，本研究旨在探討我國未來發展AMI創新政策之關鍵因素和其優先排序。首先藉由蒐集次級資料瞭解主要先進國家的AMI相關發展經驗，以及目前我國AMI的發展現況，再透過文獻探討國家創新政策，並以Rothwell &Zegveld之國家創新政策理論作為基礎架構，建立層級結構，運用模糊層級分析法(Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, FAHP )，針對國內AMI之相關產官學人員進行專家問卷調查，並整理出各項政策因素的權重排序，求出影響台灣發展AMI之創新政策關鍵因素。 從本研究實證結果顯示主層級之三項政策構面中相對權重最重的是「環境面」，在次層級十二項政策工具中，「公共服務」、「資訊服務」、「法規管制」的相對總權重最重，其為目前台灣發展AMI創新政策中最急需政府優先考量的關鍵因素。 / The sustainable development has become major issue for human. According to the experience of foreign advanced countries, it can achieve the purpose effectively of improving energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions through the related technologies of smart grid. In the process of building smart grid abroad, it often cuts into the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). AMI has a great influence on the future extending development of the smart grid. Therefore, the study explores the key factors and precedence of AMI innovation policy in future development of our country. First, understanding the relative development experience of AMI in major advanced countries through collecting the secondary data and the current development situation of AMI in our country. Second, exploring country innovation policy through literature review, and taking theory of Rothwell & Zegveld as infrastructure to build up hierarchical structure, and using FAHP (Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process) method to conduct experts survey for relative persons of industry - government - academy of domestic AMI. Then, collating the sort weights for various policy factors. Finally, finding out key factors that affect development of Taiwan’s AMI innovation policy. From the empirical results of the research shows that the most important relative weights in three main policy dimensions of the hierarchy is the “environmental surface”. The relative total weights of “public service”, “information service” ,“regulation control” and “political strategic policies” are the highest among twelve policies. They are key factor of most urgent priority for government to consider among developing AMI innovation policies in current Taiwan.

The aim of the study was to evaluate whether home health care is a better choice of care from an economic and quality of care perspective than conventional care for people over 65. To answer this, the costs for the two care models were estimated using parametric cost estimation. The quality of care and the cost were evaluated with the "Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process" to determine which of the care models was the best fit. The cost estimate showed that conventional care is cheaper than home care. However, a sensitivity analysis shows that a minimal efficiency in the number of home visits per patient is sufficient for home health care to become the most advantageous alternative from an economic point of view. In addition, a sensitivity analysis also shows that home health care is preferable in five cases out of six, when the weights obtained from the "Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process" are varied. In this preference system, both the cost and the characteristics that make up quality of care are weighted to be summed up to a comprehensive list of priorities of the two care options. Main process maps of the two care models were made to help find significant cost parameters for the two care models. The preparation of the main process maps was done by studying similar process maps to compile two complete overall process maps. However, no significant cost parameters were found when studying the process maps, but they are still included in the study to show the reader an overall difference between the two models. The study shows that home health care is usually more expensive than on-site care, but that home health care is, from a quality point of view, preferable to conventional care. / Studiens mål var att utvärdera om hemsjukvård är ett bättre vårdval ur ekonomisk- och vårdkvalitets synpunkt än konventionell vård för personer över 65. För att besvara detta uppskattades kostnaderna för de båda vårdmodellerna med hjälp av parametrisk kostnadsuppskattning. Vårdkvaliteten samt kostnaden utvärderades med ”Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process” för att avgöra vilken av vårdmodellerna som lämpade sig bäst. Kostnadsestimeringen visade på att konventionell vård är billigare än hemsjukvård. Dock påvisar en känslighetsanalys på att en minimal effektivisering för antalet hembesök per patient är tillräckligt för att hemsjukvården ska övergå till att vara det mest fördelaktiga alternativet ur ekonomisk synpunkt. Utöver detta visar en känslighetsanalys dessutom på att hemsjukvård är att preferera i fem fall utav sex, när de framtagna vikterna från ”Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process” varieras. I detta preferenssystem viktas både kostnaden samt egenskaperna som utgör vårdkvalitet för att summeras till en övergripande allomfattande prioriteringslista av de båda vårdalternativen.  Huvudprocesskartor över de båda vårdmodellerna framställdes för att hitta betydliga kostnadsparametrar för de båda vårdmodellerna. Framställningen av huvudprocesskartorna utfördes genom att studera likande processkartor för att sammanställa två fullständiga övergripande processkartor. Dock hittades inga betydliga kostnadsparametrar när processkartorna studerades, men finns ändå med i studien för att visa läsaren en övergriplig skillnad mellan de två modellerna. Studien visar på att hemsjukvård vanligtvis är dyrare än vård på plats, men att hemsjukvård ur kvalitetssynpunkt är att föredra framför konventionell vård.

In an ever-changing world as ours, the population increases rapidly. There will be great challenges for urban planning when it comes to finding effective, optimized and sustainable solutions. The city planners must find the most optimal way of land usage and one way of reaching this can be obtained through a land-suitability analysis. Land-suitability analysis can be described as a combination of both Geographic information system (GIS) and Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) and is used to obtain the most optimal position for a specific land usage, e.g. residential areas. GIS and MCA can both be used separately but can also be used as described in a combination. The aim of this study is to compare two different municipalities, Nordanstig and Sundsvall, and how the weighting of social functions in planning housing projects differs in them. Another purpose is to compare two different MCA weighting methods and how they affect the final results. The methods used were Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) and Fuzzy AHP (FAHP). Using the output of the poll and the interviews from the representatives of the two municipalities weights were computed. The purpose of the study is to find suitable locations where residential areas can be built. The result of the study shows that the officials ranked the weights of the social functions in a new residential area differently. The respondent from Sundsvall ranks public transportation as the most important factor, while the respondent from Nordanstig ranks larger road/railway the highest. The final results end up in the same urban areas in both AHP and Fuzzy AHP methods. The main differences between them are the sizes of the areas and their exact extents. The biggest area was achieved through Sundsvall’s FAHP weighting and was located in the urban area of Gnarp. The area was about 118.5 hectare in size. To check whether the results can be considered appropriate a sensitivity analysis has been performed, using inverted weights taken from the poll and the interviews. / I en värld där befolkningen ökar kraftigt och är i ständig förändring, där ställs samhället och dess beslutsfattare inför stora utmaningar. En av dessa utmaningar är att planera samhällen på ett effektivt och optimerat sätt, som även innefattar hållbara lösningar. Med en strävan att på bästa sätt använda marken i staden, samhället och landet så kan en lämplighetsanalys användas. En lämplighetsanalys är en kombination av att använda Geografisk informationssystem (GIS) och multikriterieanalys (MKA) för att få fram den mest lämpliga platsen som för exempel ett bostadsområde. Både GIS och MKA är var för sig viktiga delar i samhället som även kan användas i kombination. Studiens syfte är att jämföra två kommuner, Nordanstig och Sundsvalls kommun, och deras olika viktning av samhällsfunktioner vid bostadsplanering. Det andra syftet är att jämföra hur två olika MKA metoder påverkar de slutliga resultaten. De två olika metoderna är Analytisk hierarkisk process (AHP) och Fuzzy AHP. Med hjälp av enkät och intervjuer av representanterna från kommunerna så tas vikter fram. De tillfrågade var tjänstemän från de två kommunerna, en från vardera kommunen. Målet med studien är att få fram områden där bostadsområden kan byggas, med hjälp av en multikriterieanalys. En bostadsplanering som tar in hållbarhets aspekter tidigt strävar mot att bidra till ett miljövänligare samhälle, aspekter som busshållplatser och park och fritid. Resultatet visar att de olika tjänstemännen rangordnar kriterierna olika på vad som är viktigast när det kommer till samhällsfunktioner i ett nytt bostadsområde. Representanten från Sundsvall rangordnar Kollektivtrafiken högst och representanten från Nordanstig rangordnar Större väg/järnväg högst. Slutresultatet visar att placering av bostadsområdet hamnar vid AHP metoden ungefär vid samma orter som vid Fuzzy AHP metoden. Det som skiljer är storleken på de olika områden och deras mer exakta utbredning. Det största området blir enligt Sundsvall viktning till FAHP och beläget i tätorten Gnarp, ytan blir då ca 118,5 ha stor. För att kontrollera om resultatet kan anses vara lämpligt har en känslighetsanalys gjorts, genom inverterade vikter tagna från enkäten och intervjuerna.

自Zadeh(1965)提出模糊集合論，將集合論之二值邏輯擴充至多值邏輯後，使得集合論更為完善，能更精確地描述實際問題之特性。由於教師評鑑的規準建構與測量方法皆深具模糊性，因此有必要針對評鑑問題之模糊特性，選擇適當之模糊理論。本研究以模糊德菲法以整合專家意見以建構評鑑指標，續以模糊層級分析法計算各指標間的相對權重。教師評鑑除考量量化指標外，由於質化指標常以語意詞句(linguistic terms)表達，故採取Chen和Hwang (1992)所提之轉換法將模糊評語集轉換為明確得點值(crisp score)。並利用模糊綜合評估以從事實際教師評鑑之結果分析，其中涉及不同運算算子間的差異比較。 本研究結果發現：教師評鑑指標體系包括教師評鑑指標共可區分為九大類主指標四十一項次指標。其主指標分別為「專業知識」、「教學準備能力」、「教學策略與實施能力」、「教學評量能力」、「運用教學資源能力」、「班級經營能力」、「專業責任」、「校務參與及服務績效」與「人際溝通能力」等九類；「專業知識類」次指標包括「任教科目的專門知識（含提供完整的知識架構）」、「教學方法的專業知識（含清楚教導概念）」、「課程與教材方面的知識（包括清楚目前的學習內容與先前的學習內容及未來的學習內容之間的關連）」、「教學情境的專業知識」、「輔導方面的知識（包括了解學生的心理）」與「學習與發展方面的知識（包括精熟學生背景知識和經驗）」等六項，「教學準備能力類」次指標包括「訂定教學計畫，妥善準備教具」、「根據學生學習需求及課程標準，訂定適合的教學目標」等兩項，「教學策略與實施能力類」次指標包括「教導認知、情意及動作技能的學習與遷移」、「教材展示精確又清楚」、「運用適當教學方法的技巧」、「對教學內容的解釋、舉例之能力」、「教學內容組織能力」、「引起並維持學生的學習動機與注意力」、「教學表達能力」、「傾聽兒童說話的技巧」、「促使學生延展其思考」等九項，「教學評量能力類」次指標包括「評量兒童表現並提供回饋與指導」、「根據評量結果改進教學歷程」、「適時而正確地評估學生進步情形」等三項，「運用教學資源能力類」次指標包括「妥善佈置教學環境」、「運用多樣教學資源」等兩項，「班級經營能力類」包括「輔導學生的能力（包括輔導學生因學業及日常生活所產生的困擾）」、「指導學生遵守生活常規，養成良好行為習慣」、「教室管理的技巧（包括建立愉快的班級氣氛、建立教室常規和程序）」、「有效運用獎懲手段」、「訂定適切的班級規範」與「創造適當的學習環境」等六項，「專業責任類」次指標包括「關懷與瞭解學生」、「工作勤惰」、「教學認真」、「教育信念」、「研究進修」與「敬業精神」等六項，「校務參與及服務績效類」次指標包括「主動積極協助校務推展」、「配合學校行政詳建各項學生檔案」、「對學校活動積極參與」等三項，「人際溝通能力類」包括「同儕教師溝通交流分享互動之能力」、「和家長保持溝通互動以維持良好的親師關係」、「建立和維持師生關係」、「教師能公平、公正地對待全部學生」等四項，合計四十一項次指標。 / Since Zadeh(1965) proposed the fuzzy sets theorem and further developed the theorem from　two-value logic to continues multi-value logic, the assembly theorem had become more completed and was capable of depicting the characteristics of real problem more specifically. Because the standard structure and measuring method of teacher appraisal are both ambiguous, it is necessary to adopt an suitable fuzzy theorem for this ambiguous characteristic of teacher appraisal. The study incorporated the opinions of specialists into structural evaluation indicator based upon Fuzzy Delphi and further calculated the relative weights among each indicator by Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process. The teacher appraisal not only need to quantify the indicator but also to qualify them using linguistic terms to express. Therefore, the study adopted the Chen-Hwang (1992) transfer method to transform the ambiguous evaluation terms into specific crisp scores and used the composite of fuzzy evaluation to engage the analysis of real teacher appraisal involving differentiated comparison among individual operants. The outcomes of the study demonstrated that the indicator system of teacher appraisal including teacher appraisal indicator consist of 9 major indicator and 41 minor indicator. The 9 major indicator were professional knowledge, capability of teaching preparation, teaching strategy and implementation ability, capability of teaching assessment , capability of employing teaching resource, capability of class management, professional duty, involvement of school managing and service achievement, and capability of interpersonal communication. The 6 sub-indicator in the professional knowledge category includes professional knowledge of the specific discipline with a comprehensive knowledge structure, professional knowledge of teaching methods included a lucid teaching concept, professional knowledge of class and teaching material included understanding of the connection between the current and future learning contents. professional knowledge of teaching situations, professional knowledge of consulting included understanding of student psychology and professional knowledge of learning and developing included awareness of student background knowledge and experiences. There were two sub-indicator in the capability of teaching preparation (making a teaching agenda and preparing teaching tools, and planing a proper teaching goal based upon student learning need and class standard. The 9 sub-indicator in the teaching strategy and implementation ability were, understanding of guidance and learning and transferring of mental and physical skills, demonstration of teaching material precisely and clearly, employment of proper teaching skills, the interpretation of teaching contents and exemplification faculty, ability to organize teaching contents, inspire and maintain learning motivation and attention of student, faculty of teaching expression, listening skills concerning the child talk, and stimulate the extension of student thinking. The 3 sub-indicator in capability of teaching evaluation were, evaluation of child perfor-mance in order to render guidance and feedback, rescheduling the teaching agenda according to the evaluation outcomes, and accurately and timely evaluating student progression . The capability of employing teaching resource category consisted of implementing teaching environment congruently and adopting diversified teaching resources. The 6 sub-indicator in capability of class management were faculty of student guidance (consulting the student problems causing by class-learning and everyday activities), lead students to fellow the normal rules and to keep righteous behavior habits, class room managing skills ( establish an amicable classroom atermosphere and the classroom guidelines and procedures), proper employing award/ punish system, making the proper classroom paradigm, and create suitable learning environment. The 6 subindicator in professional duty were concerning and understanding students, working habits, teaching sincerity, teaching believe, advancing research, reverence to occupation, The 3 subin-dicator in involvement of school administration and service achievement were, actively assisting the school administration to implement, cooperating the school administration to establish the student records, actively engaging the school activities. The capability of interpersonal communication category composed of 4 subindicator, capability of communicating and interacting with teaching colleagues, capability of communicating and interacting with student parents and maintain a good teacher-parent relationship, establishing and keeping the teacher-student relationship, treating all student with equality and fairness. The grand total of sub-indicator were 41.