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Introduction: Sepsis impaired vascular integrity results in multiple organ failure. Circulating lactate level is positively correlated with sepsis-induced mortality. We investigated whether lactate plays a role in causing endothelial barrier dysfunction in sepsis. Methods: Polymicrobial sepsis was induced in mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Lactic acid was injected i.p. (pH 6.8, 0.5 g/kg body weight) 6 h after CLP or sham surgery. To elucidate the role of heat shock protein A12B (HSPA12B), wild-type, HSPA12B-transgenic, and endothelial HSPA12B-deficient mice were subjected to CLP or sham surgery. To suppress lactate signaling, 3OBA (120 μM) was injected i.p. 3 h before surgery. Vascular permeability was evaluated with the Evans blue dye penetration assay. Results: We found that administration of lactate elevated CLP-induced vascular permeability. Vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin), claudin 5, and zonula occluden 1 (ZO-1) play a crucial role in the maintenance of endothelial cell junction and vascular integrity. Lactate administration significantly decreased VE-cadherin, claudin 5, and ZO-1 expression in the heart of septic mice. Our in vitro data showed that lactate (10 mM) treatment disrupted VE-cadherin, claudin 5, and ZO-1 in endothelial cells. Mechanistically, we observed that lactate promoted VE-cadherin endocytosis by reducing the expression of HSPA12B. Overexpression of HSPA12B prevented lactate-induced VE-cadherin disorganization. G protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81) is a specific receptor for lactate. Inhibition of GPR81 with its antagonist 3OBA attenuated vascular permeability and reversed HSPA12B expression in septic mice. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated a novel role of lactate in promoting vascular permeability by decreasing VE-cadherin junctions and tight junctions in endothelial cells. The deleterious effects of lactate in vascular hyperpermeability are mediated via HSPA12B- and GPR81-dependent signaling.

Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder of largely unknown etiology that is often accompanied by high rates of cigarette smoking, reduced quit success, and high relapse rates. Dysregulated dopamine signaling and aberrant synaptic plasticity in the mesocorticolimbic pathway are implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and conferred substance abuse disorder and relapse vulnerability. Genetic factors are presumed to play a significant role in the development of schizophrenia, with a 40-50% concordance rate for monozygotic twins, although genetic markers are inconsistent. As such, epigenetic factors have instead been implicated. Specifically, there is strong evidence to suggest DNA methylation at several candidate genes contributes significantly to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. To investigate this heritable component, our laboratory has developed a novel heritable model of drug abuse vulnerability in psychosis. This model is the first to show heritable increases in dopamine D2 receptor sensitivity via several behavioral and neurobiological markers, including enhanced behavioral responding to nicotine and changes in D2 signaling cascades in brain regions associated with psychosis and comorbid drug abuse. Increased D2 receptor sensitivity is the most consistent biomarker of psychosis found in preclinical animal models and postmortem brain tissue of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, lending considerable strength to the validity of the model. This study aimed to further validate the model as a useful and valuable tool for better understanding the pathophysiology of comorbid nicotine use and relapse in psychosis, and to explore more effective therapeutic targets than current antipsychotic medications. Results reveal DNA methylation as an epigenetic mechanism conferring heritability of the psychosis-like phenotype in the model. We additionally demonstrate altered relapse-like behavior, clinically consistent with reduced quit success and elevated relapse vulnerability. Interestingly, changes in relapse-like behavior were correlated to elevated protein levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a marker of activity-dependent plasticity, in brain areas associated with drug reward. Further, modulation of the metabotropic glutamate type 5 (mGlu5) receptor alleviates the enhanced nicotine conditioned place preference observed in the model. Mechanistically, mGlu5 modulation restores normal dopamine D2 signaling and mitigates aberrant plasticity responses that are thought to drive the behavior in a region-specific manner.

Yes / Inhibitory GABAB receptors (GABABRs) can down-regulate most excitatory synapses in the CNS by reducing postsynaptic excitability. Functional GABABRs are heterodimers of GABAB1 and GABAB2 subunits and here we show that the trafficking and surface expression of GABABRs is differentially regulated by synaptic or pathophysiological activation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs). Activation of synaptic NMDARs using a chemLTP protocol increases GABABR recycling and surface expression. In contrast, excitotoxic global activation of synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDARs by bath application of NMDA causes the loss of surface GABABRs. Intriguingly, exposing neurons to extreme metabolic stress using oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) increases GABAB1 but decreases GABAB2 surface expression. The increase in surface GABAB1 involves enhanced recycling and is blocked by the NMDAR antagonist AP5. The decrease in surface GABAB2 is also blocked by AP5 and by inhibiting degradation pathways. These results indicate that NMDAR activity is critical in GABABR trafficking and function and that the individual subunits can be separately controlled to regulate neuronal responsiveness and survival. / BBSRC, MRC and the European Research Council

-5- ABSTRACT A huge effort has been put in determining the mechanism of the development of tolerance and dependence in context of clinical use of morphine for treatment of severe pain. Understanding of this mechanism would help to design new and more efficient pharmaceuticals. This diploma paper discus the opiate receptors with a special focus on long-term effect of chronic morphine treatment, which was determined using a radioligand binding assays with a non-selective antagonist [3 H]Diprenorphine. One of the goals of this work was to create and optimise a method for preparation of pure plasma membranes from rat cortex using percoll gradient. There were five groups, which differed in the length of morphine treatment: ten days (M-10), twenty-eight days (M-28), ten days with seven days of regression (RM-10 twenty-eight days with seven days of regression (RM-28) and a control group (K). The loss of total opioid receptor number was noticeable after ten days and grew slightly during continuous morphine treatment and kept lowering in the period of regression. The total loss was approximately 30% of the control binding. The equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd), thus the affinity of [3 H]Diprenorphine wasn't significantly different among the groups. Morphine acts through µ-opioid receptor, that's why there was a...

Das Körpergewicht und die Nahrungsaufnahme werden unter anderem vom Hypothalamus reguliert. Dort werden Hormonelle Signale der Peripherie und neuronale Signale integriert. Die G-Protein gekoppelten Melanocortinrezeptoren 3 und 4 (MC3R und MC4R) werden von ihren Agonisten, den Melanocortinen aktiviert und durch den inversen Agonisten/Antagonisten Agouti-Related Peptide (AgRP) inaktiviert. Als weiterer Downstream-Mediatoren der MC4R-Aktivierung wurden kürzlich Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) und dessen Rezeptor TrkB (Tropomyosin-Related –Kinase) identifiziert. Mutationen im MC4R gelten als häufigste monogenetische Ursache für Adipositas. Da viele dieser Mutationen aber in vitro funktionell nicht relevant sind, wurde ein Amosäurevergleich von orthologen MC4R aus 70 verschiedenen Spezies erstellt. Funktionsverlustmutationen waren häufiger an koservierten Positionen, während Mutationen ohne Effekt überwiegend an schwach konservierten Positionen zu finden waren. Funktionelle Charakterisierung der von in Mausmodellen identifizierten Punktmutationen I194F und Y302C ergaben eine gute in-vivo/in-vitro Korrelation. Desweiteren wurden in der Normalbevölkerung in normalgewichtigen Personen identifizierte MC4R-Punktmutationen funktionell charakterisiert. Die Mutationen R7C, A70T, T112K, Q156R, M200V, V166I und R236H hatten keinen Effekt auf die Rezeptorfunktion, die H158R. Mutation zeigte eine hohe Basalaktivität, die aber durch AgRP erniedrigt werden konnte. Die in adipösen Patienten gefundenen Mutationen S136F und S139R wiesen einen kompletten Funktionsverlust auf, erstere verursachte zudem sogar einen dominant-negativen Effekt bei Koexpression mit dem Wildtyprezeptor. Für den MC3R wurde das zum Translationsstart bevorzugte Startcodon identifiziert. Für die Rezeptortyrosinkinase TrkB konnte in Hefe-2-Hybridscreens der neue Interaktionspartner Sept3 identifiziert werden. Dieses Protein bindet phosphorylierungsunabhängig an die intrazelluläre Juxtamembrandomäne. / Bodyweight and food intake are regulated by the hypothalamus which integrates peripheral hormonal and neural signals. The G-protein-coupled melanocortin-receptors 3 and 4 (MC3R and MC4R) are activated by melanocortins or inhibited by agouti-related pepetide (AgRP) and signal via the cAMP pathway. Brain-derived neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) was recently shown to signal downstream the MC4R via its receptor TrkB (tropomyosin-related kinase). Mutations in the MC4R are the most common cause of monogenetic obesity. However, many of these mutations are not functionally relevant in vitro. Here, an amino acid alignment of orthologous MC4R from over 70 species was used to evaluate reported mutations. Loss-of-function mutations were predominantly located at highly conserved positions whereas mutations without effect were located at non-conserved positions. Functional characterization of MC4R point mutations I194F (partial loss of function) and Y302C (complete loss of function) identified in mouse models showed good in vitro/in vivo correlation. Furthermore mutations found in normal weight persons were characterized: R7C, A70T, T112K, Q156K, M200V, V166I and R236H had no effect on receptor function in vitro, whereas the H158R Mutation showed high constitutive activity, which however could be diminished by AgRP. The mutations S136F and S139F identified in obese patients were characterized as complete loss-of-function mutations, the former additionally caused a dominant-negative effect on wildtype MC4R in vitro. For the MC3R the preferred start-codon for initiation of translation was identified. For TrkB Sept3 could be identified as a new interaction partner in a yeast-2-hybrid screen. This Protein belonging to the septin family binds to the intracellular juxtamembrane domain of TrkB independent of phosphorylation of the Shc-binding site.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die molekularen Grundlagen für die Agonistspezifität des G-Protein-gekoppelten Rezeptors GPR34 untersucht. Mittels verschiedener funktioneller Versuche konnte an ausgewählten Orthologen des Rezeptors gezeigt werden, dass, im Gegensatz zu publizierten Daten, Lysophosphatidylserin (Lyso-PS) nicht der natürliche Agonist des GPR34 ist. Lediglich an einigen cyprinoiden Subtypen des GPR34 hat Lyso-PS surrogat-agonistische Effekte. Anhand eines detaillierten evolutionären Vergleichs von Orthologen konnten Bereiche des Rezeptors ermittelt werden, welche an der Ligandenbindung, und damit an der Agonistspezifität des GPR34 beteiligt sind. Durch Übertragung dieser Bereiche vom Karpfen-GPR34-Subtyp 2a auf den humanen GPR34 konnte dieser zu einem Lyso-PS-sensitiven Rezeptor modelliert werden. Weiterhin wurde Aminoethyl-Carbamoyl-ATP (EDA-ATP) als inverser Agonist an cyprinoiden Orthologen des GPR34 identifiziert. Die Erweiterung des möglichen Ligandenspektrums von Lipiden zu Nukleotidderivaten gibt Hinweise auf die Promiskuität der Bindungsstelle des GPR34. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Lyso-PS nur eine zufällige Aktivität an einigen Orthologen des GPR34 hat. Mit Identifizierung eines Nichtlipides als invers-agonistischen Liganden ist die Suche nach dem natürlichen Liganden des GPR34 noch nicht abgeschlossen und sollte auf weitere chemische Entitäten ausgeweitet werden. / Lyso-PS (lyso-phosphatidylserine) has been shown to activate the G(i/o)-protein-coupled receptor GPR34. Since in vitro and in vivo studies provided controversial results in assigning lyso-PS as the endogenous agonist for GPR34, we investigated the evolutionary conservation of agonist specificity in more detail. Except for some fish GPR34 subtypes, lyso-PS has no or very weak agonistic activity at most vertebrate GPR34 orthologues investigated. Using chimaeras we identified single positions in the second extracellular loop and the transmembrane helix 5 of carp subtype 2a that, if transferred to the human orthologue, enabled lyso-PS to activate the human GPR34. Significant improvement of agonist efficacy by changing only a few positions strongly argues against the hypothesis that nature optimized GPR34 as the receptor for lyso-PS. Phylogenetic analysis revealed several positions in some fish GPR34 orthologues which are under positive selection. These structural changes may indicate functional specification of these orthologues which can explain the species- and subtype-specific pharmacology of lyso-PS. Furthermore, we identified aminoethyl-carbamoyl ATP as an antagonist of carp GPR34, indicating ligand promiscuity with non-lipid compounds. The results of the present study suggest that lyso-PS has only a random agonistic activity at some GPR34 orthologues and the search for the endogenous agonist should consider additional chemical entities.

Major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHCII) are cell surface glycoproteins that present extracellular antigens to CD4+ T lymphocytes and initiate adaptive immune responses. Apart from their protective role, overexpression of MHCII contributes to autoimmune disorders where the immune system attacks our own tissues. Autoimmune diseases are characterized by self-reactive responses to autoantigens, promoting tissue damage, inflammation mediated by proinflammatory cytokines, autoreactive lymphocytes, and autoantibodies. MHCII molecules are tightly regulated at the level of transcription by Class II transactivator (CIITA). CIITA associates with an enhanceosome complex at MHCII promoters and regulates the expression of MHCII. It is thus crucial to understand the regulation of CIITA expression in order to regulate MHCII in autoimmune diseases. Our lab has shown that the 19S ATPases of the 26S proteasome associate with MHCII and CIITA promoters and play important roles in gene transcription, regulate covalent modifications to histones, and are involved in the assembly of activator complexes in mammalian cells. The mechanisms by which the proteasome influences transcription remain unclear. Here, we define novel roles of the 19S ATPases Sug1, S7, and S6a in expression of CIITApIV genes. These ATPases are recruited to CIITApIV promoters and coding regions, interact with the elongation factor PTEFb, and with Ser5 phosphorylated RNA Pol II. Both the generation of CIITApIV transcripts and efficient recruitment of RNA Pol II to CIITApIV are negatively impacted by knockdown of 19S ATPases. Alternatively, inflammation is also suppressed via the Regulator of G-protein signaling 10 (RGS10) in microglial cells which express high levels of RGS10 and promote homeostasis in the central nervous system. However, chronic activation of microglial cells leads to release of cytokines which cause neuroinflammation. Our investigation of roles played by RGS10 in chronically activated microglial cells indicates that RGS10 binds to promoters of IL-1β, and TNF-α and regulates these genes, while the molecular mechanism remains to be investigated. Together, our observations indicate roles for the UPS in modulating gene expression and for RGS10 in regulating proinflammatory cytokines in microglial cells, each of which provides novel therapeutic targets to combat inflammation in autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases.

Récemment plusieurs récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPGs) ont été caractérisés au niveau des membranes intracellulaires, dont la membrane nucléaire. Notre objectif était de déterminer si les sous-types de récepteurs β-adrénergiques (βAR) et leurs machineries de signalisation étaient fonctionnels et localisés à la membrane nucléaire des cardiomyocytes. Nous avons démontré la présence des β1AR et β3AR, mais pas du β2AR à la membrane nucléaire de myocytes ventriculaires adultes par immunobuvardage, par microscopie confocale, et par des essais fonctionnels. De plus, certains partenaires de signalisation comme les protéines GαS, Gαi, l’adénylate cyclase II, et V/VI y étaient également localisés. Les sous-types de βAR nucléaires étaient fonctionnels puisqu'ils pouvaient lier leurs ligands et activer leurs effecteurs. En utilisant des noyaux isolés, nous avons observé que l'agoniste non-sélectif isoprotérénol (ISO), et que le BRL37344, un ligand sélectif du β3AR, stimulaient l'initiation de la synthèse de l’ARN, contrairement à l'agoniste sélectif du β1AR, le xamotérol. Cette synthèse était abolie par la toxine pertussique (PTX). Cependant, la stimulation des récepteurs nucléaires de type B de l’endothéline (ETB) causaient une réduction de l'initiation de la synthèse d’ARN. Les voies de signalisations impliquées dans la régulation de la synthèse d’ARN par les RCPGs ont ensuite été étudiées en utilisant des noyaux isolés stimulés par des agonistes en présence ou absence de différents inhibiteurs des voies MAP Kinases (proteines kinases activées par mitogènes) et de la voie PI3K/PKB. Les protéines impliquées dans les voies de signalisation de p38, JNK, ERK MAP Kinase et PKB étaient présents dans les noyaux isolés. L'inhibition de PKB par la triciribine, inhibait la synthèse d’ARN. Nous avons ensuite pu mettre en évidence par qPCR que la stimulation par l’ISO entrainait une augmentation du niveau d'ARNr 18S ainsi qu’une diminution de l'expression d’ARNm de NFκB. En contraste, l’ET-1 n’avait aucun effet sur le niveau d’expression de l’ARNr 18S. Nous avons ensuite montré que la stimulation par l’ISO réduisait l’expression de plusieurs gènes impliqués dans l'activation de NFκB, tandis que l’inhibition de ERK1/2 et PKB renversait cet effet. Un microarray global nous a ensuite permis de démontrer que les βARs et les ETRs nucléaires régulaient un grand nombre de gènes distincts. Finalement, les βARs et ETRs nucléaires augmentaient aussi une production de NO de noyaux isolés, ce qui pouvait être inhibée par le LNAME. Ces résultats ont été confirmés dans des cardiomyocytes intacts en utilisant des analogues cagés et perméables d’ISO et de l'ET-1: l'augmentation de NO nucléaire détectée par DAF2-DA, causée par l'ET-1 et l'ISO, pouvait être prévenue par le LNAME. Finalement, l’augmentation de l’initiation de la transcription induite par l'ISO était aussi bloquée par le L-NAME ou par un inbitheur de PKG, le KT5823, suggérant que la voie NO-GC-PKG est impliquée dans la régulation de la transcription par les βAR. En conclusion, les βARs et les ETRs nucléaires utilisent des voies de signalisation différentes et exercent ainsi des effets distincts sur l’expression des gènes cardiaques. Ils représentent donc une avenue intéressante pour le développement de drogues pharmacologiques. / Recently several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been shown to localize to intracellular membranes, in particular the nuclear membrane. As such, we sought to determine if the β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) subtypes and their associated signalling machinery are functionally localized to nuclear membranes. We demonstrated the presence of β1AR and the β3AR, but not the β2AR, in adult ventricular myocyte nuclei by western blotting, confocal microscopy and functional assays. Downstream signalling partners such as GαS, Gαi and adenylyl cyclase II and V/VI were also present. Nuclear-localized βARs were functional with respect to ligand binding and effector activation. In isolated nuclei, the non-selective βAR agonist isoproterenol (ISO) and the β3AR-selective ligand BRL37344, but not the β1AR-selective xamoterol, stimulated transcription initiation in a pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive manner. In contrast, stimulation of type B endothelin receptors (ETB), another GPCR family shown to be present on the nuclear membrane, decreased de novo RNA synthesis. To investigate the signalling pathway(s) involved in GPCR-mediated regulation of RNA synthesis, nuclei were isolated from intact adult rat hearts and treated with receptor agonists in the presence or absence of inhibitors of the PI3K/PKB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Components of p38, JNK, and ERK1/2 MAPK cascades as well as PKB were detected in nuclear preparations. Inhibition of PKB with triciribine converted the activation of the βAR from stimulatory to inhibitory with regards to transcription initiation. Analysis by qPCR indicated isoproterenol treatment increased 18S rRNA but decreased NFκB mRNA. In contrast, ET-1 had no effect on 18S rRNA expression. Further investigation using pathway-specific PCR arrays revealed that isoproterenol treatment also reduced the expression of several other genes involved in the activation of NFκB and that ERK1/2 and PKB inhibitors attenuated this effect. Subsequent genome-wide microarray analysis has revealed that nuclear βAR and ETB regulated a host of genes in an overlapping but distinct manner. Moreover, both ET-1 and ISO produced an L-NAME-sensitive increase in NO production in isolated cardiac nuclei. These observations were confirmed in intact cardiomyocytes using novel caged analogues of ISO and ET-1 and the cell-permable NO-sensitive fluorescent dye, DAF-2 DA. Briefly, both ET-1 and isoproterenol increased NO production, and this increase was prevented upon preincubation with L-NAME. Moreover, the ability of isoproterenol to increase transcription initiation in isolated nuclei was blocked by L-NAME or the PKG inhibitor KT5823, indicating the NO-GC-PKG pathway is involved in the regulation of gene expression by nuclear βARs. Hence, we have shown that βARs and ETRs in the nuclear membrane activate distinct signalling pathways, resulting in different effects on gene transcription and thus represent potentially important targets for drug development.

Les maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin (MIIs) comprennent la colite ulcéreuse (CU) et la maladie de Crohn (MC). Elles résultent en l’inflammation chronique du tractus gastro-intestinal. Des études d’association pan-génomiques ont associé le locus 14q31, incluant les gènes galactosylceramidase (GALC) et G protein-coupled receptor 65 (GPR65), à ces pathologies. Nous avons déterminé que le variant le plus associé aux MIIs de cette région (rs8005161; p=2,35x10-14) est parfaitement corrélé (r2=1) à un variant codant dans le gène GPR65 (rs3742704: Ile231Leu). GPR65 code pour un récepteur couplé à des protéines G (RCPG) senseur de pH. Nous avons observé que GPR65 est exprimé dans les tissus lymphoïdes et mucoïdes en plus des lignées cellulaires immunitaires et des cellules immunes primaires humaines. Son expression augmente significativement dans les biopsies inflammées de patients atteints de la CU comparativement à des biopsies non-inflammées ou à des biopsies d’individus sains. GPR65, lorsqu’activée par un pH acide, stimule l’accumulation d’AMPc, la formation de fibres de stress et l’activation de la voie RhoA. GPR65 semble donc être un bon candidat pour l’étude de l’étiologie des MIIs. Nos objectifs étaient donc de définir les voies découlant de l’activation de GPR65 et d’évaluer l’impact de GPR65*231Leu sur ces voies. Nous avons utilisé des HEK293 exprimant de façon stable l’une ou l’autre des deux allèles de GPR65 et déficientes pour Gαs/olf, Gαq/11 ou Gα12/13 puisqu’il est connu que Gαs/olf activent l’adénylate cyclase, Gαq/11 mènent au relâchement de Ca2+ intracellulaire et peuvent activer certaines isoformes de l’adénylate cyclase et Gα12/13 régulent le remodelage du cytosquelette d’actine. Nous avons démontré que l’accumulation d’AMPc dépendante de l’activation de GPR65 par un pH acide est causée, au moins en partie, aux voies Gαs/olf et peu ou pas aux voies Gαq/11. Il ne semble pas y avoir un effet du variant GPR65*231Leu sur ces voies. Cependant, nous avons observé que le variant GPR65*231Leu réduit la formation de fibres de stress et inhibe l’accumulation d’actine filamenteuse (F-actine) dépendantes de l’activation de GPR65 par un pH acide. Des données préliminaires nous montrent que la formation de fibres de stress est causée, au moins en partie, aux voies G12/13. En conclusion, nous avons démontré que GPR65 active les voies Gαs/olf et Gα12/13 et que le variant codant associé aux MIIs altère le remodelage de l’actine. GPR65 pourrait donc potentiellement avoir un rôle dans la pathologie des MIIs. / Inflammatory bowel diseases, mainly comprising of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), result in the chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Genome-wide association studies have associated the 14q31 locus, including the genes galactosylceramidase (GALC) and G protein-coupled receptor 65 (GPR65), to those phenotypes. The most associated variant in this region for IBD (rs8005161; p=2,35x10-14) is correlated (r2=1) to a missense coding variant of GPR65 (rs3742704: Ile231Leu). GPR65 encodes a pH-sensing G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). We observed that GPR65 is expressed in lymphoid and mucosal tissues as well as in immune cell lines and human primary immune cells. We also found that its expression is significantly increased in inflamed biopsies from UC patients compared to non-inflamed biopsies and biopsies from healthy controls. Upon activation by low pH, GPR65 stimulates accumulation of cAMP, formation of stress fibers and activation of the RhoA pathway. Thus GPR65 is a good candidate causal gene for the IBD pathology. Our objective, therefore, was to define pathways downstream of activation of GPR65 and to evaluate the impact GPR65*231Leu on these pathways. We used HEK 293 cells stably expressing one or the other allele of GPR65 and deficient for either Gαs/olf, Gαq/11 or Gα12/13 as it is known that Gαs/olf activates adenylyl cyclase, Gαq/11 leads to the release of intracellular Ca2+, which can also activate certain isoforms of adenylyl cyclase, and that Gα12/13 regulates actin cytoskeletal remodeling. We demonstrated that cAMP accumulation upon activation of GPR65 is, at least partly, due to the Gαs/olf pathway and only slightly or not at all to the Gαq/11 pathway. The coding variant, however, does not appear to have an effect on that pathway. In contrast, we observed that GPR65*231Leu variant reduces the GPR65-dependent stress fiber formation and inhibits the increase of filamentous actin (F-actin) content versus free globular-actin (G-actin) upon activation by low pH. Also, preliminary data showed that the stress fiber formation in HEK293 cells is due to the G12/13 pathways. In conclusion, we demonstrate that GPR65 activates both Gαs and Gα12/13, the coding variant alters the actin remodeling pathway and that GPR65 potentially has a causal role in IBD.