Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-11-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:51:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 castro_vm_me_botfmvz.pdf: 1755900 bytes, checksum: 5100a483329bd5a759a4cf4b384957bb (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A ultra-sonografia é um método de grande utilidade na Medicina Veterinária, apresentando grande valia no diagnóstico gestacional em cadelas, por ser um método precoce, acompanhar o desenvolvimento e a viabilidade embrionária e fetal. Entretanto possui algumas limitações para estimar a idade fetal, quando comparada com a Medicina Humana, principalmente devido a grande variação do porte nos cães. Foi realizado acompanhamento ultra-sonográfico em 27 cadelas prenhes de diferentes raças distribuídas em grupos segundo o peso corpóreo, com o objetivo de estudar a utilização do exame ultra-sonográfico como método de diagnóstico e acompanhamento gestacional, avaliando o desenvolvimento embrionário e fetal (organogênese), além de comparar os métodos de avaliação da idade gestacional e dias anteriores ao parto propostos por diversos autores, sendo utilizados para os cálculos as mensurações da vesícula embrionária, crânio, corpo e coração em três diferentes fases gestacionais, visando auxiliar o médico veterinário na escolha dos cálculos mais indicados para cada fase gestacional nos diferentes grupos de cadelas. / Ultrasonography is a useful technique in veterinary medicine, showing high value in gestational diagnosis in bitches, because its use for early pregnancy detection as well as easiness to follow embrionary and fetal viability and development. However, as compared with human medicine, veterinary ultrasound technique has some limitations in estimating fetal age mainly because the high variation in size of dogs. Ultrasound accompaniments of 27 pregnant, all age and breed bitches separated in groups, were performed, with the objective of studying the ultrasound as a technique for gestational diagnosis and further observation, evaluating both embrionary and fetal development (organogenesis), and comparing previous evaluation techniques of gestational age on days before parturition proposed by different author. Mensurations of embryonic vesicles, skull, body size and heart at three different gestational stages were achieved, to help practitioners in choosing the most accurate estimation method at each gestational stage in different groups of bitches.

Orientador: Vera Terezinha Medeiros Borges / Resumo: Introdução: Pré-eclâmpsia é uma síndrome sistêmica específica da gestação com etiopatogenia ainda não esclarecida, porém acredita -se ser decorrente de alterações no processo de invasão trofoblástica, com consequente inadequado suprimento sanguíneo uterino e estresse oxidativo do tecido placentário. O aumento da concentração de ácido úrico sérico materno (AU) em mulheres com pré-eclâmpsia tem sido associado com a gravidade da hipertensão, proteinúria e prognóstico materno e perinatal na gestação. Objetivos: Identificar a associação entre a concentração sérica de ácido úrico e resultados maternos e perinatais adversos e correlacionar a concentração sérica do ácido úrico materno com recémnascidos pequenos para idade gestacional e proteinúria materna. Sujeitos e Métodos: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo, em gestantes com pré-eclâmpsia, as quais foram estratificadas de acordo com a dosagem de ácido úrico sérico em dois grupos: I (inferior a 6 mg/dL) e II (igual ou superior a 6 mg/dL) e avaliados resultados adversos maternos e perinatais. Resultados: No grupo II houve maior frequência de crise hipertensiva(25%), eclampsia(6,9%), síndrome HELPP parcial (7,8%) e síndrome HELLP(6,9%), maior número de recém-nascidos pequenos para idade gestacional(47%), menor peso do recém-nascido, maior porcentagem de óbito fetal(1,8%), de prematuridade(68%) e de índice de Apgar no 1º minuto(38%). Conclusões: Os resultados demonstram que as paciente com ácido úrico elevado apresentam piores resulta... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: Preeclampsia is a specific systemic disease of pregnancy with unknown etiology, but it is believed to be due to changes in the process of trophoblastic invasion, leading to an inadequate uterine blood supply and oxidative stress of the placental tissue. Increasing of maternal uric acid serum concentration (UA) in women with pre-eclampsia has been associated with the severity of hypertension, proteinuria and maternal and perinatal outcome on pregnancy. Objectives: Identify the association between serum uric acid and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. More specifically, the correlation of maternal UA serum concentration with newborn size for gestational age and maternal proteinuria. Subjects and Methods: Cross observational study in pregnant women with preeclampsia, which were stratified according to dose of serum uric acid into two groups, as follow: I (below 6 mg/dL) and II (greater or equal to 6 mg/dL). Maternal and perinatal adverse outcomes were examined. Results were analyzed by T - Student and chi-square tests and correlations were evaluated by Pearson test. The level of significance used was 5%. Results: In group II there were a greater frequency of hypertensive crisis, eclampsia, partial HELPP syndrome and HELLP syndrome. Also it were observed an increased number of small newborns for gestational age, lower weight of the newborn, the higher percentage of fetal death, prematurity and index Apgar at 1 minute. Conclusions: The results suggest that pati... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o comportamento alimentar de recém-nascidos (RN) pequenos (PIG) e grandes (GIG) para a idade gestacional através de questionário específico e comparar com RN adequados para a idade gestacional (AIG). METODOLOGIA: Estudo de coorte prospectivo, cuja primeira fase consistiu na realização de uma entrevista para coleta de dados da mãe da gestação e do parto, bem como de dados socioeconômicos, com mães que tiveram seus filhos a termo no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Na segunda fase do estudo foi aplicado o questionário Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (BEBQ) através de contato por telefone, com 1 mês do nascimento. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 126 RN (43 AIG, 43 PIG e 40 GIG). As análises não demonstraram diferenças significativas nos principais dados demográficos e perinatais em relação aos diferentes grupos de estudo. No entanto, foi observada uma maior escolaridade em mães de RN PIG (p=0,004) e uma menor prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo até a alta hospitalar em RN GIG (p=0,002). A análise de variância não encontrou diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação aos domínios do BEBQ, mesmo quando corrigido por sexo do RN. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo demonstrou que alterações do comportamento alimentar ainda não estão presentes com 1 mês de vida, sugerindo que não são inatas, e sim desenvolvidas com o passar do tempo. O estudo tem como limitação as avaliações do crescimento baseadas em registros de terceiros. / OBJECTIVE: To evaluate feeding behavior of infants born small (SGA) and large (LGA) for gestational age using a questionnaire, and compare them with infants born adequate for gestational age (AGA). METHODS: Prospective cohort study was carried out in which the first phase consisted of an interview about gestation and delivery, as well as socioeconomic data, with mothers who had their babies born at term in the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. In the second phase of the study, the Baby Eating Questionnaire (BEBQ) was applied through telephone interview 1 month of birth. RESULTS: 126 infants (43 AGA, 43 SGA and 40 LGA) with a mean gestational age of 39.4 weeks were assessed. The analyses did not show significant differences in the main demographic and perinatal data between the different study groups. However, a higher level of schooling was observed in mothers of SGA infants (p = 0.004) and a lower prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in the LGA (p = 0.002). The analysis of variance found no significant difference between the groups in any of the BEBQ domains, even when corrected for the sex of the baby. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that changes in feeding behavior are not yet present at 1 month of age, suggesting that they are not innate, but developed over time. The study is limited to growth assessments based on third-party records.

Sob a perspectiva teórica da psicopatologia do desenvolvimento, a presença de riscos biológicos no desenvolvimento de uma criança, tais como o baixo peso ao nascer e a prematuridade podem maximizar condições de vulnerabilidade e, a longo prazo, influenciar sua adaptação. Ao analisar a literatura observou-se variedade de resultados quanto aos desfechos cognitivos, comportamentais e emocionais associados a tais adversidades. Neste contexto, propôs-se um estudo prospectivo de coorte, com três objetivos gerais: 1) verificar a possível associação entre aspectos cognitivos, comportamentais e emocionais de uma coorte de crianças em idade escolar, avaliadas aos 10-11 anos de idade, estratificada por três critérios: peso ao nascer (muito baixo peso MBP, baixo peso BP, peso insuficiente PI, peso normal PN e muito alto peso MAP; idade gestacional (prematuros e a termo) e tamanho ao nascer (pequenos para a idade gestacional PIG e adequados para a idade gestacional AIG); 2) identificar as variáveis preditoras para os desfechos cognitivo, comportamental e emocional da referida coorte, baseado em variáveis biológicas, clínicas e socioeconômicas e; 3) estabelecer as taxas de problemas comportamentais da coorte estudada, independente do critério adotado. Procedeu-se a avaliação de 677 crianças, aos 10-11 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, procedentes de uma coorte de Ribeirão Preto (SP). Para a avaliação cognitiva utilizaram-se os Testes de Raven e o Desenho da Figura Humana (DFH); para a avaliação comportamental e emocional, os pais responderam ao Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades (SDQ), além de um questionário complementar. Os dados foram analisados de maneira descritiva, comparativa e preditiva, por estatística não-paramétrica (p0,05). Os resultados indicaram que o peso ao nascer não se mostrou associado ao desfecho cognitivo e nem ao desfecho comportamental, com exceção da escala de hiperatividade, onde o MBP apresentou mais indicadores de problemas em comparação aos outros grupos de peso. No desfecho emocional, o grupo BP mostrou mais problemas emocionais que MBP e PN. A idade gestacional não se mostrou associada a nenhum desfecho investigado e o tamanho ao nascer se associou aos três desfechos examinados, tendo as crianças nascidas PIG apresentado mais comprometimentos cognitivos, comportamentais e emocionais em comparação às crianças nascidas AIG. Nas análises de predição, verificou-se que: a escolaridade materna e a classificação econômica foram preditoras para os três desfechos; a condição de nascimento PIG favoreceu o aumento de problemas emocionais e os meninos apresentaram mais riscos para problemas comportamentais. As taxas de identificação de problemas comportamentais foram altas, 38,2% para problemas gerais e 53,9% para sintomas emocionais. Conclui-se que o critério do tamanho ao nascer se mostrou mais específico em detectar diferenças nos desfechos avaliados de crianças em idade escolar. Destacam-se como contribuições do estudo a identificação de variáveis preditoras e as comparações incluindo fatores de risco biológicos e socioeconômicos em uma mesma coorte, estratificada por três critérios, as quais poderão subsidiar a elaboração de programas de prevenção. / Under the theoretical viewpoint of developmental psychopathology, the existence of biological risks in the development of children, such as low birth weight and prematurity, may maximize conditions of vulnerability and, in long term, bias their adaptation. In reviewing the literature it is noticed the wide range of results concerning cognitive, behavioral, and emotional outcomes associated with these hindrances. In this context, it was proposed a prospective cohort study, with three general objectives: 1) verify the possible association between cognitive, behavioral, and emotional outcomes of a cohort of school-age children, assessed at 10-11 years of age, stratified by three criteria: 1) birth weight (very low birth weight - VLBW, low birth weight - LBW, insufficient birth weight - IBW, normal birth weight NBW, and high birth weight HBW; gestational age (preterm and at term); and size at birth (small for gestational age SGA and appropriate for gestational age AGA); 2) identify the predictors for the cognitive, behavioral, and emotional outcomes, based on biological, clinical and socioeconomic variables; and 3) establish the rates of behavioral problems in the studied cohort, regardless of the criterion that was adopted. For this purpose, we evaluated 677 children, 10-11 years old, of both sexes, from a cohort of Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo, Brazil. For the cognitive evaluation were utilized the Raven tests and the Human Figure Drawing (HFD); for behavioral and emotional assessment, parents answered the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and a supplementary questionnaire. Data were analyzed under descriptive, comparative, and predictive approaches, by using non-parametric statistics (p 0.05). Results indicated that birth weight was not associated with cognitive and behavioral outcomes, except for the hyperactivity scale, in which the VLBW had more indicators of difficulties in comparison to other weight groups. Concerning the emotional outcome the LBW group showed more emotional problems than VLBW and NBW groups. Gestational age was not associated with any of the investigated outcomes and size at birth was associated with the three outcomes examined, with children born SGA displaying more cognitive, behavioral, and emotional problems when compared to children born AGA. In the analysis of prediction, it was found that: maternal education and socioeconomic status were predictive for the three outcomes, the SGA status favored an increase in emotional problems, and boys had greater risks of behavioral problems. The rates of identification of behavioral problems were high, 38.2% for general problems and 53.9% for emotional symptoms. It is concluded that the criterion of size at birth was more accurate for detecting differences in the analyzed outcomes of school-age children. Among the contributions of this study, it is highlighted the identification of predictive variables and comparisons including factors of biological and socioeconomic risk across a single cohort, stratified by three criteria, which may support the development of prevention programs.

Introdução:A história natural da Síndrome dos Ovários Policísticos (SOP) tem início durante a fase do crescimento fetal, que é umperíodo em que ocorre a diferenciação e a maturação funcional dos órgãos e tecidos. Quando surgem condições adversas durante a vida fetal, existe predomínio do processo catabólico, que promove a restriçãode crescimento intra-útero e o nascimento de recém-nascidos (RN) pequenos para a idade gestacional (PIG). Durante esta fase de hipoxemia fetal crônica, surgem alterações na expressão gênica de proteínas nucleares (reprogramação fetal) que poderão codificar manifestações fenotípicas na vida adulta, a depender das células que foram acometidas. Este processo, associado à predisposição genética e aos fatores ambientais, pode favorecer o surgimento da SOP. Objetivo:Avaliar se os RN de termo PIG (femininos) têm maior prevalência de SOP na idade adulta quando comparados aos RN Adequados para Idade Gestacional (AIG) na população da coorte de indivíduos nascidos em Ribeirão Preto durante o período de 31.05.1978 e 01.06.1979. Casuística e Métodos:Foram convocadas 440 mulheres de novembro/2007 à outubro/2008 para avaliação de repercussões reprodutivase metabólicas no menacme. Deste total, concordaram em participar da pesquisa 355 pacientes (268 AIG e 87 PIG), sendo que 138 AIGs e 37 PIGs foram excluídas devido ao uso de anticoncepcional hormonal (97) e pela presença de gestação ou amamentação (78). Todas as mulheres foram submetidas à anamnese (com avaliação da idade, das características do ciclo menstrual, dos sinais/sintomas do hiperandrogenismo, do peso, da altura e do índice de massa corpórea). Realizamos a dosagem hormonal (FSH, LH, prolactina, testosterona, DHEAS, 17-OH progesterona, insulina), a avaliação bioquímica (lipidograma, glicemia e teste de tolerância oral com 75 gramas de glicose), a SHBG e a ultra-sonografia pélvica para definição do diagnóstico de SOP. Também avaliamos o índice de androgênios livres (FAI),a resistência insulínica (RI) (através do HOMA) e a prevalência da síndrome metabólica (SMET). A coleta foi realizada entre o terceiro e o quinto dia do ciclo menstrual, após jejum de 12 horas. Resultados:a prevalência de SOP foi mais elevada no grupo PIG (32%) do que em mulheres do grupo AIG (13,8%), com risco relativo de 2,02 (IC95%: 1,27 - 3,21, p=0,0097) . Em relação aos critérios de SOP,a irregularidade menstrual (PIG: 51% vs AIG: 25,4%, p=0,0012) e o hiperandrogenismo (PIG: 41,2% vs AIG:22,3%, p=0,01) foram mais elevados nas pacientes PIG. Já a ultrassonografia, os exames bioquímicos, o FAI, e a avaliação hormonal não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Também não houve diferenças entre os grupos em relação às prevalências de SMET e RI. Conclusão: Mulheres PIG ao nascimento representam um grupo de risco para o desenvolvimento da SOP durante o menacme. Estudos de seguimento destas mulheres devem ser realizados para avaliar a relação do pesoao nascer com a prevalência de doenças cardiovasculares e metabólicas ao longo da vida. / Introduction:The natural history of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (POS) starts during fetal growth, a period during which the differentiation and functional maturation of organs and tissues occurs. When adverse conditions arise during fetal life there is a predominance of the catabolic process, which promotes intrauterine growth restriction and the birth of small for gestational age (SGA) newborns (NB). During this phase of chronic fetal hypoxemia, changes in the gene expression of nuclearproteins arise (fetal reprogramming) that might code for phenotypic manifestations during adult life depending on the affected cells. This process, together with genetic predisposition and environmental factors, may favor the onset of POS. Objective:To determine whether term female SGA NB have a higher prevalence of POS during adult age compared to women adequate for gestational age (AGA) at birth in the population of the cohort of individuals born in Ribeirão Preto during the period from 31.05.1978 to 01.06.1979. Cases and Methods:From November 2007 to October 2008, 440 women have been convoked for the assessment of reproductive and metabolic repercussions during menacme. Among them, 355 appeared (268 AGA and 87 SGA), with 137 AGAs and 38 SGAs being excluded from the study due to the use of a hormonal contraceptive (98) and to the presence of pregnancy or breast-feeding (77). The medical history of all women was taken, including age, characteristics of the menstrual cycle and of signs and symptoms of hyperandrogenism, height, and body mass index. We performed hormone determination (FSH, LH, prolactin, testosterone, DHEAS, 17-OH progesterone), biochemical evaluation (lipid profile, glycemia and 75 g oral glucose tolerance test), and pelvic ultrasound for the definition of the diagnosis of POS. Blood was collected between the third and fourth day ofthe menstrual cycle after a 12 hour fast. Results:The prevalence of POS was higher in the SGA group (32%) than in the AGA group (13.8%), with relative risk of 2,02 (IC 95%: 1,27- 3,21, p=0,0097). Regarding the criteria for a diagnosis of POS, chronic anovulation (SGA:51% vs AGA: 25,4%, p = 0.0012) and clinical hyperandrogenism (SGA: 41.2% vs AGA: 22.3%, p = 0.01) were more elevated in SGA patients. In contrast, ulrasonography and the biochemical and hormonal exams did not show significant differences between groups. Conclusion:Women who were SGA at birth represent a risk group for the development of POS during menacme. Following studies this women should be performed to assess the relation to birth weight with the prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases during of life.

O estudo foi realizado através de avaliação de 214 hemisférios cerebrais, de 107 espécimes humanos, com a idade variando desde 12 semanas de gestação até 8 meses pós-natal. A idade gestacional dos fetos foi calculada através do seu peso corpóreo. Os fetos com malformações congênitas ou com encéfalos danificados foram excluídos. Após a fixação do encéfalo em solução de formol a 10%, foi removida a aracnóide para a análise dos sulcos do cérebro, os quais foram então estudados, desde o seu aparecimento, até sua formação completa. A principal finalidade desse estudo foi estabelecer os padrões de desenvolvimento morfológico dos sulcos cerebrais característicos de cada idade gestacional. Tendo como base a análise dos resultados, foram estabelecidas tabelas de referências cronológicas pertinentes à formação de cada sulco em toda superfície do cérebro. / The study was done through the analysis of 214 brain hemispheres of 107 human brains, with their ages ranging from 12 weeks of gestation to 8 months of postnatal life. The gestational age was calculated from their body weight. The fetuses with congenital abnormalities and or damaged brains were excluded from the study. After the brain fixation with 10% formalin, the arachnoid was removed for the study of the sulci and fissures of the brain, since their appearance until their complete development. The aim of this anatomical study was to establish a reliable sulci morphological pattern characteristic of each gestational age. Based in our findings, reference tables pertinent to the appearance of each sulci of all brain surface were built and are here presented.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:58:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Maria_del_Pilar_Velez_Gomez.pdf: 2288020 bytes, checksum: 31dfd8f727e83c1bf2c506fe60664bc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-22 / 794 women from the 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study and their first singleton live-born birth were selected to explore the association between maternal and offspring birthweight and gestational age, as well as to discriminate between confounders and mediating factors of these associations. Exposures were maternal birthweight and gestational age, low birthweight (LBW; <2500g), preterm birth (<37 weeks) and small for gestational age status (SGA; <10 th percentile of Williams), to the respective outcomes in offspring. Information was gathered on potential confounding or mediating factors according to a hierarchical framework approach. A strong correlation coefficient was found between maternal and infant birthweight (r=0.18, p<0.001). An increase of 100g in mothers birthweight predicted a gain of 16g in their infants birthweight (95% CI 8.0, 24.0g; p<0.001). Maternal LBW was independently associated to offspring LBW, preterm and SGA status. SGA mothers had an increased risk of delivering a preterm newborn. Causal chain linking maternal LBW and SGA of the newborn was mediated by maternal pre-gestational weight (a proxy of malnutrition), a condition closely related to poverty. Thus, malnourished women are likely to give birth to LBW babies, perpetuating poverty in the subsequent generation. Addressing malnutrition helps break this vicious cycle and stop the intergenerational transmission of LBW, hence decreasing poverty and malnutrition in developing countries. / 794 women from the 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study and their first singleton live-born birth were selected to explore the association between maternal and offspring birthweight and gestational age, as well as to discriminate between confounders and mediating factors of these associations. Exposures were maternal birthweight and gestational age, low birthweight (LBW; <2500g), preterm birth (<37 weeks) and small for gestational age status (SGA; <10 th percentile of Williams), to the respective outcomes in offspring. Information was gathered on potential confounding or mediating factors according to a hierarchical framework approach. A strong correlation coefficient was found between maternal and infant birthweight (r=0.18, p<0.001). An increase of 100g in mothers birthweight predicted a gain of 16g in their infants birthweight (95% CI 8.0, 24.0g; p <0.001). Maternal LBW was independently associated to offspring LBW, preterm and SGA status. SGA mothers had an increased risk of delivering a preterm newborn. Causal chain linking maternal LBW and SGA of the newborn was mediated by maternal pre-gestational weight (a proxy of malnutrition), a condition closely related to poverty. Thus, malnourished women are likely to give birth to LBW babies, perpetuating poverty in the subsequent generation. Addressing malnutrition helps break this vicious cycle and stop the intergenerational transmission of LBW, hence decreasing poverty and malnutrition in developing countries.

Objectives. Identify risk factors for at-term small for gestational age newborns. Materials and methods. Retrospective cohort study using data from the Maternal Perinatal Information System of the Maria Auxiliadora Hospital of Lima, from the period 2000-2010. Maternal age, parity, education level, marital status, pregestational body mass index, number of prenatal care visits, presence of conditions such as preeclampsia, eclampsia, urinary tract infection and gestational diabetes as risk factors in small for gestational age newborns were evaluated. The weight for gestational age was calculated based on Peruvian percentiles. Crude relative risk (RR) and adjusted (ARR) were calculated with confidence intervals of 95% using log-binomial generalized linear models. Results. 64,670 pregnant women were included. The incidence for small for gestational age was 7.2%. Preeclampsia (ARR 2.0, 95% CI: 1.86 to 2.15), eclampsia (ARR 3.22, 95% CI: 2.38 to 4.35), low maternal weight (ARR 1.38; 95% CI: 1.23 to 1.54), nulliparity (ARR 1.32, 95% CI: 1.23 to 1.42), age ≥35 years (ARR 1.16, 95% CI: 1.04 -1.29), having prenatal care visits from 0 to 2 (ARR 1.43, 95% CI: 1.32 to 1.55) and 3 to 5 (ARR 1.22, 95% CI: 1.14 to 1.32) were risk factors for small for gestational age. Conclusions. It is necessary to identify pregnant women with risk factors such as those found to decrease the condition of small for gestational age. Actions should emphasize modifiable factors, such as the frequency of prenatal care visits. / Objetivos. Identificar factores de riesgo para neonatos a término pequeños para la edad gestacional. Materiales y métodos. Cohorte retrospectiva que utilizó datos del Sistema Informático Materno Perinatal del Hospital María Auxiliadora de Lima, del período 2000 a 2010. Se evaluó la edad materna, paridad, nivel educativo, estado civil, índice de masa corporal pregestacional, número de controles prenatales, presencia de patologías como preeclampsia, eclampsia, infección urinaria y diabetes gestacional como factores de riesgo en pequeños para edad gestacional. El peso para la edad gestacional fue calculado sobre la base de percentiles peruanos. Se calcularon los riesgos relativos crudos (RR) y ajustados (RRa) con sus intervalos de confianza al 95% usando modelos lineales generalizados log binomial. Resultados. Se incluyeron 64 670 gestantes. La incidencia de pequeños para la edad gestacional fue 7,2%. La preeclampsia (RRa 2,0; IC 95%: 1,86-2,15), eclampsia (RRa 3,22; IC 95%: 2,38-4,35), bajo peso materno (RRa 1,38; IC 95%: 1,23-1,54), nuliparidad (RRa 1,32; IC 95%: 1,23-1,42), edad ≥35 años (RRa 1,16; IC 95%: 1,04-1,29), tener controles prenatales de 0 a 2 (RRa 1,43; IC 95%: 1,32-1,55) y 3 a 5 (RRa 1,22; IC 95%: 1,14-1,32) fueron factores de riesgo para ser pequeños para la edad gestacional. Conclusiones. Es necesario identificar a las gestantes con factores de riesgo como los encontrados para disminuir la condición de pequeños para la edad gestacional. Se debe actuar poniendo énfasis en factores modificables, tales como la frecuencia de sus controles prenatales

Social supports are linked in public health research to improved birth outcomes. This study explored the relationship of social supports, stress and birth outcomes among pregnant Latinas in Pinellas County, Florida. A sample of 411 Healthy Start women at risk of poor birth outcomes participated in this study (99 Latinas, 142 Black, and 158 White). Study methods included ANOVA, Principal Component Analysis, multivariable regression, logistic regression, and structural equation modeling to identify significant associations between social support scores, stress scores, demographics and health risk factors with infant birth weight, preterm and small for gestational age by ethnic group. Study findings indicated there was a direct association between social support and stress across all ethnic groups. However, many confounding variables did not have an effect in the study sample. Latina study participants exhibited significantly lower mean social support scores compared to White and Black participants (p=0.000). Latinas also presented higher stress scores that were significantly different from White and Black participants (p=0.000). The study also found ethnic differences in stress level perceptions using the Perceived Stress Scale. Recommendations for public health included conducting additional studies to assess if the study variables have an impact on a different population, exploring different ethnic interpretations of stress, using repeated measures to assess stress in high risk populations and considering using alternate stress measures such as biological markers and stress life event scales to assess social support, stress and birth outcomes.

Cette thèse présente la première évaluation économique de la prématurité en France. La prématurité intervient avant 37 semaines d’aménorrhée. Elle est en constante augmentation dans le monde. Si les enjeux de santé publique sont bien identifiés, la prise en charge et les choix collectifs en matière de prématurité comportent des enjeux économiques importants. La première partie de cette thèse présente les enjeux de santé publique de la prématurité et les efforts restant à fournir en matière de prévention en France. Elle conduit ensuite une réflexion économique sur les moyens d’une utilisation au plus « juste » socialement des ressources dédiées à la santé périnatale, dans le contexte d’augmentation des dépenses de santé. Une mesure de la charge collective de la prise en charge de la prématurité est nécessaire et envisagée au moyen d’une étude Cost-Of-Illness. Enfin elle pose le cadre dans lequel l’éthique et l’évaluation économique sont complémentaires. La deuxième partie présente la méthodologie et les résultats de l’étude, consistant à évaluer les coûts directs hospitaliers et extrahospitaliers des naissances prématurées et à terme, dans la première année de vie, du point de vue de l’Assurance Maladie. Les données sont extraites du Système National d’Information Inter-Régime de l’Assurance Maladie. Les résultats montrent l’ampleur des coûts moyens associés à la grande prématurité et une relation inverse et significative entre les coûts moyens et l’âge gestationnel. Cette étude économique invite à la sensibilisation des décideurs publics à la nécessité d’allouer les moyens financiers et humains pour prévenir la survenue de situations critiques associées à la prématurité. / This thesis focuses on a first economic assessment of prematurity in France. Prematurity is defined as occurring before 37 weeks of gestation. It is increasing in France and worldwide. If the issues of public health are already well identified, medical care and collective choices concerning prematurity matters also involve significant economic challenges. The first part of this thesis attempts to present the public health issues of prematurity and highlights the remaining efforts required to provide prevention in France. It then considers economic issues on the use of socially fairer resources dedicated to perinatal health in a context where current health expenditure is rising. Assessment of the collective burden of care for preterm infants is necessary and envisaged by a Cost-Of-Illness study. Finally it presents a framework where ethical and economic considerations are complementary. The second part addresses the methodology and results of the study. The study assesses the hospital and non-hospital direct costs for preterm and term births, in the first year of life, from health insurance point of view. It is based on an extraction of data from the National Heal Insurance Inter-Regime Information System. The results of the study highlight in particular the level of average costs associated with extreme prematurity (before 32 weeks) and demonstrate an inverse and significant relationship between average costs and the gestational age (GA) at birth. This economic study invites awareness of the policy makers about the need to provide financial and human resources to anticipate and prevent critical situations associated with prematurity.