Pour faire face à la saturation du spectre électromagnétique en matière de communications sans fil, les groupes industriels dominant le marché développent de nouveaux appareils de télécommunications sans fil, qui offriront un débit très élevé combiné à une meilleure confidentialité. Ces systèmes fonctionneront dans des bandes de fréquences autour de 60 GHz, naturellement absentes du spectre électromagnétique environnemental, ce qui suscite des interrogations légitimes quant à leur innocuité. Ce travail de thèse porte sur l'analyse des effets potentiels des rayonnements millimétriques sur la physiologie de la cellule. Nous avons tout d'abord étudié les effets des ondes millimétriques par le biais d'études in vitro, en utilisant différents modèles de cultures de cellules humaines, exposés à différents temps et à différentes fréquences, notamment celles correspondantes à des résonances de groupement moléculaires, comprises entre 57 et 64 GHz. Nous avons étudié l'impact potentiel de ces ondes sur un organite cellulaire, le réticulum endoplasmique, connu pour être sensible à son environnement et impliqué dans de nombreuses pathologies. Nous avons ensuite étudié les effets de la variation de puissance sur des processus physiologiques concernant le réticulum endoplasmique mais aussi sur la synthèse de protéines spécifiques liées à la réponse inflammatoire. Enfin, par la technique de puces à ADN, nous avons réalisé une approche transcriptomique à haut débit, portant sur l'ensemble du génome, afin de déterminer l'existence de gènes cibles sensibles à des expositions aux ondes millimétriques. Plusieurs gènes candidats ont été sélectionnés et serviront de biomarqueurs.

In this thesis, based on the indoor channel measurements and ray-tracing modeling for the indoor mm-wave wireless communications, the challenges of the design of the radio in this band is studied. Considering the recently developed standards such as IEEE 802.15.3c, ECMA and WiGig at 60 GHz, the link budget of the system design for different classes of operation is done and the requirement for the antenna and other RF sections are extracted. Based on radiation characteristics of mm-wave and the fundamental limits of low-cost Silicon technology, it is shown that phased-array is the ultimate solution for the radio and physical layer of the mobile millimeter wave multi-Gb/s wireless networks. Different phased-array configurations are studied and a low-cost single-receiver array architecture with RF phase-shifting is proposed. A systematic approach to the analysis of the overall noise-figure of the proposed architecture is presented and the component technical requirements are derived for the system level specifications. The proposed on-chip antennas and antenna-in-packages for various applications are designed and verified by the measurement results. The design of patch antennas on the low-cost RT/Duroid substrate and the slot antennas on the IPD technologies as well as the compact on-chip slot DRA antenna are explained in the antenna design section. The design of reflective-type phase shifters in CMOS and MEMS technologies is explained. Finally, the design details of two developed 60 GHz integrated phased-arrays in CMOS technology are discussed. Front-end circuit blocks such as LNA, continuous passive reflective-type phase shifters, power combiner and variable gain amplifiers are investigated, designed and developed for a 60 GHz phased-array radio in CMOS technology. In the first design, the two-element CMOS phased-array front-ends based on passive phase shifting architecture is proposed and developed. In the second phased-array, the recently developed on-chip dielectric resonator antenna in our group in lower frequency is scaled and integrated with the front-end.

El presente proyecto de investigación tiene como finalidad presentar una solución a la problemática que se tiene en la Región Cusco, Provincia Cusco, Distrito de Santiago. Como se detalla el presente proyecto, existen diversos factores que determinan el tipo de problemática en el ámbito de seguridad que presenta el distrito de Santiago, por ejemplo, lugares de riñas frecuentes, puntos de mayor incidencia delictiva, lugares con nula o escasa iluminación, lugares de concentración de alcohólicos o drogadictos, todo esto a raíz de la falta de coordinación entre las instituciones a quienes les compete el ámbito de seguridad. Santiago es uno de los distritos principales de la ciudad del Cusco, por lo tanto, planteamos la propuesta de tener un sistema de seguridad integrado, el cual consiste en emplear cámaras de videovigilancia que estarán interconectadas mediante el uso de radio enlaces hacia un punto central o centro de control, desde dicho lugar se podrán monitorear las principales calles y avenidas con altos índices mayor incidencia. Se espera como resultado, disminuir los índices de inseguridad que actualmente presenta el distrito, con ayuda de la propuesta planteada.

Nowadays, thanks to the modern technologies, the human being has been able todevelop new techniques to solve problems present in the past. Regarding the medicalfield, it is common to use several apparatus in order to measure the vital signs. Themain drawback about the traditional methods employed for this purpose is that theyare invasive towards the patient. However, in this thesis it has been developed afurther design of a radar system so as to be able to measure these vital signs in awireless way. Based on a 60 GHz frequency modulated continuous wave radar chip, it has been ableto increase the performance of the measurements by adding a second radar chip.Because of this new feature, the radar system is now having a better precision byprocessing greater data matrix to analyse the targets positions and theirmeasurements. In addition, an enhanced MCU has been incorporated in order toavoid performance bottlenecks because it is necessary to handle the processing of thedata received by the two radar chips. Lastly, reducing the sweeping time (periodbetween the lowest frequency broadcast to linearly reach the highest frequencybroadcast) from 20 ms the previous design to 1 ms, which requires higher samplingrate to cover the fast sweep and provide higher flow of information that leads to fasterdetection process. A 3D design of the prototype has been designed to show the physical appearance itwould have once entering in production. The result is a compact and highlyintegrated radar system which will be able to monitor the heart beating andrespiration frequency of a human being in a range of ten meters.

This diploma thesis focuses on possible utilization of LoRa (Long Range) technology for indoor localization purposes. In this thesis, the starter kit SK-iM282A is used to create a LoRa-based wireless link in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. Main attention is focused on the experimental localization using the RSSI method in the various transmission environments, including a description of the localization principle, the procedure of processing the measured data and the evaluation of localized coordinates. The rightness of the proposed measurement setup and methodology is verified by extensive measurements in various environments and compared with state-of-the-art article.

Les environnements intelligents et l’homme connecté semble être la prochaine évolution des télécommunications sans fil. En effet, le développement des nouvelles bandes de fréquence millimétriques permettront de créer des communications haut débit et de nouveaux types d’environnements, les Wireless Body Environment Networks, où les utilisateurs auront la possibilité d’interagir avec l’environnement. Pour développer ces environnements, il est nécessaire d’étudier les mécanismes de propagation et les canaux de communication sans fil autour du corps humain. Cette thèse analyse les canaux de propagation pour les réseaux corporels à 60 GHz et plus particulièrement trois scenarios: (i) la propagation entre une station de base externe et un noeud placé à proximité du corps (off-body) ; (ii) la propagation entre deux noeuds portés sur le corps (on-body) ; (iii) la communication entre une station de base externe et un noeud tenu porté par la main de l’utilisateur (near-body). Un modèle de canal numérique est proposé et implémenté pour modéliser la propagation off-body en environnement intérieur. Le modèle est basé sur le standard IEEE 802.11ad et une solution de la diffraction d’une onde plane incidente sur un modèle cylindrique du corps humain. Le modèle est développé pour deux polarisations orthogonales et les performances d’une communication WiGig sont étudiées via le bit error rate. La propagation on-body est étudiée pour deux différentes configurations: avec et sans ligne de vue directe. Ces scenarios mènent à des solutions analytiques différentes: l’équation de Norton et l’onde rampante. Ces solutions sont obtenues en utilisant des modèles de corps simplifiés et ont été validées expérimentalement. De plus, une méthode permettant d’améliorer le bilan de liaison entre deux dispositifs portés sur le corps en utilisant des plaques métalliques réduisant les pertes de propagation. Cette technique a été illustrée théoriquement en utilisant les équations de Millington. Une campagne de mesure a été effectuée sur un modèle de corps plat ayant les propriétés électriques de la peau humaine. Il a été montré que cette méthode permet d’augmenter le bilan de liaison de 20 dB. La région near-body s’étendant de 5 à 30 cm du corps humain est étudiée. Il s’agit de la région correspondant à la portée de main. Un algorithme numérique est proposé pour modéliser la présence d’un utilisateur dans un environnement intérieur. Un modèle statistique a aussi été proposé. Il a été montré que la distribution spatiale du champ suit une Two-Wave Diffuse Power distribution. / The smart environments and the connected human seems to be the future of wireless communications. The development of new frequency bands in the millimeter range will allow us to create high data rate communications which will led to the Wireless Body Environment Networks. In this kind of scenarios, it is expected that the user and the environment will interact. In order to develop such new applications, it is necessary to first study the propagation mechanisms and then, the communication channel underlying body centric environments. This thesis treats of channel models for 60 GHz Body Area Networks and more particularly of three kinds of scenarios: (i) the communication between an external base station and a worn node (off-body); (ii) the communication between two worn nodes (on-body); the communication between an external base station and a hand-held device (near-body). An indoor off-body channel model is numerically proposed and implemented. The model is based on the IEEE 802.11ad indoor standard channel at 60 GHz and a fast computation solution of the scattering of a plane wave by a circular cylinder. The model is developed for two orthogonal polarizations and the communications performances are studied. The on-body propagation is studied for two different configurations: line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight communications on the body. These scenarios led to different solutions for the channel knowing as, respectively, Norton’s equations and creeping formulations. These solutions are obtained using simplified geometries which has been experimentally validated. Further, in order to improve the propagation on the human body, a technique using metallic plates has been proposed. This technique has been theoretically studied using Milligton’s equations and experimentally assessed on a flat phantom with the properties of the human skin. The proposed method allows to save up to 20 dB. Finally, the near-body communication scenario has been introduced and studied. The near-body region is extended from 5 to 30 cm away of the user body which corresponds to the arm’s reach and models a handheld device. A numerical algorithm has been proposed to model indoor near-body environments. Also, a special has been given to statistical body shadowing. It has been shown that the fading follows a Two-Wave Diffuse Power distribution.

The primary motivation behind this research was to determine whether 3D printed lenses printed out using the non-planar technique can help achieve better beam intensity for a 60 GHz printed-circuit-board based radar and consequently improve radar efficiency. Non-planar printing is a new development in the 3D printing industry. In the non-planar printing method, the printer is moving simultaneously in all X, Y and Z-axis. This process prints with curved layers, which helps achieve a smoother surface. For this, a newly developed version of the Slic3r, specifically called non-planar Slic3r, was used. The modelled lens was imported into this Slic3r software. The G-Code was generated, and using it, non-planar lenses were printed along with planar lenses for comparison purpose. The lenses printed out using the non-planar technique were not perfectly smooth as was thought initially. Both planar and non-planar lenses measurements were taken in a watchful environment, and the measurements were later compared. The comparison of measurements showed that the non-planar lens did not show any noticeable gain in the intensity over planar lenses. The conclusion, however, is limited to the frequency range around 60 GHz, and in the case of higher frequencies, the result may change

Yes / The paper presents the general requirements and an exemplary design of the RF front-end system that in today's handset is a key consumer of power. The design is required to minimize the carbon footprint in mobile handsets devices, whilst facilitating cooperation, and providing the energy-efficient operation of multi-standards for 5G communications. It provides the basis of hardware solutions for RF front-end integration challenges and offers design features covering energy efficiency for power amplifiers (PAs), Internet of Things (IoT) controlled tunable filters and compact highly isolated multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antennas. An optimum design requires synergetic collaboration between academic institutions and industry in order to satisfy the key requirements of sub-6 GHz energy-efficient 5G transceivers, incorporating energy efficiency, good linearity and the potential for low-cost manufacturing. A highly integrated RF transceiver was designed and implemented to transmit and receive a picture using compact MIMO antennas integrated with efficient tunable filters and high linearity PAs. The proposed system has achieved a bit error rate (BER) of less than 10-10 at a data rate of 600 Mb/s with a wireless communication distance of more than 1 meter and power dissipation of 18-20 mW using hybrid beamforming technology and 64-QAM modulation. / 10.13039/100010665-H2020 Marie Skodowska Curie

Yes / In this paper, a novel dual-polarized highly-folded self-grounded Bowtie antenna that is excited through I-shaped slots is proposed for applications in sub-6GHz 5G multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems. The antenna consists of two pairs of folded radiation petals whose base is embedded in a double layer of FR-4 substrate with a common ground-plane which is sandwiched between the two substrate layers. The ground-plane is defected with two I-shaped slots located under the radiation elements. Each pair of radiation elements are excited through a microstrip line on the top layer with RF signal that is 180° out of phase with respect to each other. The RF signal is coupled to the pair of feedlines on the top layer through the I-shaped slots from the two microstrip feedlines on the underside of the second substrate. The proposed feed mechanism gets rid of the otherwise bulky balun. The Bowtie antenna is a compact solution with dimensions of 32×32×33.8 mm3. Measured results have verified that the antenna operates over a frequency range of 3.1–5 GHz and exhibits an average gain and antenna efficiency in the vertical and horizontal polarizations of 7.5 dBi and 82.6%, respectively.

In-phase and quadrature (I/Q) signal generation is often required in modern transceiver architectures, such as direct conversion or low-IF, either for vector modulation and demodulation, negative frequency recovery in direct conversion receivers, or image rejection. If imbalance between the I and Q channels exists, the bit-error-rate (BER) of the transceiver and/or the image rejection ratio (IRR) will quickly deteriorate. Methods for correcting I/Q imbalance are desirable and necessary to improve the performance of quadrature transceiver architectures and modulation schemes. This thesis presents the design and characterization of a monolithic 5-6 GHz Silicon Germanium (SiGe) inductor-capacitor (LC) tank voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) with tunable polyphase outputs. Circuits were designed and fabricated using the Motorola 0.4 ìm CDR1 SiGe BiCMOS process, which has four interconnect metal layers and a thick copper uppermost bump layer for high-quality radio frequency (RF) passives. The VCO design includes full-wave electromagnetic characterization of an electrically symmetric differential inductor and a traditional dual inductor. Differential effective inductance and Q factor are extracted and compared for simulated and measured inductors. At 5.25 GHz, the measured Q factors of the electrically symmetric and dual inductors are 15.4 and 10.4, respectively. The electrically symmetric inductor provides a measured 48% percent improvement in Q factor over the traditional dual inductor. Two VCOs were designed and fabricated; one uses the electrically symmetric inductor in the LC tank circuit while the other uses the dual inductor. Both VCOs are based on an identical cross-coupled, differential pair negative transconductance -GM oscillator topology. Analysis and design considerations of this topology are presented with a particular emphasis on designing for low phase noise and low-power consumption. The fabricated VCO with an electrically symmetric inductor in the tank circuit tunes from 4.19 to 5.45 GHz (26% tuning range) for control voltages from 1.7 to 4.0 V. This circuit consumes 3.81 mA from a 3.3 V supply for the VCO core and 14.1 mA from a 2.5 V supply for the output buffer. The measured phase noise is -115.5 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset and a tank varactor control voltage of 1.0 V. The VCO figure-of-merit (FOM) for the symmetric inductor VCO is -179.2 dBc/Hz, which is within 4 dBc/Hz of the best reported VCO in the 5 GHz frequency regime. The die area including pads for the symmetric inductor VCO is 1 mm x 0.76 mm. In comparison, the dual inductor VCO tunes from 3.50 to 4.58 GHz (27% tuning range) for control voltages from 1.7 to 4.0 V. DC power consumption of this circuit consists of 3.75 mA from a 3.3 V supply for the VCO and 13.3 mA from a 2.5 V supply for the buffer. At 1 MHz from the carrier and a control voltage of 0 V, the dual inductor VCO has a phase noise of -104 dBc/Hz. The advantage of the higher Q symmetric inductor is apparent by comparing the FOM of the two VCO designs at the same varactor control voltage of 0 V. At this tuning voltage, the dual inductor VCO FOM is -166.3 dBc/Hz compared to -175.7 dBc/Hz for the symmetric inductor VCO -- an improvement of about 10 dBc/Hz. The die area including pads for the dual inductor VCO is 1.2 mm x 0.76 mm. In addition to these VCOs, a tunable polyphase filter with integrated input and output buffers was designed and fabricated for a bandwidth of 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. Series tunable capacitors (varactors) provide phase tunability for the quadrature outputs of the polyphase filter. The die area of the tunable polyphase with pads is 920 ìm x 755 ìm. The stand-alone polyphase filter consumes 13.74 mA in the input buffer and 6.29 mA in the two output buffers from a 2.5 V supply. Based on measurements, approximately 15° of I/Q phase imbalance can be tuned out using the fabricated polyphase filter, proving the concept of tunable phase. The output varactor control voltages can be used to achieve a potential ±5° phase flatness bandwidth of 700 MHz. To the author's knowledge, this is the first reported I/Q balance tunable polyphase network. The tunable polyphase filter can be integrated with the VCO designs described above to yield a quadrature VCO with phase tunable outputs. Based on the above designs I/Q tunability can be added to VCO at the expense of about 6 mA. Future work includes testing of a fabricated version of this combined polyphase VCO circuit. / Master of Science