L’objet de cette thèse est de rendre compte des spécificités d’un genre poétique ingénieux, l’énigme, devenu caduc et qui a longtemps été dédaigné par la critique littéraire en raison de sa dimension ludique. Elle n’en a pas moins connu une ample carrière tout au long de la première modernité, comme en attestent de nombreux manuscrits et séries éditoriales. Nous abordons cette forme procédant du genre de discours de la devinette, dont l’étude a longtemps été réservée à l’anthropologie, du point de vue de l’histoire littéraire et de l’histoire des formes. Cette thèse expose les nombreuses filiations littéraires de l’énigme en langue française ainsi que ses enjeux pragmatiques dans le contexte des salons, où elle est adaptée aux règles du jeu de la conversation et de la civilité mondaine. L’analyse poétique et rhétorique démontre que, loin d’être une forme hermétique, l’énigme subordonne l’effet obscur de la parole poétique à l’éclat ingénieux. Genre à contrainte et genre sériel, elle constitue un laboratoire de la création poétique de l’Ancien régime, donnant lieu à de nombreuses inventions facétieuses et galantes. L’étude des collections d’énigmes publiées entre les années 1570 et 1720 rend compte, au-delà de la répétition des thèmes et des formes, de possibilités d’énonciation originale des « mystères ingénieux ». Elle révèle aussi le rôle central de l’allusion dans l’invention du discours littéraire de la première modernité. / The purpose of this work is to present the characteristics of an ingenious poetic genre, the enigma, which is nowadays considered obsolete and has long been underestimated by critics on account of its recreational dimension. However, the early modern times have made an extensive use of it, as many manuscripts and print series show. We tackle this form, linked to the riddle genre, which study has long been the field of anthropology, from the perspective of the history of literature and of the history of literary form. We highlight the numerous literary sources of the French enigma, as well as the practical questions at stake in the framework of high society salons that adapted it according to the rules of conversation and politeness. The poetical and rhetorical analysis shows that, far from being an arcane form, the enigma uses obscurity in order to create an ingenious brightness. Despite being strictly rule-bound and serial, the genre makes space for a huge diversity of poetical creation and provides facetious and gallant inventions. Studying the collections of enigmas published between 1570 and 1720 shows that, beyond the repetitive themes and forms, it is still possible to think up genuine “ingenious mysteries”. It also reveals the fundamental part played by allusion in the invention of a literary discourse in the early modern times.

Title: Fair play as the Core of Sports Ethics in General Awareness and in Terms of the Gender Gap Objectives To look at the concept of fair play from various points of view, and not only that of sports. Analysing fair play not only as appropriate behaviour in sports but also as conduct to which we ascribe a certain moral value and towards which something motivates us. To interpret the actions rewarded with the top prize of the Czech Fair Play Club. To compare the view of fair play among active athletes and people who play sports recreationally or not at all. To discover whether there is a difference in the male and female understanding of fair play - whether in terms of sports or not. Method The theoretical section is based on relevant research and consists of a conceptual analysis and comparison of texts. The practical section includes an investigation by questionnaire among 65 respondents, from active athletes, to recreational sportsmen of greater or lesser intensity, to those who hardly play sports at all. Interpretation of the answers to 15 of the questions is focused on breaking down the target group according to age, gender and their attitude towards sports. The selection of the respondents was made entirely randomly, with questionnaires sent out to people from the region of Prague and their...

L’histoire littéraire connaît Jean Donneau de Visé (1638-1710) pour trois raisons : il a fondé le Mercure galant, a pris part à des débats théâtraux autour de Molière et de Corneille et a collaboré avec Thomas Corneille. Pour le reste, les étiquettes de « polygraphe » ou de « journaliste » ont confiné sa production au purgatoire de la critique. Ce travail se propose de réétudier cette production afin de lui donner sens et de comprendre l’apparente étrangeté de ces ouvrages. Donneau de Visé serait ainsi un entrepreneur des lettres, toujours à l’affût de l’occasion, entreprenant différents projets éditoriaux et recyclant, en « fripier du Parnasse », des matériaux textuels disponibles. Centré sur la période allant de sa première incursion dans le monde des lettres (1660) à la mise en place d’une formule pérenne pour le Mercure galant (1678), ce travail aborde les ouvrages de Donneau de Visé comme autant d’entreprises. Il en déconstruit la mécanique, étudie les marchés qu’ils visent (notamment celui de l’actualité) et révèle les actions qu’ils réalisent. Les résultats doivent éclairer non seulement l’activité de l’entrepreneur des lettres, mais également, des pratiques paradigmatiques pour le livre et la librairie au XVIIe siècle. / Jean Donneau de Visé (1638-1710) is still known for three main achievements: he founded the Mercure galant, took part in theatrical quarrels about the plays of Molière and Corneille and collaborated with Thomas Corneille on some machine plays. Labeled a « polygraphe » or a « journalist » he has long been condemned to critical limbo. This research would like to provide a new outlook on Donneau de Visé. The purpose is to shed light on the wide variety of the production of Donneau de Visé and to explain the reasons behind the complex structure of his books. This dissertation aims to show that Donneau de Visé can be considered a literary entrepreneur, perpetually seeking business opportunities, undertaking massive editorial projects and recycling available materials (he was nicknamed « le fripier du Parnasse »). This work is dedicated to a period spanning from 1660 to 1678 (from his first publication to the creation of a lasting business model for the Mercure galant) and approaches Donneau de Visé’s books as business ventures. It deconstructs the mechanics of these works by studying them through the lense of book history, studies the target market (especially, current events) and reveals which actions the books aim to undertake. The results should shed light not only on Donneau de Visé’s activities as a literary entrepreneur, but also on some widespread practices in the seventeenth century.

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L’augmentation grandissante de l’attention portée dans les études sur la masculinité tant à la littérature féminine qu’à ses auteurs incite les chercheurs à se pencher de nouveau sur l’icône qu’est le gentilhomme, sur la réponse qu’offre la littérature du XVIIIe siècle face à cette idéalisation de la masculinité, et comment ces standards ont contribué à façonner nos propres perceptions des différenciations des rôles sexuels. Ce mémoire présente une analyse des personnages masculins des romans de Jane Austen, Emma, Persuasion et Mansfield Park, à travers le concept de « masculinité hégémonique » de R.W. Connell, concept qui a eu un impact certain dans les recherches retraçant comment l’histoire et l’hégémonie ont fabriqué les attentes sociales et nationales envers l’homme anglais. Les livres expliquant la conduite à avoir pour être un gentilhomme viril ont sans aucun doute perpétué ces idéaux. À travers l’étude de la politesse, de la sincérité et de l’héroïsme, perpétuellement renouvelés afin de correspondre aux nouveaux idéaux de la masculinité, cette thèse étudie les livres éducatifs influents, notamment de Locke, Knox et Secker, afin de comprendre de quelle façon la masculinité hégémonique est devenue une partie intégrante du discours et de l’éducation à l’époque de la Régence anglaise. Les œuvres d’Austen ne cesse de rappeler la vulnérabilité de l’hégémonie en rappelant constamment au lecteur l’importance des expériences et de la croissance personnelle, et ce, peu importe le sexe. Néanmoins, ses romans correspondent tout de même à ce que devrait être une éducation appropriée reposant sur les règle de conduite, l’autonomie, le travail et la sincérité; lesquels, tel que l’histoire analysée dans ce mémoire le démontrera, appartiennent également aux idéaux du nationalisme anglais et de la masculinité. / The increasing amount of attention to literature and female novelists in masculinity studies invites academics to revisit iconic figures like the gentleman in order to explore how literature responds to idealizations of manliness in eighteenth-century society and how these standards contribute to our own view of gender differentiation. This thesis analyses male characters in Jane Austen’s Emma, Persuasion and Mansfield Park under the scope of R.W. Connell’s concept of “Hegemonic Masculinity,” a concept that has been influential in the study of how history and hegemony influence social and national expectations of English masculine character. Conduct books that instructed genteel men how to be a manly gentleman perpetuated these ideals. Through the study of how politeness, sincerity, and heroism were continuously transformed to incorporate new ideals of manhood, this thesis examines influential conduct books by Locke, Knox, and Secker in order to understand how hegemonic masculinity became an essential part of Regency masculine education and discourse. Austen’s works highlight the vulnerability of hegemony by reminding the reader about the importance of human experience and growth regardless of gender. Nevertheless, her novels respond to appropriate education that instructs on principle, self-governance, industry, and sincerity, all of which, as the history addressed in this thesis demonstrates, also belonged to ideals of English nationalism and masculinity.

This dissertation establishes how different citizen soldiers were employed and evaluated in the imaginary of fifth century Athens and gives explanations why popular thinking on military personnel was organised in this way. In so doing it emerges that a particular citizen soldier figured in Athenian conceptions about many aspects of martial activity. Also, it has proven necessary to analyse several other conceptions concerning the waging of war in which military personnel strictly play no part because of their indirect but important influence on how this or that class of Athenian fighters was judged. As a result this study ends up throwing light on the ways in which fifth century Athenians conceived not only of citizen combatants but also of warfare in general. The dissertation begins by outlining the primary sources for the Athenian imaginary and its major characteristics. The numerous tragedies and comedies surviving from the fifth century are shown to be sure evidence for the imaginary and the funeral oration of the period to have had a vital role in the transmission of key elements of Athenian self-identity and their understanding of warfare. Although playwrights and public speakers were invariably members of the Athenian elite, the particular contexts in which they performed compelled them to take up and articulate the values and conceptions of their overwhelmingly non-elite audiences. The imaginary then had a decidedly popular character. It was also a sprawling cultural melange within which incongruous and even patently contradictory ideas could subsist side by side. The second part of this dissertation exposes that the citizen hoplite enjoyed a central and paradigmatic role in the popular thinking of fifth century Athens. It was only ever to the heavily armed soldier that poets and orators turned when they wanted to consider general aspects of warfare, the military obligations of citizenship, and gallant and fainthearted behaviour on the battlefield. The Athenian hoplite also served as the pivotal reference point for the marking out of age and gender distinctions within the city and of the differences in military morality between Greeks and barbarians. Critically, as the prevailing definitions of bravery and cowardice were modelled exclusively on the phalanx warfare of the hoplites, Athenian lightly armed troops, cavalrymen and perhaps even sailors with their very different modes of combat were judged one way or another to be cowardly. Yet the final part of this dissertation demonstrates that this normative status of the heavy infantryman in no way prevented citizen sailors from gaining recognition and positive evaluation of their metier and themselves in the Athenian imaginary of the fifth century. The citizen masses of this period saw their city as the major seapower in the Mediterranean and well understood that its formidable might and security rested on its navy. Fifth century Athenians also had a high regard of seamanship in general and great pride in the naval dominance of their city in particular. Indeed, superlative nautical skills were thought to be 'national' traits of the citizens of imperial Athens which they had enjoyed even in the esteemed age of the heroes. Contemporary citizen sailors themselves were also held to be the saviours of the city and were accorded extraordinary esteem and an exalted status if they perished at sea fighting for Athens. Finally, despite the fact that it directly contradicted their hoplite centred conception of bravery, fifth century Athenians firmly believed that fellow citizens serving as sailors could display gallantry in battle.

Qualifying work has interdisciplinary charakter. This work is concentrate on knowledge of history and culture of age last members of Přemysl´s dynasty and the first members of Luxembourg´s dynasty. The primary aim of work is to identify the conditions under which there is courtly literature and minnesing on the courts of these rulers. Next aim is using the comparative method to define the basic topics in prose and poetry. The secondary aim is recognizing influence of German and Latin literature domestic and foreign on literature written in Czech. The work ?Minnesing and court literature at the court of last members of Přemysl's dynasty and the first members of Luxembourg's dynasty? deals with years 1283?1306 and 1310?1333 taking into account also past years.

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