Parmi les métabolites secondaires impliqués dans la qualité du raisin et du vin, les tanins condensés ou proanthocyanidines (PAs) jouent un rôle majeur, en particulier dans l'astringence et la stabilité de la couleur du vin. Ces molécules sont également impliquées dans la défense des plantes contre des stress biotiques et abiotiques. En outre, les effets bénéfiques des PAs pour la santé humaine sont bien documentés. Les PAs de la vigne ont la particularité d’être estérifiées avec de l’acide gallique. Une réaction d’acylation appelée galloylation est responsable de cette modification. Les études montrent que la galloylation influence les propriétés œnologiques et pharmacologiques des PAs. Dans la baie de raisin, les PAs sont synthétisés dans les premiers stades de développement, principalement dans les pellicules et les pépins. Un nombre relativement faible d'étapes enzymatiques sont nécessaires pour la biosynthèse de la structure de base de ces métabolites et les gènes correspondants sont aujourd'hui largement connus chez les plantes modèles, y compris chez la vigne. Cependant, les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans les étapes finales, y compris la galloylation, ne sont encore que partiellement connus. Des résultats antérieurs obtenus après la recherche de QTL influençant la composition du raisin, et en particulier le taux de galloylation des PAs, et des études transcriptomiques après surexpression de facteurs de transcription régulant la biosynthèse de la voie des PAs, ont permis l'identification de gènes potentiellement impliqués dans ces étapes. Des gènes de shikimate déshydrogénase (SDH) ont été identifiés. Ces gènes interviendraient en amont, pour la biosynthèse de l'acide gallique. Trois glucosyltransférases ainsi identifiées et déjà caractérisées au laboratoire sont impliquées dans la biosynthèse de l'ester de glucose de l'acide gallique (β-glucogalline), qui servirait d'intermédiaire pour la galloylation des PAs. Ces méthodes de criblage ont également permis d’identifier 2 acyltransférases de type sérine carboxypeptidase, nommées glucose acyltransférases (GATs) qui seraient capables de catalyser la dernière étape de galloylation: le transfert de l'acide gallique depuis la β-glucogalline sur les PAs. Le premier objectif de cette thèse a été de déterminer la fonction des SDHs codées par les gènes de vigne. Certaines SDHs recombinantes produites de façon hétérologue chez E.coli ont la capacité à produire de l'acide gallique in vitro. Leur niveau d’expression au cours du développement et dans différents tissus de la baie a également été établi. Les résultats obtenus in vitro sont étayés par le profil métabolique (acide gallique, β-glucogalline et PAs) de hairy-roots de vigne transformées avec un gène de SDH. Le second objectif de cette thèse a été de valider la fonction des GATs par expression transitoire dans des feuilles de tabac et des tests enzymatiques in vitro. La transformation transitoire de feuilles de vigne avec les GATs a permis de moduler la concentration d’esters phénoliques et nomment des flavan-3-ols galloylés in planta. L’étude de ces gènes a été étendue aux plantes vasculaires par des analyses phylogénétiques et a permis d’identifier des motifs peptidiques potentiellement impliqués dans les mécanismes étudiés et reflétant la sub-fonctionnalisation de certains gènes. Ce travail a fourni des informations sur les bases génétiques et les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la biosynthèse de l'acide gallique et son transfert en deux étapes sur les flavan-3-ols (galloylation). De nouvelles hypothèses sur l'intervention de différents transporteurs et la nature des molécules transportées pourront être formulées. / Among the secondary metabolites involved in grape berry and wine quality, condensed tannins or proanthocyanidins (PAs) play a major role, especially in astringency and color stability of wine. These molecules are also involved in plant defence against biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of PAs to human health are well documented. In grapevine, PAs have the distinctive feature of being esterified with gallic acid. An acylation reaction called galloylation is responsible for this modification. Studies show that the galloylation influences oenological and pharmacological properties of PAs. In the grape berry, PAs are synthesized in the early stages of development, mainly in skin and seeds. A relatively small number of enzymatic steps are required for the biosynthesis of the basic structure of these metabolites and the corresponding genes are now widely known in model plants, including in grapevine. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the final steps, including galloylation, are only partially known. Earlier results obtained after the search of QTL influencing the composition of the grape berry, especially the galloylation ratio of PAs, and transcriptomic studies after overexpression of transcription factors that regulate PAs biosynthesis pathway, have allowed the identification of genes potentially involved in these steps. Shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH) genes were identified. These genes would intervene upstream, for the biosynthesis of gallic acid. Three identified glucosyltransferases, already characterized in the laboratory, are involved in the biosynthesis of glucose ester of gallic acid (β-glucogalline), which could serve as an intermediary for PAs galloylation. These screening methods have also helped to identify 2 serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferases, called glucose acyltransferases (GATs) which are capable of catalyzing the last step of galloylation: the transfer of gallic acid from β-glucogalline to PAs. The first objective of this thesis was to determine the function of the SDHs encoded by grapevine genes. Recombinant SDHs, produced heterologously in E. coli, have the capacity to generate gallic acid in vitro. Their level of expression during development and in different tissues of the berry was also established. In vitro results are supported by the metabolic profile (gallic acid, β-glucogallin and PAs) of grapevine hairy -roots transformed with a SDH gene. The second objective of this thesis was to validate the function of the GATs by transient expression in tobacco leaves and in vitro enzyme assays. The transient transformation of grapevine leaves with GATs allowed to modulate the concentration of phenolic esters and notably galloylated flavan-3-ols in planta. The study of these genes was extended to vascular plants by phylogenetic analyses which allowed to identify peptide motifs potentially involved in the studied mechanisms and reflecting the sub-functionalization of certain genes. This work has provided informations on the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of gallic acid and its two-step transfer on flavan-3-ols (galloylation). New hypotheses on the intervention of different carriers and nature of transported molecules can be proposed.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Salt stress is a major abiotic stress that accounts for huge agricultural losses worldwide, which in turn threaten food security and sustainable agriculture. Salt triggers the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which accumulate to levels that become toxic to plants, resulting in cell death and reduced plant growth. Part of the plant’s mechanisms to counteract ROS-induced cell death involves the scavenging ability of the antioxidant defense system to maintain redox homeostasis. Gallic acid (GA) is an antioxidant that has been shown to reduce salt-induced ROS in legume plants. However, its effects on wheat plants have not been elucidated. This study thus investigated the role of exogenous GA (250 μM) on the physiological responses and antioxidant system of wheat plants under salt stress (150 mM). In addition, this study also investigated how GA and salt stress influenced changes in the membrane proteome of wheat plants using LC-MS proteomic analysis. / 2022

Li Lok Yee Mandy. / "June 2004." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-165). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-23T11:32:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Clayton.pdf: 1700881 bytes, checksum: bef0a31461056b467bc6eb1389d5bdf6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-23T11:32:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Clayton.pdf: 1700881 bytes, checksum: bef0a31461056b467bc6eb1389d5bdf6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Este trabalho descreve o estudo fitoquímico dos extratos polares de Cenostigma gardnerianum Tul., além da realização de ensaios de avaliação antioxidante das substâncias isoladas. O gênero Cenostigma pertence à família Leguminosae e compreende quatro espécies, sendo três delas endêmicas do Brasil. Das espécies conhecidas, apenas uma apresenta estudo químico preliminar. C. gardnerianum é conhecida popularmente como “canela-de-velho” ou “catingueira”, e pode ser encontrada no cerrado e caatinga baianos. Esta espécie é utilizada como forrageira podendo, portanto, ser empregada na alimentação de animais, constituindo assim uma importante fonte de recursos para o homem do sertão, principalmente em época de secas. Utilizando-se métodos cromatográficos usuais (CC, CCDC em sílica, poliamida e permeação em gel de Sephadex), do extrato AcOEt das folhas de C. gardnerianum foram isoladas o Ácido gálico, Galato de metila e o Ácido elágico. Foram isolados, ainda deste extrato, os flavonóides: Quercetina; Quercetina-3-O-S Dglicopiranosídeo; Quercetina-3-O-(6’’-O-galoil)-S-D-glicopiranosídeo; Quercetina-3-O-(6’’-O-E-p-cumaroil)-S-D-glicopiranosídeo; Agathisflavona e Vitexina. Do extrato clorofórmico das folhas foi isolada a Escoparona. Do extrato AcOEt das cascas do caule foi isolado um novo derivado do ácido gálico, caracterizado como Galato de metila-2-C-S-Dglicopiranosídeo, uma substância rara nesta classe de compostos. As estruturas das substâncias isoladas foram elucidadas através da análise dos dados obtidos pelos dados de EM, de RMN de 1H , 13C e DEPT, além de técnicas bidimensionais (HMBC e HMQC). Os testes de atividade antioxidante, in vitro, utilizando as metodologias da co-oxidação do S-caroteno/ácido linoleico e do seqüestro do radical estável DPPH, demonstraram que as substâncias Quercetina-3-O-S-D-glicopiranosídeo e Quercetina-3-O-(6’’-O-galoil)-S-Dglicopiranosídeo apresentaram excelente atividade, enquanto que a Quercetina-3-O-(6’’-O-Ep-cumaroil)-S-D-glicopiranosídeo apresentou atividade moderada, e as substâncias Agathisflavona e Galato de metila-2-C-S-D-glicopiranosídeo apresentaram baixa ou nenhuma atividade, respectivamente. / Salvador

Submitted by VANESSA GONÇALVES WOLF null (nessa.wolf@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-13T23:39:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 20170708145234dissertacao_final_vanessa_goncalves_wolf_corrigida_jul_8.pdf: 3123091 bytes, checksum: 0e5f498e0767893a065858a9ae558c1c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-14T18:44:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 wolf_vg_me_arafcf.pdf: 3123091 bytes, checksum: 0e5f498e0767893a065858a9ae558c1c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-14T18:44:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 wolf_vg_me_arafcf.pdf: 3123091 bytes, checksum: 0e5f498e0767893a065858a9ae558c1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Helicobacter pylori é um dos principais causadores de gastrite crônica e úlcera péptica, e embora o mecanismo envolvido na inflamação gástrica por esta bactéria não esteja completamente elucidado, sabe-se do importante papel das espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) produzidas por polimorfonucleares neutrófilos, que são atraídos e ativados pelo agente da infecção, sem que, entretanto, consigam debelar a mesma, mas que contribuem fortemente para a lesão tecidual e o processo inflamatório crônico. Diante disso, tem aumentado a busca de novas estratégias de tratamento que possam levar à redução do estresse oxidativo gerado no sítio da infecção, com consequente redução do processo inflamatório. Neste sentido, ácido gálico, juntamente com seus ésteres (galato de metila, propila, hexila e octila), foram utilizados neste estudo, com o objetivo de avaliar suas ações como inibidores da liberação de EROs por neutrófilos ativados, bem como seus efeitos antimicrobianos sobre H. pylori. Para a avaliação da atividade antioxidante dessas substâncias foram realizados ensaios livres de células (efeito supressor sobre o radical DPPH e sobre radicais peroxila), e o efeito anti-EROs foi avaliado utilizando neutrófilos isolados de sangue humano estimulados por H. pylori, Zymosan ou PMA, através de ensaio quimiluminescente dependente de luminol ou lucigenina, ensaio com WST-1, ensaio de inibição da produção de HOCl, e o teste do NBT. Ensaio antimicrobiano foi realizado através da técnica de microdiluição em caldo. A presença da cadeia lateral carbônica levou a um significativo aumento na capacidade dos ésteres em inibir a produção de EROs por neutrófilos ativados, quando comparados ao ácido precursor, com destaque para os galatos de hexila e octila, que inibiram em quase 100% a produção de radical ânion superóxido, bem como de todas as EROs do burst oxidativo de forma geral. Galatos de octila e hexila também mostraram-se ser as moléculas com maior atividade antimicrobiana sobre H. pylori, com um valor de CIM de 125 e 250g/mL, respectivamente, ao passo que as demais substâncias apresentaram valor de CIM acima de 1000 g/mL. Os resultados obtidos mostram o grande potencial dos ésteres do ácido gálico quanto à suas atividades anti-H. pylori e anti-EROs, e além disso demonstram a importância da presença de uma cadeia carbônica lateral, conferindo maior hidrofobicidade à molécula, para obter-se a máxima atividade antimicrobiana in vitro e a máxima atividade antioxidante em modelo ex vivo. Assim, os ésteres do ácido gálico apresentam-se como moléculas promissoras no tratamento da infecção por Helicobacter pylori, apresentando ação antimicrobiana sobre o mesmo, bem como na redução do estresse oxidativo gerado no sítio da infecção. / Helicobacter pylori is one of major cause of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, and although the mechanism involved in gastric inflammation by this bacterium is not fully understood, it is know the important role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), which are attracted and activated by infection agent, without, however, to be able to overcome the same, but which contribute strongly to the tissue damage and chronic inflammation. Therefore, it has increased the search for new strategies of treatment that can lead to the reduction of the oxidative stress generated at the infection site, with consequent reduction of the inflammatory process. In this sense, gallic acid, together with its esters (methyl, propyl, hexyl and octyl gallate), were used in this study, with the aim of evaluating their actions as inhibitors of ROS release by activated neutrophils, as well as their antimicrobial effects on H. pylori. Cell-free assays (suppressor effect on the DPPH radical and peroxyl radicals) were performed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of these substances, and the anti-EROs effect was evaluated using neutrophils isolated from human blood, stimulated by H. pylori, Zymosan or PMA, through luminol-dependent or lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescent assay, WST-1 assay, inhibition of HOCl production assay, and the NBT assay. Antimicrobial assay was performed by broth microdilution technique. The presence of the carbonic side chain led to a significant increase in the ability of the esters to inhibit the ROS production by activated neutrophils when compared to the precursor acid, especially hexyl and octyl gallates, which inhibited practically 100% of the superoxide anion radical production, as well as all ROS of the oxidative burst in general. Octyl and hexyl gallates were also shown to be the molecules with the highest antimicrobial activity on H. pylori, with a MIC value of 125 and 250 μg/mL, respectively, while the other substances had a MIC value higher than 1000 g/ml. The results show the great potential of the esters of gallic acid for their anti-H. pylori and anti-EROs activities, and furthermore demonstrate the importance of the presence of a lateral carbonic chain, giving greater hydrophobicity to the molecule, to obtain the maximum antimicrobial activity in vitro and the maximum antioxidant activity in an ex vivo model. Thus, esters of gallic acid are promising molecules in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, presenting antimicrobial action on the same, as well as reducing the oxidative stress generated at the site of infection. / CNPq: 130667/2015-3 / FAPESP: 2015/21693-0

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Dalbergia ecastaphyllum was determined as a botanical origin of Brazilian red propolis by chemical and molecular studies. This fact raised the amount of research on this plant species. The National Institute of Industrial Property granted the designation of origin red propolis and Alagoas propolis extract whose composition has, among other chemical compounds, formononetin and daidzeína markers. However, several studies have identified the chemical markers of this product in samples of D. ecastaphyllum and propolis of Sergipe. The objective of this work was to define the fingerprint D. ecastaphyllum of low São Francisco by chemical and molecular markers, in addition to evaluating the biological activity to enable the development of standardized extracts with known concentrations of active ingredients. The chromatographic profiles of plants and propolis showed similarity. The HPLC results showed that the different parts of the plant have similar chemical profiles. The compound gallic acid were identified in all plant parts, but only on the bark been found formononetin and biochanin A chemical markers. The fingerprint ESI(-)-MS and analyzes by UHPLC-MS were more accurate, because the compounds formononetin, biochanin A and daidzein were identified in all samples. The results of the sequencing for evaluation of the genetic identity of populations of Dalbergia demonstrated that they are highly homogeneous, having exactly the same haplotype for the analyzed region. All extracts were able to inhibit the development of clinical strains of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The compounds gallic acid and formononetin were identified, quantified and used as parameters for standardization of Dalbergia extract. The results of this study demonstrate that not all compounds present in the extracts possess activity against the microorganisms used and probably the combined action between them decreases the biological potency of gallic acid compound. To achieve effective antimicrobial activity in these samples can standardize the extract with a minimum amount of 1% gallic acid and 4% formononetin. According to the results D. ecastaphyllum low San Francisco have the same genetic characteristics and chemical profiles including presenting the chemical markers considered for Alagoas propolis. It is necessary to conduct more comparative studies between propolis the northeastern region to the possibility of geographical designation of origin be extended to other states. It is inferred that, compared to chemical markers, any part of the plant can be used. However, we suggest the use of bast as the preferred part of the plant for the production of extracts due to the higher concentration of compounds found. While correlation studies indicate that the compounds analyzed have antimicrobial activity, you need to evaluate the activity of these compounds isolated to confirm this hypothesis. The genetic similarity of plants and the presence of several chemical markers, as well as ease of propagation of this plant in cultivation system enables the operation of a new way of obtaining bioactive compounds directly from the inner bark of D.ecastaphyllum extracts. / A Dalbergia ecastaphyllum foi determinada como a origem botânica da própolis vermelha brasileira através de estudos químicos e moleculares. Este fato elevou a quantidade de pesquisa com essa espécie vegetal. O Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial – INPI concedeu a Denominação de Origem a Própolis vermelha e Extrato de própolis vermelha de Alagoas cuja composição apresenta, entre outros compostos químicos, os marcadores formononetina e daidzeína. Entretanto, vários estudos têm identificado estes marcadores em amostras de D. ecastaphyllum e própolis vermelha de Sergipe. O objetivo deste trabalho foi definir a impressão digital de D. ecastaphyllum da região do baixo São Francisco por meio de marcadores químicos e moleculares, além de avaliar a atividade biológica para possibilitar o desenvolvimento de extratos padronizados com teores conhecidos de princípios ativos. Os perfis cromatográficos das plantas e da própolis vermelha apresentaram similaridade. Os resultados do HPLC demonstraram que as diferentes partes da planta possuem perfis químicos semelhantes. O composto ácido gálico foi identificado em todas as partes da planta, porém apenas na entrecasca foi encontrado os marcadores químicos formononetina e a biochanina A. O fingerprint ESI(-)-MS e as análises realizadas por UHPLC-MS foram mais precisas, pois os compostos formononetina, biochanina A e daidzeína foram identificados em todas as amostras. Os resultados do sequenciamento para a avaliação da identidade genética das populações de Dalbergia demonstraram que estas são muito homogêneas, possuindo exatamente o mesmo haplótipo para a região analisada. Todos os extratos foram capazes de inibir o desenvolvimento das cepas clínicas Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Os compostos ácido gálico e formononetina foram identificados, quantificados e utilizados como parâmetro para padronização do extrato de Dalbergia. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que nem todos os compostos presentes nos extratos possuem atividade frente aos microrganismos utilizados e que provavelmente a ação combinada entre eles diminui a potência biológica do composto ácido gálico. Para se obter atividade antimicrobiana efetiva nestas amostras pode se padronizar o extrato com a quantidade mínima de 1% de ácido gálico e 4% de formononetina. De acordo com os resultados a D. ecastaphyllum do baixo São Francisco têm as mesmas características genéticas e perfis químicos similares apresentando inclusive os marcadores químicos considerados para a própolis vermelha alagoana. Faz-se necessário a realização de mais estudos comparativos entre as própolis da região nordeste visando à possibilidade da denominação de origem geográfica ser estendida para outros estados. Infere-se que, em relação aos marcadores químicos, qualquer parte da planta pode ser utilizada. Entretanto, sugerimos o uso da entrecasca como parte preferencial da planta para a produção de extratos em função da maior concentração de compostos encontrada. Embora os estudos de correlação indiquem que os compostos analisados têm atividade antimicrobiana, será necessário avaliar a atividade destes compostos isolados para confirmar esta hipótese. A similaridade genética das plantas e a presença de diversos marcadores químicos, bem como a facilidade de propagação dessa planta em sistema de cultivo possibilitam a exploração de um novo caminho de obtenção de compostos bioativos de forma direta a partir de extratos da entrecasca de D. ecastaphyllum.

Coffee contains many antioxidants including purpurogallin, which is a hydrophobic phenolic antioxidant that is difficult to measure with reported methods. A method combining solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was developed to detect and quantify purpurogallin in brewed beverages, including coffee. For beverage preparation, water extraction was adopted for improved correlation with moka pot brewing. Purpurogallin was detected in all commercial coffee samples, and its content in ground coffees ranged from 455-630 ng/g dry weight. Purpurogallin was only detected in two English breakfast tea samples (335-360 ng/g dry weight) and was not detected in any cocoa sample. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and phenolic profile of coffees with different degrees of roasting were determined and analyzed. The developed methodology was then further improved, and coffees with different roasting degrees were analyzed for their antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and phenolic profile. The antioxidant activity ranged from 63.9-92.0 mg Trolox equivalents per gram of coffee (dry weight), and the total phenolic content ranged from 36.0-57.7 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of coffee (dry weight). However, the total phenolic content was not correlated with the roasting degree (p > 0.05). When the roasting degree increases, chlorogenic acid decreases drastically, but shikimic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, pyrogallol, and purpurogallin increase correspondingly. The results suggest that purpurogallin is a common antioxidant in roasted coffees, and an increase in roasting degree will not only lead to dramatic breakdown of chlorogenic acid, but also promote significant formation of other phenolic compounds that can provide antioxidant activity.

La presente tesis consiste en un plan para el desarrollo de la producción y comercialización de ácido gálico obtenido del polvo de la Tara. El ácido gálico se utiliza principalmente en la industria farmacéutica como insumo de productos para la salud y es un producto que se obtiene de la extracción de los taninos que se encuentran en el polvo de la tara. De acuerdo con la consultora Wise Guy Reports, en el mercado internacional se ha estimado el consumo de ácido gálico a nivel mundial en 2019 en US$ 58 millones de dólares, con un potencial de crecimiento hacia el año 2024 de US$ 90 millones de dólares. La producción de Tara se da en diversas regiones del país, lo que facilita el acceso a la materia prima directamente del productor a las empresas que producen el polvo de Tara, y permite la disponibilidad del principal insumo del ácido gálico a precios competitivos. Se tomó conocimiento de tres procesos para obtener ácido gálico por lixiviación y se seleccionó el proceso de extracción utilizando como solvente al etanol, debido a que es el proceso que provee una mejor calidad y pureza acorde con los objetivos de calidad previstos. Teniendo en consideración el acceso y disponibilidad de la materia prima, así como el proceso productivo seleccionado, se realizó el estudio de la producción estimada y comercialización requerida, teniendo en consideración una participación de mercado previamente establecida, para ello se ha previsto implementar una pequeña planta productiva, contar con una estructura organizacional de soporte para la producción y comercialización, y desarrollar un proceso de difusión y comercialización. El mayor consumo se da en los mercados de Norte América, Europa, China y Sudamérica. Si bien la industria farmacéutica es el principal consumidor de ácido gálico y hay una producción nacional, no se observa un consumo local significativo de ácido gálico debido a la tendencia hacia la importación de medicamentos, en consecuencia, hemos considerado el destino de la producción a los mercados extranjeros que tiene un mayor consumo e incremento de la demanda. Finalmente, realizamos la evaluación de la viabilidad financiera del plan considerando un periodo de crecimiento de 10 años y satisfaciendo los objetivos de participación de mercado y rentabilidad deseada. / Gallic acid is extracted from Tara powder. Tara is a fruit cultivated throughout Peru. Gallic acid is mainly used in the health area where its application has contributed in studies to achieve a progress on treatments of several diseases. According to Wise Guy Reports consultant, the worldwide consumption of gallic acid during 2019 was estimated in 58 million dollars with a potential growth of 90 million dollars towards 2024. The highest consumption occurs in North America, Europe, China and South America markets. The biggest gallic acid producer is china where find the top 10 producers, such as Jiurui Biology, Bei Yuan Chemical and, Hunan Linong. Peru is the world’s main producer of Tara, from which Tara powder is extracted, input used to obtain gallic acid. The production of Tara is performed on different regions of the country, which allows access to the raw material directly from the producer to the companies that produce an export Tara powder, making possible to access to competitive prices. The pharmaceutical industry is the main consumer of gallic acid. Although, there is a national production of medicines, there is also a strong trend towards imports. Consequently, gallic acid producers direct their production to foreign markets that show a greater consumption and an increased demand and from where medicines are imported. / Trabajo de investigación

The master thesis present the possibilities of processing of electrochemical data from a group of four electrodes with non-selective response (simple sensor array) for electrochemical analysis with potential application of the results achieved in the construction of the sensor field type "electronic tongue". This simple system was applied to the sample simulating the food product. Electrochemical data were processed through mathematical operations such as Gaussian approximation, deconvolution or using basic mathematical operations.

Neste trabalho foram avaliados o comportamento do ácido gálico e de adjuvantes tecnológicos frequentemente empregados em formas farmacêuticas sólida, e das suas misturas físicas, através de métodos termoanalíticos e por espectroscopia de infravermelho. Foi investigada também a influência da compactação sobre as misturas físicas equiponderais. Os adjuvantes avaliados foram amidoglicolato de sódio, celulose microcristalina, croscarmelose sódica, crospovidona, dióxido de silício coloidal, estearato de magnésio e polimetacrilato. O ácido gálico apresentou um comportamento térmico diferenciado nas misturas, assumindo, provavelmente, uma forma instável com menor ponto de fusão. Os resultados obtidos por DSC demonstraram interação de natureza física com mudança de entalpia para misturas do ácido gálico com celulose microcristalina, crospovidona, estearato de magnésio e polimetacrilato. A interação não pode ser confirmada por espectroscopia de infravermelho para a crospovidona e polimetacrilato, devido à sobreposição das bandas com o ácido gálico. Os demais adjuvantes também apresentaram interação física, porém, sem alteração da entalpia, confirmada por espectroscopia de infravermelho, relacionada ao estabelecimento de ligações de hidrogênio entre os componentes da mistura. A compactação demonstrou particular influência sobre a interação com celulose microcristalina, croscarmelose sódica e crospovidona. / In this work were evaluated the behavior of the gallic acid and technological excipients used in sold dosage forms and their physical powder mixtures, by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimety (TGA) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The influence of the compression force on the 1:1 (w/w) physical mixtures was also investigated. The excipients evaluated were sodium starch glycolate, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, colloidal silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate and polymethacrylate. Gallic acid presented a different thermal behavior in the mixtures, assuming, probably, an unstable form with a lower melting point. The results obtained by (DSC) demonstrated the occurrence of physical interactions with enthalpy changes for the mixtures of gallic acid with microcrystalline cellulose, crospovidone, magnesium stearate and polymethacrylate. The interaction could not be confirmed by infrared spectroscopy for crospovidone and polymethacrylate, due to overlapping of the gallic acid IR bands. The other excipients also presented physical interaction, however, without alteration of the enthalpy, confirmed by IR, which could be correlated to the establishment of hydrogen bonds between the components of the mixture. The compression of the powder mixtures demonstrated a particular influence of the interaction of gallic acid with microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium and crospovidone.