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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
141

Pression policière et actes de défiance : une analyse de la résistance aux interventions policières à Montréal (1998-2008)

Boutet, Mylène 12 1900 (has links)
Bien que les règles de droits et des directives administratives dictent leur conduite, les policiers jouissent d’une latitude considérable dans la manière d’appliquer la loi et de dispenser des services. Puisque l’exercice efficient de toute forme d’autorité nécessite la reconnaissance de sa légitimité (Tyler, 2004), plus l’application de leurs pouvoirs discrétionnaires est jugée arbitraire ou excessive, plus les citoyens risquent d’utiliser des mécanismes normaux d’opposition ou de riposte. Dans cette optique, la présente étude cherche à départager les causes des 15 023 épisodes de voie de fait, menace, harcèlement, entrave et intimidation, qualifiés de défiance, dont les policiers du Service de police de la ville de Montréal (SPVM) ont été la cible entre 1998-2008 selon leur registre des événements (Module d’information policière – MIP). Elle présume qu’à interactions constantes entre la police et les citoyens, les comportements de défiance policière seront fonction du niveau de désordre du quartier et des caractéristiques des personnes impliquées. Plus les policiers interceptent de jeunes, de minorités ethniques et d’individus associés aux gangs de rue, plus ils risquent d’être défiés. Elle suppose également que la probabilité qu’une intervention soit défiée dépend de l’excessivité des activités policières menées dans le quartier. Plus un quartier est sur-contrôlé par rapport à son volume de crimes (overpoliced), plus le climat local est tendu, plus les policiers sont perçus comme étant illégitimes et plus ils risquent d’être défiés lorsqu’ils procèdent à une intervention. Enfin, les comportements de défiance sont peut-être simplement fonction du niveau d’interactions entre les policiers et les citoyens, à conditions sociales et criminogènes des quartiers tenues constantes. Une série d’analyses de corrélation tend à confirmer que les comportements de défiance varient en fonction de l’âge, de l’ethnicité et de l’appartenance à un gang de rue de l’auteur. Par contre, les conditions sociales et criminogènes des quartiers paraissent être des causes antécédentes à la défiance puisqu’elles encouragent un volume plus élevé d’interventions dans les quartiers désorganisés, lequel influe sur le nombre d’incidents de défiance. Contrairement à notre hypothèse, les résultats tendent à démontrer que les policiers risquent davantage d’être défiés dans les quartiers sous-contrôlés (underpoliced). Quant à elles, les analyses multiniveaux suggèrent que le nombre d’incidents de défiance augmente à chaque fois qu’une intervention policière est effectuée, mais que cette augmentation est influencée par les quartiers propices aux activités criminelles des gangs de rue. En ce sens, il est probable que l’approche policière dans les quartiers d’activités « gangs de rue » soit différente, par souci de protection ou par anticipation de problèmes, résultant plus fréquemment en des actes de défiance à l’égard des policiers. / Although the rules of law and administrative directives dictate their conduct, police officers have considerable discretion in how to apply the law and provide services. Since the efficient conduct of all forms of authority requires the awareness of its legitimacy (Tyler, 2004), the more their discretionary powers is deemed arbitrary or excessive, the more citizens are likely to use normal objection or opposition mechanisms. In this context, this study seeks to disentangle the causes of the 15 023 cases of assaults, threats, harassment, obstruction and intimidation, described as defiance, which the police officers of the Service de police de la ville de Montréal (SPVM) were the target of between 1998-2008 according to their register of events (Module d’information policière - MIP). It presumes that with constant interactions level between police and citizens, behaviors of police mistrust will depend on the level of neighborhood disorder and the characteristics of the persons involved. The more the police intercept youths, ethnic minorities and individuals associated with street gangs, the more they are likely to be challenged. It also assumes that the probability that a police intervention be challenged depends on the excessiveness of police activities conducted in the district. The more the neighborhood is overpoliced versus the volume of crimes, the more the local climate is tense, the more the police officers are perceived as being unlawful and they are more likely to be challenged when making an intervention. Finally, defiant behavior may just depend on the level of interaction between police officers and citizens, social and criminogenic conditions of neighborhoods being consistent. A series of correlation analysis tends to confirm that defiant behavior vary according to age, ethnicity and belonging to a street gang of the author. However, the social and criminogenic conditions of neighborhoods appear to be caused by prior defiant behavior because they encourage a higher volume of interventions in the disorganized neighborhoods, which affects the number defiant behavior incidents. Contrary to our hypothesis, the results suggest that police officers are more likely to be challenged in underpoliced neighborhoods. In turn, the multilevel analysis suggests that the number of defiant behavior incidents increases each time a police intervention is performed, but this increase is influenced by neighborhoods conducive to street gang criminal activities. To this effort, it is likely that the police approach in the street gang’s neighborhood activities is different, for the sake of protection or in anticipation of problems, resulting more frequently in defiant behavior acts against police officers.
142

Les gangs de rue en prison

Charland, Marie-Pier 12 1900 (has links)
Les gangs de rue suscitent aujourd’hui l’intérêt de nombreux chercheurs en raison de la menace qu’ils semblent poser à la société et ses institutions. En effet, depuis quelques années, les Services Correctionnels du Québec connaissent une hausse du nombre de personnes incarcérées associées aux gangs de rue et plusieurs questionnements sont soulevés face à la recrudescence de ces groupes en prison. Peu de recherches se sont penchées sur la question des gangs de rue en prison, alors que ceux-ci semblent être à la source de plusieurs problèmes aigus dans les institutions carcérales. Ainsi, ces derniers sont souvent associés à la criminalité et à la violence, que ce soit dans les médias ou dans la littérature scientifique et semblent être la source de plusieurs inquiétudes de la part du grand public; considérés comme imprévisibles et violents, ils font peur. Groupes diversifiés et difficiles à saisir, leur étude se veut non seulement primordiale vu leur nature, mais nécessaire afin d’en saisir la complexité et pouvoir agir, que ce soit au niveau de la prévention, de la gestion ou encore de la répression. Ce mémoire vise donc la compréhension de l’expérience des membres de gangs de rue dans les prisons provinciales québécoises. Dans ce cadre, nous avons procédé par une approche qualitative au moyen d’entretiens de type qualitatif menés auprès de détenus considérés par les services correctionnels comme étant proches ou membres de gangs de rue. Les vingt-et-une entrevues menées nous ont permis d’approfondir et de saisir le vécu de ces derniers en détention. De ces entretiens, trois grandes dimensions sont ressorties, soit l’organisation sociale des gangs de rue en prison, les conditions de détention difficiles dans lesquelles évoluent ces groupes ainsi que leur fonctionnement en prison. Nos analyses nous ont permis de dégager certains constats. À leur arrivée en prison, les individus affiliés aux gangs de rue sont doublement étiquetés, et se retrouvent dans des secteurs de détention spécifiques où les conditions sont particulièrement difficiles à vivre. Dans ce contexte, les gangs de rue tendent à reproduire en prison certains attributs associés aux gangs de rue, notamment une certaine structure et hiérarchie organisationnelle et un esprit de cohésion. Il ressort ainsi de notre étude que cette solidarité semble permettre aux gangs de rue de s’adapter à l’environnement hostile que représente la prison. Toutefois, cette solidarité nous parait être un obstacle ou du moins une difficulté inhérente à la prise en charge et à la gestion des gangs de rue en prison. / Today, street gangs are of great interest for many researchers because of the threat they seem to pose to society and its institutions. In recent years, the Quebec Correctional Services has seen an increase of incarcerated street gang members which has created a number of issues related to the growth of these groups in prison. Furthermore, few studies have addressed the issue of street gang members in prison although they seem to be the source of several serious problems in penal institutions. Street gangs are often associated with criminality and violence, whether in the medias or in scientific papers. They seem to be a great source of concern for the public; and, in general; they are perceived to be unpredictable, and violent, which is creating fear. These groups are ever-evolving, diversified and constantly re-immerging. Thus, the study of these groups is essential largely due to their characteristics, but also necessary in order to grasp their complexity and eventually, to be able to succeed in the control, repression and prevention of these groups. This master seeks to understand the experience of street gang members in provincial prisons. In this context, the choice of the qualitative approach seems entirely justified. The qualitative interviews we conducted with individuals identified by the correctional services to be closely associated to or members of street gangs seemed to us to be in line with the choice of the qualitative approach and were necessary in order to focus on the views and experiences of their life in prison. The twenty-one interviews we conducted with inmates that are associated to a street gang have permitted us to further understand and capture the mentality of those in detention. From these interviews, three major issues have emerged; firstly, the social organization of street gangs, secondly, the harsh prison conditions in which these groups operate and thirdly, how they function and operate in prison. Finally, we have identified some facts from our interviews. When street gang members arrive in prison, they are experiencing a double-labelling, are living in harsh prison conditions and are all housed together. Thus, the characteristics displayed of street gangs in prison is somewhat similar to the behaviour within the community; such as, their subculture, their structure, their positions, the family spirit that characterizes them in the community, their solidarity and violence. The deprivation endured by incarceration added to the characteristics of street gangs lead to a further form of solidarity. This solidarity allows the street gang members to adapt to any hostile environment, including the prison. Finally, this solidarity is certainly an important inherent obstacle to the control of these groups in prison.
143

Gang conflict in prison

Hlongwane, Amon Lemmy 06 1900 (has links)
Gevangenisbendes in Suid-Afrika het 'n lang geskiedenis. die eerste was gestig onder Swart gevangenes in die Transvaal onmiddellik na die Anglo-Boere oorlog. Die Ninevite bende was ingestel deur Nongoloza Mathebula en het in die Witwatersrand geopereer. "Nongoloza" se bende het bestaan uit agt lede waarvan die 28 bende later ontwikkel het. Die 28 bende is ten gunste van wyfies-verhouding (homoseksuele) onder sy bende lede. "Ngelejani" se bende, waaruit die 26 bende ontwikkel het, was nie ten gunste van die wyfies-verhouding nie. Die ander bende wat in die gevangenis ontstaan het, is die Big 5 bende en die Airforce bende. / Prison gangs in South Africa have a long history. the first were established among Black prisoners in the Transvaal soon after the Anglo-Boer war. The Ninevite gang was introduced by Nongoloza Mathebula and operated in the Witwatersrand. "Nongoloza's" gang consisted of eight members, from which the 28 gang later developed. The 28 gang approved the boy-wives relationship (homo-sexual) among its gang members. "Ngelejani's" gang from which the 26 gang developed, disapproved the boy-wives relationship. Other gangs established in prison, are the Big 5 gang and the Airforce gang. / Sociology / M.A. (Penology)
144

Defining organised crime: a comparative analysis

Lebeya, Seswantsho Godfrey 05 October 2012 (has links)
The most challenging and spoken criminal phenomenon today is indisputably organised crime. It is a crime that both the general public, business community, commentators, researchers, scholars, journalists, writers, politicians, prosecutors, jurists and presiding officials debate with different interpretation and understanding of the concept as well as the manifestation of the phenomena. Debates on the subject have seen the dawn of rival terminologies of organised crime and crimes that are organised. While the United Nations has not assisted the nations in finding a definition of what organised crime is, the confusion has spread throughout the globe and South Africa has not been spared the pandemonium. The objective of this study is to comparatively assess the present understanding and setup in South Africa in comparison with Italy, Tanzania and the United States of America, identify the root causes of the confusion and find possible remedies to liberate the situation. The research concludes with the findings and recommendations. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.D.
145

Les symptômes et les troubles intériorisés chez les jeunes contrevenants

Morin, Claudia January 2016 (has links)
Chaque année, des adolescents québécois sont soumis à des sanctions judiciaires en raison de leurs actes de délinquance (Association des centres jeunesse du Québec, 2015). Plusieurs recherches récentes indiquent que ces jeunes sont plus à risque de répondre aux critères diagnostiques d’au moins un trouble mental que les adolescents de la population générale (Fazel, Doll, & Langstrom, 2008; Vermeiren, 2003). Les jeunes contrevenants sont également plus nombreux à présenter des symptômes et des troubles intériorisés (Abram et al., 2014; Skowyra & Cocozza, 2007; Teplin et al., 2006), soit des comportements anxieux, dépressifs, de retrait et des plaintes somatiques (Achenbach & McConaughy, 1992). Cette thèse contribue aux connaissances quant aux symptômes et aux troubles intériorisés chez les jeunes contrevenants en traitant de deux sujets peu étudiés : les problèmes intériorisés des jeunes contrevenants associés aux gangs de rue et l’identification de ces problèmes par les intervenants travaillant auprès d’eux. Le premier article composant la thèse présente une étude descriptive où le nombre de symptômes et de troubles intériorisés a été comparé entre des jeunes contrevenants révélant être ou avoir été associés aux gangs de rue (n = 62) et des jeunes contrevenants n’ayant pas révélé une telle association (n = 41). Les symptômes et les troubles intériorisés ont été mesurés à l’aide d’un questionnaire et d’une entrevue diagnostique semi-structurée. Les résultats indiquent que les jeunes associés aux gangs présentent davantage de symptômes de dépression-anxiété et sont plus nombreux à répondre aux critères diagnostiques d’au moins un trouble anxieux que ceux qui n’y sont pas associés. De plus, près de la moitié des participants, associés ou non aux gangs de rue, répondent aux critères diagnostiques d’au moins un trouble intériorisé. Cette forte prévalence de troubles intériorisés soulève l’importance que ceux-ci soient dépistés par les intervenants travaillant auprès des jeunes contrevenants. En effet, considérant que les troubles mentaux non traités entrainent de la souffrance, nuisent au fonctionnement et sont liés à des taux de tentatives de suicide, d’arrestations et de récidive plus élevés (Abram et al., 2014; Cottle, Lee, & Heilbrun, 2001; Hoeve, McReynolds, & Wasserman, 2013; Schonfeld et al., 1997), leur identification s’avère primordiale afin qu’ils puissent bénéficier des services dont ils auraient besoin. Le deuxième article de cette thèse est une étude exploratoire où sont recensés les symptômes et les troubles intériorisés mentionnés par les intervenants au rapport prédécisionnel (RPD) de 22 participants. La concordance entre ces symptômes et troubles intériorisés et ceux autorapportés par les jeunes contrevenants par un questionnaire et une entrevue semi-structurée est ensuite évaluée. Plusieurs symptômes et troubles intériorisés seraient « sous-identifiés » dans le RPD des jeunes contrevenants en comparaison de ce qui est révélé par les participants. Les résultats de ces deux études laissent croire qu’il serait pertinent d’offrir de la formation aux intervenants quant aux symptômes et aux troubles intériorisés chez les adolescents, d’implanter une procédure de dépistage systématique des troubles mentaux, et d’inclure les symptômes et les troubles intériorisés dans les programmes de prévention et de traitement offerts aux jeunes contrevenants.
146

Girls in Youth Gangs in Central America

Paulsson, Joseline January 2016 (has links)
Youth gangs, so-called Maras, in Central America have for a long time been one of the major factors contributing to the great amount of organized crime and violence in the Central American countries. The citizens in this region are exposed to violence and other crimes from the gangs on a daily basis. The vast amount of teens joining but also being forced to join the gangs is due to the high levels of poverty in the countries. Becoming a member in a gang is often seen as the only option to make a living. The study focuses on three countries in Central America: El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. The reason why the author chose these three countries is because they are the ones with the highest youth gang activity in the region as well as the ones who have faced and still are facing high levels of violence and corruption. They have all faced political, economic, and social challenges after civil wars and increasing drug trafficking in the region. The method used in the study is qualitative through an analysis of secondary sources on young women in youth gangs. The material is analyzed from a gender perspective and also power and social control theory. The maras mainly recruit teen boys, but also young girls and women. Teen girls are in some cases forced to join the gangs but many times they join the gangs as self- protection from other local maras. The young girls are used for different tasks and duties while in the gang, but also face abuse by being taken advantage of in a male dominated environment. The essay focuses on the role of young women in gangs. The research questions are: why the young girls join the gangs? What are their roles in the gangs? Are their roles differentiate to the mens?  It is important to observe how the youth gangs function, reflect the patriarchal structures of society in general which has created differences between the sexes where males are seen as superior to females, which also is evident in criminal youth gangs. The essay shows that the main reasons why young women join gangs are because they are looking for a safe environment due to lacking support and safety at home. The young women’s roles in the gang differentiate from the men in the way that they are assigned tasks according to traditional gender roles where the women are expected to do domestic tasks and excluded from some of the gang activities because of their gender.
147

Negotiating pathways to manhood : violence reproduction in Medellin's periphery : exploring habitus and masculinity to explain young men's decisions to join armed groups in poor urban neighbourhoods of Colombia

Baird, Adam David Scourfield January 2011 (has links)
In recent years urban violence has become understood as a 'reproduced', multi-causal and socially generated phenomenon. Less is understood about why young men reproduce the majority of this violence. This thesis uses original empirical data based on thirty-two life-histories of youths living in two poor and violent neighbourhoods in Medellín, Colombia. It argues that urban violence is reproduced by male youths because it is linked to 'masculinity'; that is, the process of 'becoming men' where youths strive to fulfil productive or 'successful' models of masculinity. These processes are related to contexts of poverty, inequality and exclusion, so this thesis does not reduce the generation of urban violence to masculinity alone. Rather, understanding masculinity provides us with further insight into the reproduction of violence. This thesis further argues that male youths are disposed by their habitus - after Pierre Bourdieu - to negotiate a pathway to manhood that largely reflects traditional masculine values in their context. Striving to achieve prevailing versions of manhood contributed to some of these youths joining armed groups, such as gangs. The gang acted as a mechanism to fulfil their dispositions to become men, by providing them with a way to perform a version of 'successful' masculinity. This is prevalent in urban contexts of exclusion and high levels of social violence, because there are limited opportunities to achieve legal and dignified versions of manhood, whilst there are significant opportunities to join the local gang. The youths interviewed that did not join gangs tended to come from families that taught them to reject violence at a young age, whilst supporting them in pursuing alternative pathways to manhood. Youths that joined gangs tended to have more problems at home and often had family members already in gangs.
148

A study of social workers' experiences in working with youths ingangs

Fung, Ngai-man., 馮藝文. January 1991 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Work
149

An exploratory study of peer relationship of an adolescent natural group in an outreaching setting

Lee, Ming-wai, Joannes., 利明威. January 1992 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Work
150

Let's Not Eat Alone: A Search for Food Security Justice

Shorr, Emma 01 January 2014 (has links)
The food justice movement has taken off in recent years. Despite its call for justice in the food system, it has been critiqued as being inaccessible to people who need food the most. The food system marginalizes women, minorities, and low-income people, making these groups the most at risk for food insecurity. Solutions to food insecurity come from both government and non-governmental avenues. This thesis calls for a merger of solutions to food insecurity and food justice in food security justice, and assesses the ability of solutions to food insecurity to confront issues of injustice. Community-based solutions currently have the potential to address issues of justice, as well as providing added benefits of promoting community cohesion and creating new economic spaces. Through a simulation of the SNAP budget and an exploration of the narrative between gang violence and food insecurity in Los Angeles, the necessity for solutions to food insecurity to address justice is established.

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