Introdução: A derivação gástrica em Y-de-Roux (DGYR) é um dos procedimentos bariátricos mais realizados em todo o mundo. Apesar de sua alta eficácia, significativa proporção de pacientes recupera parte do peso perdido. Várias terapias endoscópicas foram introduzidas como alternativas para tratar o reganho de peso, mas a maioria dos artigos publicados tem amostra relativamente pequena, com dados pouco claros e de curto prazo. Objetivo: Avaliar sistematicamente a eficácia das terapias endoscópicas para reganho de peso pós-DGYR. Métodos: Foram realizadas buscas nas bases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, OVID, CINAHL/EBSCo, LILACS/Bireme e literatura cinzenta. Os desfechos primários avaliados foram perda absoluta de peso (PAP), perda de excesso de peso (PEP) e perda total de peso corporal (PPTP). Resultados: Trinta e dois estudos foram incluídos na análise qualitativa. Vinte e seis trabalhos envolvendo 1148 pacientes descreveram sutura endoscópica de espessura total (SET) e PAP, PEP e PPTP em 3 meses foram 8,5±2,9kg, 21,6±9,3% e 7,3±2,6%, respectivamente. Aos 6 meses, foram de 8,6±3,5kg, 23,7±12,3% e 8,0±3,9%. Aos 12 meses, 7,63±4,3kg, 16,9±11,1% e 6,6±5,0%. A análise de subgrupos mostrou melhores resultados no subgrupo submetido à coagulação com plasma de argônio (APC) prévio à SET (p < 0,0001). A metanálise incluindo 15 desses estudos mostrou resultados concordantes e confirmou a superioridade estatística da SET+APC em comparação à SET isolada. Três estudos descreveram sutura de espessura superficial (SEP) com PAP média de 3,0±3,8kg, 4,4±0,07kg e 3,7±7,4 kg em 3, 6 e 12 meses, respectivamente. No seguimento de curto, médio e longo prazo, a SET proporcionou resultados superiores em relação à SEP (p < 0,05). Dois artigos descreveram APC isolada com PAP média de 15,4±2,0 kg e 15,4±9,1kg em 3 e 6 meses. Nenhum estudo relatando escleroterapia satisfez os critérios de elegibilidade. Conclusões: A sutura de espessura total é efetiva no tratamento do reganho de peso pós-DGYR. A realização de APC antes da sutura parece resultar em maior perda de peso. Estudos comparativos são necessários para confirmar nossos resultados. A sutura de espessura total relaciona-se com melhores resultados em comparação à sutura de espessura superficial. Poucos estudos avaliam adequadamente a eficácia de outras técnicas endoscópicas / Introduction: Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) is the most commonly performed bariatric procedure. Despite its high efficacy, some patients regain part of their lost weight. Several endoscopic therapies have been introduced as alternatives to treat weight regain but most of the articles are relatively small with unclear long-term data. Aim: To systematically assess the efficacy of endoscopic therapies for weight regain after RYGB. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, OVID, CINAHL/EBSCo, LILACS/Bireme and gray literature. Primary outcomes were absolute weight loss (AWL), excess weight loss (EWL) and total body weight loss (TBWL). Results: Thirty-two studies were included in qualitative analysis. Twenty-six articles enrolling 1148 patients described fullthickness (FT) endoscopic suturing and pooled AWL, EWL and TBWL at 3 months were 8.5±2.9kgs, 21.6±9.3% and 7.3±2.6%, respectively. At 6 months, they were 8.6±3.5kg, 23.7±12.3% and 8.0±3.9%. At 12 months, they were 7.63±4.3kg, 16.9±11.1% and 6.6±5.0%. Subgroup analysis showed that all outcomes were significantly higher in the group with FT suturing combined with argon plasma coagulation (APC) (p < 0.0001). Meta-analysis including 15 FT studies showed greater results and confirmed the significant superiority of FT-APC compared to FT alone. Three studies described superficial-thickness suturing with pooled AWL of 3.0±3.8kg, 4.4±0.07kg and 3.7±7.4kg at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. At short, mid and long-term follow-up, FT suturing provided better outcomes compared to ST (p < 0.05). Two articles described APC alone with mean AWL of 15.4±2.0kg and 15.4±9.1kg at 3 and 6 months. No study describing sclerotherapy fulfilled eligibility criteria. Conclusions: Full-thickness suturing is effective at treating weight regain after RYGB. Performing APC prior to suturing seems to result in greater weight loss. Head-to-head studies are needed to confirm our results. Full-thickness suturing lead to greater outcomes compared to superficial thickness suturing. Few studies adequately assess effectiveness of other endoscopic techniques

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sidneypinheirojunior_tese.pdf: 1185692 bytes, checksum: 2cae9b38515819abe487b6260ac74acc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-27 / Background Outstanding, among the factors associated to cholelithiasis after bariatric surgery, are those related to metabolism and synthesis of lipoproteins, such as apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and protein from cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP). Methods - 220 patients have been part of the study, 114 (G1) with cholelithiasis postoperatively and 106 (G2) without cholelithiasis in over 8 months period, including the analysis of apoE-Hha I and CETP-TaqIB polymorphisms per PCR / RFLP and biochemical profile [total cholesterol (TC), lipoprotein cholesterol fraction of low (LDL), high (HDLc) and very low density (VLDLc), triglycerides (TG) and glucose levels. It was accepted level of significance for P <0.05. Results - Preoperatively, it was observed that in G1 54% of the patients with the APOE*4 allele had serum altered levels of LDL. Postoperatively, there was a decrease (P <0.001) of LDL with TG in G2 (85.3 ± 32.1 mg / dL, P <0.0001) and glucose (G1 = 83.2 ± 10.7 mg / dL; G2 = 84.7 ± 11.5 mg / dL, P <0.0001 for both), TC and LDL and HDL cholesterol increased only in G2 (P <0.0001). The B1 allele was related to decreased (P <0.01) of TC, LDLc and TG postoperatively in both groups, in addition to lowering glucose levels and increase HDL cholesterol only in G2 (P <0.0001). The genotype APOE*_/4 in G2 was associated with decreased levels of TC, LDL, TG and glucose levels and increased levels of HDL cholesterol (P<0.01) postoperatively. Conclusions - This study does not confirm the association of apoE-Hha-I and CETP-TaqIB with gallstones in the late postoperative period after bariatric surgery. However, B1 allele seems to enhance the action of bariatric surgery in the control of dyslipidemia effectively reducing levels of TC, LDL and TG, with additional benefit to those without gallstones by decreasing blood glucose levels and also increase HDL cholesterol. The relationship of APOE*4 with increased LDLc preoperatively only in G1 suggests its association with cholelithiasis in the late postoperative bariatric surgery, which should be evaluated in prospective studies. / Introdução- Destacam-se entre os fatores associados à colelitíase após cirurgia bariátrica, aqueles relacionados a metabolismo e síntese de lipoproteínas plasmáticas, como apolipoproteína E (apo E) e proteína de transferência do éster de colesterol (CETP). Objetivos-Avaliar a associação das variantes genéticas apoE-Hha I e CETP-TaqIB na colelitíase e sua influência no perfil bioquímico,além de perfil antropométrico e co-morbidades em pacientes com obesidade mórbida após cirurgia bariátrica. Métodos- Foram estudados 220 pacientes: 114 (G1) com colelitíase no pós-operatório e 106 (G2) sem colelitíase, em período >8 meses, incluindo a análise dos polimorfismos apoE-HhaI e CETP-TaqIB por PCR/RFLP e perfil bioquímico [colesterol total (CT), fração de colesterol de lipoproteína de baixa (LDLc), alta (HDLc) e muito baixa densidade (VLDLc), triglicérides (TG) e glicemia], além do índice de massa corporal (IMC), cintura abdominal (CA), hipertensão e diabete melito. Admitiu-se nível de significância para P<0,05. Resultados- Houve semelhança entre os grupos para os genótipos de apoE-HhaI e CETP-TaqIB. O genótipo APOE*3/3 prevaleceu em ambos os grupos (G1: 65% e G2:73%; P=0,204), enquanto genótipos APOE*_/4 destacaram-se em G1 (23% versus 16%; P=0,269). Para CETP o alelo B1 prevaleceu em G1 (0,59) e G2 (0,62; P=0,558). O perfil bioquímico, com valores recomendados já no pré-operatório em ambos os grupos, exceto para TG (141,4±75,4; 159,3±90,9mg/dL, respectivamente, P=0,123) e glicemia (113,0±53,2; 105,8±34,3mg/dL, respectivamente; P=0,262), mostrou decréscimo (P<0,001) no pós-operatório para todas as variáveis, incluindo TG (respectivamente, 89,0±34,6mg/dL; 85,3±32,1mg/dL; P<0,0001 para ambos) e glicemia (respectivamente, 83,2±10,7mg/dL; 84,7±11,5mg/dL; P<0,0001 para ambos). Níveis de HDLc mostraram acréscimo no pós-operatório apenas em G2 (52,5±14,7 versus 43,0±11,9; P<0,0001). Em G1, 54% dos pacientes portadores do alelo APOE*4 tinham níveis séricos alterados de LDLc no pré-operatório. O genótipo APOE*3/3, em G1, associou-se com decréscimo nos níveis de CT, LDLc, TG e glicemia e aumento nos níveis de HDLc (P<0,01). O mesmo ocorreu para genótipos APOE*_/4, em G2. O alelo B1 relacionou-se com decréscimo (P<0,01) de CT, LDLc e TG no pós-operatório em ambos os grupos, além de redução de glicemia e aumento de HDLc apenas em G2 (P<0,0001).Ambos os grupos mostraram redução nos valores de IMC e CA, além de hipertensão e diabete melito. Conclusões: Variantes de apoE-HhaI e CETP-TaqIB não diferenciam os grupos com e sem colelitíase no pós-operatório tardio de cirurgia bariátrica. Presença de APOE*4 relacionada com aumento de LDLc no pré-operatório, sugere sua influência no desenvolvimento de colelitíase no pós- operatório tardio, a ser confirmado em estudos prospectivos. CETP-Taq IB, representado pelo alelo B1 parece potencializar a ação da cirurgia bariátrica no controle do perfil bioquímico, particularmente em G2 com aumento de HDLc e decréscimo da glicemia. Além disso, independente da presença de colelitiase, a cirurgia bariátrica controla também doenças crônicas como diabete melito e hipertensão arterial.

Introdução: Em estudo prospectivo, os efeitos da gastroplastia redutora com reconstrução em Y de Roux sobre a flora bacteriana e produção de citoquinas nas câmaras gástricas proximal e excluída foram estudados. Métodos: pacientes bariátricos (n=37) foram submetidos à avaliação endoscópica em ambos reservatórios gástricos,7,3+-1,4 anos após a gastroplastia. Idade foi de 42,4+-9,9 anos (70,2% sexo feminino), IMC pré-operatório de 53,5+-10,6, e IMC atual de 32,6+-7,8kg/m2. TNFalfa e TGF-beta foram medidos pelo método ELISA em biópsias da mucosa gástrica., assim como cultura quantitativa da secreção gástrica, com pH gástrico e teste respiratório lactulose/hidrogênio.Resultados: Nenhum dos pacientes apresentou queixas sugestivas de supercrescimento bacteriano gastrointestinal. Todavia, contagens elevadas de bactérias e fungos foram identificadas nas duas câmaras, principalmente no estômago proximal. Gram-positivos representaram a maioria dos isolados. O pH foi neutro na câmara proximal, enquanto que também na câmara distal nem sempre conservou-se em níveis esperados. Conclusões: 1)Produção elevadas de TNF-alfa e TGF-beta, com a colonização de aeróbios, anaeróbios e fungos em ambas câmaras gástricas foram identificadas; 2)O pH gástrico como a contagem bacteriana foram maiores no estômago proximal funcionante; 3)Teste respiratório foi positivo para supercrescimento bacteriano em 40,5% dos pacientes,entretanto não foram identificadas manifestações clínicas de supercrescimento bacteriano gastrointestinal. / Background: In a prospective study, the effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) on bacterial flora and cytokines production in the used (proximal pouch) and unused (large bypassed) gastric chamber was analysed. Methods: Bariatric subjects (n=37) were submitted to endoscopic examination of both gastric reservoirs, 7.3 ± 1.4 years after RYGBP. Age was 42.4 ± 9.9 years (70.2% females), preoperative BMI was 53.5 ± 10.6, and current BMI was 32.6 ± 7.8 kg/m2.TNF-alpha and TGF-beta were meausured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from gastric mucosal biopsies. Quantitative culture of gastric secretion along with gastric pH and actulose/hydrogen breath test were also investigated.Results: None of the subjects displayed complaints suggestive of GI bacterial overgrowth. Elevated counts of bacteria and fungi were identified in both chambers, mostly in the proximal stomach. Gram-positives represented the majority of the isolates. Gastric pH was neutral in the proximal pouch, whereas the distal chamber mostly but not always onserved the expected acidity. Conclusions: 1)Increased TNF-alpha and TGFbeta production, as aerobes, anaerobes and fungi colonization of both gastric chambers was detected; 2) Gastric pH as well as bacterial count was higher in the functioning proximal stomach; 3) Breath test was positive for bacterial overgrowth in 40.5% of the subjects, however clinical manifestation of GI bacterial overgrowth were not demonstrated

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-02-15T12:32:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELA VICINANSA MONACO FERREIRA.pdf: 2575283 bytes, checksum: e154c9b7ae508a96205c1d597a55aee6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T12:32:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELA VICINANSA MONACO FERREIRA.pdf: 2575283 bytes, checksum: e154c9b7ae508a96205c1d597a55aee6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-01 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Morbid obesity, a chronic and multifactorial disease, causes metabolic disorders and increases the risk of morbidity. Its prevalence has been increasing, with alarming data in Brazil and elsewhere. Globally, Brazil ranks second in number of bariatric surgeries, but surgical treatment is a challenge for the patients and the teams that provide care for these patients. Given the above, the present study aimed to assess changes in nutritional status and identify nutritional deficiencies before and 10 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. This retrospective study lasted two years and included 166 patients submitted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass at a private clinic. The statistical analyses included the chi-square, Fisher?s, Mann-Whitney, and Wilcoxon tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and generalized estimating equations. The significance level was set at 5%. At the ten-year follow-up, the percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL), body mass index (BMI), and weight regain were 51.64?18.03 (p<0.0001), 32.53?4.83 kg/m2 (p<0.0001), and 41% (p<0.0001), respectively, and the lipid and blood glucose profiles had improved (p<0.0001). Iron-deficiency anemia was found in 37.5% and 45.0% of the patients who attended the 10-year follow-up based on ferritin levels <15 ug/L and <30 ug/L, respectively. The effect of time was significant for hemoglobin, ferritin, iron overload (p<0.0001), and hematocrit (p=0.0007). Vitamin D deficiency was found in 29 patients (82.86%), and high parathormone (PTH), in 13 (41.94%). The effect of time was significant for PTH (p=0.0059). In conclusion, gastric bypass was a surgical success and improved the metabolic profile. Weight regain increased over time. The nutritional outcomes were iron-deficiency anemia and vitamin D deficiency associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism. These findings reaffirm the importance of multidisciplinary care and monitoring of nutritional deficiencies for the treatment of morbid obesity. / A obesidade m?rbida considerada uma doen?a cr?nica e multifatorial, que ocasiona desordens metab?licas e aumenta o risco de morbidade, vem crescendo, com dados alarmantes no Brasil e no Mundo. O Brasil ? o segundo Pa?s que mais realiza cirurgia bari?trica, sendo o tratamento cir?rgico, um desafio para os pacientes e para as equipes envolvidas no cuidado destes pacientes. Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a evolu??o do estado nutricional e identificar as defici?ncias nutricionais no pr? e no p?s-operat?rio de pacientes submetidos ao bypass g?strico em Y-de-Roux, com 10 anos de seguimento. O estudo realizado em dois anos, com delineamento retrospectivo longitudinal, envolveu 166 pacientes submetidos ao bypass g?strico em Y-de-Roux, em uma cl?nica privada. Na an?lise estat?stica, utilizou-se os testes Qui-Quadrado, Fisher, Mann-Whitney, Anova, Wilcoxon e Equa??es de Estimativas Generalizadas. O n?vel de signific?ncia adotado foi de 5%. Os resultados deste estudo, ap?s 10 anos de seguimento, demostraram percentual de perda do excesso de peso (%PEP) de 51,64?18,03 (p<0,0001); Indice de Massa Corporal (IMC) de 32,53?4,83 kg/m2 (p<0,0001); reganho de peso de 41% (p<0,0001). O perfil lip?dico e glic?mico diminuiu ao longo de 10 anos de seguimento (p<0,0001). Dos pacientes que permaneceram no estudo at? o final de 120 meses, 37,5% e 45,0%, apresentaram diagn?stico de anemia ferropriva, considerando-se os crit?rios utilizados de ferritina <15 ug/L e ferritina <30 ug/L, respectivamente. O efeito do tempo foi significativo para a hemoglobina, ferritina e sobrecarga de ferro, (p<0,0001) e hemat?crito (p=0,0007). Em rela??o ao metabolismo do c?lcio, 82,86% (29), apresentaram n?veis de defici?ncia de vitamina D e 41,94% (13) apresentaram PTH elevado. O efeito do tempo foi significativo para o PTH (p=0,0059). Em conclus?o, pacientes submetidos ao bypass g?strico, apresentaram sucesso cir?rgico e melhora do perfil metab?lico. O reganho de peso aumentou com o tempo de seguimento. A anemia ferropriva e a defici?ncia de vitamina D, associada ao hiperparatireoidismo secund?rio, foram desfechos nutricionais encontrados Tais achados reafirmam a import?ncia do cuidado multidisciplinar e ? aten??o ?s defici?ncias nutricionais para o tratamento da obesidade m?rbida.

Indivíduos obesos, portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), atingem controle glicêmico poucos dias após realização de derivação gástrica em Y de Roux (DGYR), antes mesmo de ocorrer perda de peso significativa. Entre os mecanismos propostos, para explicar o rápido controle glicêmico, a alteração da produção de hormônios gastrintestinais é muito estudada, porém pouco se explorou a expressão tecidual dos genes que os transcrevem. O presente estudo avaliou a resposta, em curto prazo, da expressão gástrica e intestinal de genes que transcrevem peptídeo semelhante ao glucagon 1 (GLP-1), peptídeo insulinotrópico dependente de glicose (GIP), peptídeo tirosina-tirosina (PYY) e grelina, e de níveis sistêmicos desses hormônios à DGYR, bem como, sua correlação com homeostase glicêmica pós-operatória. Mulheres obesas portadoras de DM2 (n=20) foram avaliadas antes e após 3 meses de DGYR. Todas as pacientes foram avaliadas em conjunto e, posteriormente, divididas em dois subgrupos de doentes, determinados pelo grau de remissão pós-operatória de DM2 (parcial ou completa) de acordo com o critério ADA. Biopsias do corpo e fundo gástrico, duodeno, jejuno e íleo foram coletadas por enteroscopia de duplo balão para análise de expressão dos genes GCG (precursor do GLP-1), GIP (precursor do GIP), PYY (precursor de PYY) e GHRL (precursor da grelina). As análises de expressão gênica foram feitas por abordagem global e alvo, por meio das técnicas de microarray e RT-qPCR, respectivamente. Concentrações plasmáticas dos hormônios transcritos pelos genes avaliados também foram dosadas em jejum e após teste de refeição mista, bem como níveis circulantes de peptídeo C, hemoglobina glicada (jejum), glicose, insulina e glucagon (jejum e após teste de refeição mista). Essa abordagem permitiu avaliar a correlação de dados teciduais de expressão gênica e de níveis circulantes de hormônios GI com marcadores sistêmicos de homeostase glicêmica. Após DGYR, alterações significativas na expressão de GCG, GIP, PYY e GHRL ocorreram ao longo dos segmentos GI estudados, em paralelo à melhora significativa de marcadores plasmáticos da homeostase glicêmica. Particularmente, aumento da expressão de GCG e diminuição da expressão de GIP ao longo do intestino foram acompanhados por alterações sistêmicas concordantes dos hormônios por eles transcritos. Essas alterações transcriptômicas se correlacionaram direta (GCG) e inversamente (GIP) com níveis de insulina e glicose, e, inversamente, com níveis de hemoglobina glicada (GCG e GIP). Apenas o hormônio GLP-1 se correlacionou inversamente com níveis de hemoglobina glicada. Além disso, as pacientes com remissão completa de DM2 apresentaram, em relação às medidas pré-operatórias, aumento de GCG no jejuno e íleo, e aumento significativo da área sob a curva de GLP-1 ativo após DGYR. No estômago excluso, ocorreu aumento da expressão de GHRL, mas os níveis sistêmicos de grelina não sofreram alterações significativas no pós-operatório. De acordo com nossos dados, DGYR modificou a expressão de genes que transcrevem hormônios GI capazes de influenciar a homeostase glicêmica. Essas alterações foram acompanhadas por modificações concordantes de níveis sistêmicos das incretinas GLP-1 e GIP e se correlacionaram com marcadores de melhora da homeostase glicêmica. Em conjunto, nossos resultados sugerem que DGYR pode influenciar a homeostase glicêmica por mecanismos que incluem modificação transcriptômica de genes relacionados a hormônios gastrintestinais / Obese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) achieve glycemic control few days after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), even before significant weight loss occurs. Among all proposed mechanisms to explain the rapid glycemic control after surgery, alteration of gastrointestinal (GI) hormones production is widely studied, however, GI expression of these genes is still little explored. The present study evaluated the short-term response of gastric and intestinal expression of genes transcribing glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), tyrosine-tyrosine peptide (PYY), and ghrelin and systemic levels of these hormones after RYGB, as well as their correlation with postoperative glycemic homeostasis. Obese women with T2DM (n = 20) were assessed before and after 3 months of RYGB. All patients were evaluated together and subsequently divided in two subgroups of patients, according the degree of postoperative T2DM remission (partial or complete), following ADA criteria. Biopsies of body and gastric fundus, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected by double-balloon enteroscopy for analysis of GCG (precursor of GLP-1), GIP (GIP precursor), PYY (precursor of PYY) and GHRL ghrelin precursor). Gene expression analysis was done by global and target approach, using microarray and RT-qPCR techniques, respectively. Plasmatic concentrations of hormones transcribed by the genes under study were also measured in fasted and after mixed meal test samples, as well as circulating levels of C peptide, glycated hemoglobin (fasting), glucose, insulin and glucagon (fasting and after mixed meal test). This approach allowed the correlation of tissue expression data and circulating levels of GI hormones with systemic markers of glycemic homeostasis. After RYGB, significant changes in GCG, GIP, PYY and GHRL expression were observed along the studied GI segments, in parallel with significant improvement in plasma markers of glycemic homeostasis. In particular, increased GCG expression and decreased GIP expression throughout the small intestine was followed by consistent systemic alterations of its related hormones. These transcriptomic changes are directly (GCG) and inversely (GIP) correlated with insulin and glucose levels and inversely with glycated hemoglobin levels (GCG and GIP). Only GLP-1 was inversely correlated with glycated hemoglobin levels. In addition, regarding the preoperative measurements, patients with complete T2DM remission presented increased GCG in jejunum and ileum, and significant increase in the area under curve of active GLP-1 after RYGB. In the excluded stomach, an increase in GHRL gene expression was recognized, but systemic levels of ghrelin did not changed significantly. According to our data, RYGB altered the expression of genes that transcribe GI hormones related to glycemic homeostasis. These changes were followed by expected modifications of GLP-1 and GIP incretin systemic levels and were correlated with improved glycemic homeostasis markers. Taken together, our results suggest that RYGB can influence glycemic homeostasis by mechanisms that include transcriptomic modification of genes related to gastrointestinal hormones

Introdução: Os mecanismos responsáveis pela evolução do diabetes associado à obesidade entre pacientes bariátricos são alvos de muitos estudos atualmente. As principais linhas de pensamento envolvem alterações no índice de massa corporal (IMC), hormônios gastrointestinais, inflamação sistêmica e a reformatação ou reeducação alimentar. A maioria destes quesitos foi examinada sob a ótica do curto prazo, sendo que informações concernentes a casos com 10 anos de pós-operatório ainda são escassos. Objetivos: Avaliar o desfecho da homeostase glicídica tardio após a DGYR, em pacientes com e sem diabetes prévio, e documentar os parâmetros clínicos e nutricionais que diferenciem estes grupos. Metodologia: Estudo observacional controlado retrospectivo e prospectivo de 100 pacientes submetidos à derivação gástrica em Y de Roux. Estes pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos iniciais, um com diabetes no pré-operatório e outro sem diabetes. Em seguida, os dois foram subdivididos em quatro subgrupos conforme a evolução do diabetes, sendo eles refratário, responsivo, estáveis e não estáveis, respectivamente. Dados demográficos, laboratoriais, nutricionais, prescrições medicamentosas e evolução clínica do diabetes no pós-operatório a longo prazo foram coletados. Resultados: Dos 96 pacientes efetivamente avaliados, a idade situou-se em 50,39 (± 10,98) no grupo refratário, 56,63 (± 8,29) no grupo responsivo, 47,62 (± 10,72) no grupo estável e 48,17 (± 10,45) no grupo não estável. O sexo feminino prevaleceu em todos os grupos. Uma taxa de 66,7% dos pacientes com diabetes alcançaram a remissão da doença após a DGYR, o tempo de diagnóstico de diabetes pré-operatório se relacionou com o grupo refratário, e uma população de novos diabéticos se configurou tardiamente em pacientes sem a doença no período pré-operatório. Conclusão: 1) A derivação gástrica em Y de Roux induziu remissão em 66,7% dos pacientes com diabetes prévio; 2) O tempo de diagnóstico de diabetes tipo 2 esteve associado com ausência da resposta cirúrgica; 3) Pacientes euglicêmicos desenvolveram diabetes após a intervenção na proporção de 17,7%, comprovando que a proteção do procedimento bariátrico contra a instalação do diabetes tipo 2 se atenua com o passar dos anos; 4) Tanto os pacientes com a glicemia anormal quanto os euglicêmicos submetidos à DGYR, necessitam de um seguimento a longo prazo do homeostase glicídica / Introduction: The mechanisms responsible for the development of diabetes associated with obesity among bariatric patients are targets of many ongoing studies. The main lines of thought involve changes in body mass index (BMI), gastrointestinal hormones, systemic inflammation and reformatting nutritional education. Most of these issues were examined from a short term perspective, with information concerning cases after 10 years still scarce. Objectives: Evaluate the outcome of long term of glucose homeostasis after DGYR in patients with and without previous diabetes, and document the clinical and nutritional parameters that differentiate these groups. Methods: An observational retrospective and prospective controlled study with 100 patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. These patients were divided into two initial groups, one with diabetes preoperatively and another without. Then the two groups were subdivided into four subgroups according to the evolution of diabetes, namely refractory, responsive, stable and unstable respectively. Demographic, laboratory, nutritional, and clinical information along with drug prescriptions were collected Results: Among the 96 patients effectively studied, age was 50.39 (± 10.98) in the refractory group, 56.63 (± 8.29) in the responsive group, 47.62 (± 10.72) in the stable group and 48 , 17 (± 10.45) in the unstable group. Females were the majority in all groups. About 66,7% of patients with diabetes achieved disease remission after DGYR, and duration of diabetes was associated with the refractory group. A population of new-onset diabetes was identified in patients without disease in the preoperative period. Conclusion: 1) Roux-en-Y gastric bypass induced remission in 66,7% of patients with previous diabetes; 2) Duration of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes was associated with surgical response, 3) Euglycemic patients developed diabetes after the intervention in the proportion of 17,7%, proving that the protection of bariatric procedure against type 2 diabetes is attenuated over the years; 4) Both patients with abnormal glucose profile as well as those euglycemic undergoing DGYR, require long follow-up of glucose homeostasis

<p>Patienter med morbid obesitas har en ökad risk för atelektasbildning och postoperativarespiratoriska komplikationer efter generell anestesi på grund av sänkt vitalkapacitet (VC),funktionel residualkapacitet (FRC) och total lungkapacitet (TLC). Tidigare forskning har visat attPostoperativ Bi-level Positiv Airway Pressure (BIPAP) ventilations behandling minskar denna risk.Denna studie avsåg att utvärdera om postoperativ BIPAP-behandling förbättrar patienternas SpO2,paO2 , paCO2 och pH i arteriellt blod efter genomgången elektiv gastric bypass kirurgi jämfört medtraditionell postoperativ behandling. Insamlat material från 18 patienter huvudsakligen bestående avarteriella blodgaser och bakgrundsdata analyserades med analytisk statistisk. För att kunna beskrivahur patienterna upplevde BIPAP-behandlingen ställdes två öppna frågor ställdes till patienterna,.Resultatet visar att postoperativ behandling med BIPAP under 3 timmar ger högre SpO2 och lägrepaCO2 än traditionell postoperativ behandling efter elektiv gastric bypass kirurgi. Vid bådabehandlingarna sjunker paO2 och pH är oförändrat. Flera av patienterna upplevde besvär av BIPAPbehandlingen.</p> / <p>Obese patients have a higher risk for respiratory complications after general anesthesia related toreduced vital capacity (VC), functional residual capacity (FRC) and total lung capacity (TLC).Earlier studies have shown that postoperative treatment with Bi-level Positive Airway Pressureimproved forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1.0) andsaturation (SpO2) after elective gastric bypass surgery. Present study evaluates whether or not thesame postoperative treatment also shows differences in arterial blood gases, if compared with usualpostoperative treatment with nasal administered oxygen. A second aim was to describe how patientsexperienced the BIPAP treatment. Arterial blood gases from 18 patients were analyzed withanalytical statistics. The study showed that postoperative treatment whit BIPAP during 3 hoursresults in higher SpO2 and lower paCO2 than traditional postoperative treatment after electivegastric bypass surgery. Both treatments results in lower paO2 and unchanged pH. Several patientsexperienced discomfort during the BIPAP treatment.</p>

Patienter med morbid obesitas har en ökad risk för atelektasbildning och postoperativarespiratoriska komplikationer efter generell anestesi på grund av sänkt vitalkapacitet (VC),funktionel residualkapacitet (FRC) och total lungkapacitet (TLC). Tidigare forskning har visat attPostoperativ Bi-level Positiv Airway Pressure (BIPAP) ventilations behandling minskar denna risk.Denna studie avsåg att utvärdera om postoperativ BIPAP-behandling förbättrar patienternas SpO2,paO2 , paCO2 och pH i arteriellt blod efter genomgången elektiv gastric bypass kirurgi jämfört medtraditionell postoperativ behandling. Insamlat material från 18 patienter huvudsakligen bestående avarteriella blodgaser och bakgrundsdata analyserades med analytisk statistisk. För att kunna beskrivahur patienterna upplevde BIPAP-behandlingen ställdes två öppna frågor ställdes till patienterna,.Resultatet visar att postoperativ behandling med BIPAP under 3 timmar ger högre SpO2 och lägrepaCO2 än traditionell postoperativ behandling efter elektiv gastric bypass kirurgi. Vid bådabehandlingarna sjunker paO2 och pH är oförändrat. Flera av patienterna upplevde besvär av BIPAPbehandlingen. / Obese patients have a higher risk for respiratory complications after general anesthesia related toreduced vital capacity (VC), functional residual capacity (FRC) and total lung capacity (TLC).Earlier studies have shown that postoperative treatment with Bi-level Positive Airway Pressureimproved forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1.0) andsaturation (SpO2) after elective gastric bypass surgery. Present study evaluates whether or not thesame postoperative treatment also shows differences in arterial blood gases, if compared with usualpostoperative treatment with nasal administered oxygen. A second aim was to describe how patientsexperienced the BIPAP treatment. Arterial blood gases from 18 patients were analyzed withanalytical statistics. The study showed that postoperative treatment whit BIPAP during 3 hoursresults in higher SpO2 and lower paCO2 than traditional postoperative treatment after electivegastric bypass surgery. Both treatments results in lower paO2 and unchanged pH. Several patientsexperienced discomfort during the BIPAP treatment.

Obesity is the fifth leading cause of global deaths. The efficacy and safety of obesity treatment is still controversial. The objective of the thesis is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bariatric surgery, through a systematic review of the current evidence and meta- analysis of important outcomes. Nineteen (19) randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 1346 participants were included. Bariatric surgery resulted in greater weight loss when compared to non-surgical treatment. Weight loss was also associated with resolution and/or improvement of obesity related comorbidites such as diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and sleep apnea. Weight loss and safety varied across the surgical procedures. Biliopancreatic diversion/duodenal switch had the greatest weight loss, followed by sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, purely restrictive procedures such as vertical banded gastroplasty and adjustable gastric banding resulted in the least weight loss. Long term, high quality, and adequately powered trials are still needed to support the available evidence

Προσχεδιασμένη συγκριτική διπλή τυφλή μελέτη της αποτελεσματικότητας της επιμήκους γαστρεκτομής (LSG) και της μερικής γαστρικής παράκαμψης Roux-en-Y (LRYGB) σε ασθενείς με κλινικά σοβαρή παχυσαρκία (BMI 35-49,9) Η λαπαροσκοπική γαστρική παράκαμψη (LRYGB) αποτελεί στις μέρες μας το χρυσό κανόνα για τη χειρουργική αντιμετώπιση της κλινικά σοβαρής παχυσαρκίας. Η λαπαροσκοπική επιμήκης γαστρεκτομή (LSG) είναι μία σχετικώς νέα επέμβαση περιοριστικού τύπου η οποία τελευταία έχει αρχίσει να εφαρμόζεται ως μοναδική επέμβαση για την κλινικά σοβαρή παχυσαρκία. Η παρούσα προοπτική διπλή τυφλή μελέτη έχει σκοπό να διερευνήσει την ασφάλεια των παραπάνω επεμβάσεων καθώς και την αποτελεσματικότητα τους σε χρονικό ορίζοντα τριών χρόνων. Μέθοδος: Εξήντα ασθενείς με δείκτη σωματικής μάζας <50 Kg/m2 μετά από τυχαιοποίηση υπεβλήθησαν τριάντα σε LSG και τριάντα σε LRYGB. Οι ασθενείς παρακολουθήθηκαν μετεγχειρητικά για τρία χρόνια. Στο διάστημα αυτό καταγράφηκε η απώλεια βάρους, η πρώιμη και όψιμη νοσηρότητα και θνητότητα, η ίαση των συνοδών της παχυσαρκίας νόσων και η ανάπτυξη μικροθρεπτικών ανεπαρκειών μετά τους δύο τύπους χειρουργείων. Αποτελέσματα: Η θνητότητα ήταν μηδενική και στους δύο τύπους επεμβάσεων. Δεν καταγράφηκε σημαντική διαφορά στην πρώιμη (10% μετά από LRYGBP και 13.3% μετά από LSG, P>0.05) και όψιμη νοσηρότητα (10% σε κάθε ομάδα) μετά και τους δύο τύπους χειρουργείων. Η απώλεια βάρους ήταν στατιστικώς μεγαλύτερη μετά από LSG καθόλη τη διάρκεια της μελέτης. Τον τρίτο μετεγχειρητικό χρόνο η επί τις εκατό απώλεια του υπερβάλλοντος βάρους κυμαίνονταν στο 62.09% μετά από LRYGBP και στο 68.46% μετά από LSG (p=0.02). Δεν παρατηρήθηκε σημαντική διαφορά ως προς την ίαση των συνοδών της παχυσαρκίας νόσων, εκτός από τη δυσλιπιδαιμία η οποία βελτιώθηκε σε σημαντικότερο βαθμό μετά από LRYGB και την υπέρταση η οποία βελτιώθηκε σε σημαντικότερο βαθμό μετά από LSG. Ανεπάρκεια μικροθρεπτικών συστατικών παρατηρήθηκε σε ανάλογο βαθμό μετά τις δύο επεμβάσεις εκτός από την έλλειψη βιταμίνης Β12 η οποία παρατηρήθηκε σε μεγαλύτερο βαθμό μετά από LRYGB (P<0.001). Συμπεράσματα: Και οι δύο επεμβάσεις είναι ασφαλείς και αποτελεσματικές ως προς την απώλεια βάρους και την ίαση των συνοδών της παχυσαρκίας νόσων. Η LSG συνοδεύεται από λιγότερες μεταβολικές ανεπάρκειες και δεν απαιτεί τη χορήγηση συμπληρωμάτων εφ’ όρου ζωής. Η LSG φαίνεται ότι είναι μία υποσχόμενη επέμβαση για την κλινικά σοβαρή παχυσαρκία η οποία στα τρία χρόνια μετεγχειρητικής παρακολούθησης επιτυγχάνει μεγαλύτερη απώλεια βάρους από την LRYGB. / The efficacy of sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and Roux en Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) in patients with morbid obesity (BMI 35-49,9). A comparative double-blind randomized trial Background: Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) is currently the gold standard bariatric procedure for the treatment of morbid obesity. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is an innovative restrictive procedure which has been increasingly applied as a sole bariatric procedure. A randomized trial was conducted to evaluate perioperative safety (30-day) and 3-years results. Methods: Sixty patients with body mass index (BMI) ≤ 50 Kg/m2 were randomized to LRYGB or LSG. Patients were monitored for 3 years after operation and throughout the study period weight loss, early and late complications, improvement of obesity related comorbidities and nutritional deficiencies were compared between studied groups. Results: There was no death in either group and no significant difference in early (10% after LRYGBP and 13.3% after LSG, P>0.05) and late morbidity (10% in each group). Weight loss was significantly better after LSG throughout the study period. At 3 years %EWL reached 62.09% after LRYGBP and 68.46% after LSG (p=0.02). There was no significant difference in the overall improvement of comorbidities but dyslipidemia improved more after LRYGB, whereas hypertension resolved more after LSG. Nutritional deficiencies occurred at same rate in the two groups except to vitamin B12 deficiency which was more common after LRYGB (P<0.001). Conclusion: In conclusion, LSG and LRYGBP are equally safe and effective in the amelioration of comorbidities, while LSG is associated with fewer postoperative metabolic deficiencies, without the need of supplementation. Furthermore, LSG is a promising bariatric procedure, since it seems to be superior to LRYGB at 3 years follow up on weight reduction.