El objetivo del presente estudio es explorar el esquema de género de un grupo de 5 mujeres feministas. Para ello, se empleó el concepto de esquema de género como marco conceptual de la investigación y se utilizó una entrevista a profundidad para la recolección de información, la cual fue examinada mediante la estrategia de análisis de contenido, bajo el diseño fenomenológico de la metodología cualitativa. Una vez concluida la investigación, se encontró que la construcción y el cambio del esquema de género se da a través de un proceso de construcción de una nueva identidad, basada en la filosofía como mujer feminista y en todo lo que las participantes rechazan en relación al rol social que se le adjudica a las mujeres y los varones. / The objective of this study is to explore the gender scheme of a group of 5 feminist women. For this, the concept of gender scheme was used as a conceptual framework for research and an in-depth interview was used for the collection of information, which was examined through the content analysis strategy, under the phenomenological design of the qualitative methodology. Once the investigation was completed, it was found that the construction and change of the gender scheme occurs through a process of building a new identity, based on the philosophy as a feminist woman and on everything that the participants reject in relation to the social role assigned to women and men. / Tesis

The following study aims to investigate the concept of macho culture among younger boys in schools. The paper examines the extent to which the concept can be seen as a problem and whether schools are working with the topic. The paper is presented inductively through qualitative data collection based on interview studies. Before that, two theories, hegemonic masculinity and the gender schema theory, which permeate the study's results and analysis. The interview study took place over the course of the thesis and involved eight different professional school counsellors in different municipalities. The data generated was then subjected to thematic analysis where four themes emerged: poor attitudes, difficulties with emotions, limited norms and working methods. The constructed themes are later presented in terms of results, but also as a discussion analysis to highlight the connection with selected theories and previous research. Conclusions relevant to the study include the recognition of macho culture as a problem in the schools where we conducted interviews, the problem of working methods, and the influence of norms and values from home. / Följande studie syftar till att undersöka begreppet machokultur bland yngre killar inom skolvärlden. Uppsatsen kommer att studera i vilken grad begreppet kan ses som ett problem och huruvida skolor arbetar runt ämnet. Genom att inhämta data kvalitativt med utgångspunkt i intervjustudier har uppsatsen framställts induktivt. Dessförinnan introduceras två teorier, den hegemoniska maskuliniteten och the gender schema theory som genomsyrar studiens resultat och analys. Intervjustudien har skett över tid under uppsatsens förlopp och har innefattat åtta olika yrkesverksamma skolkuratorer och skolsocionomer inom varierande kommuner. Den data som framställts har sedan genomgått en tematisk analys där fyra teman framträdde: dålig attityd, svårt med känslor, snäva normer och svårt att omsätta arbete i praktiken. De teman som konstruerats presenteras senare rent resultatmässigt men även som en diskussionsanalys för att belysa anknytning till valda teorier samt tidigare forskning. Slutsatser som ligger till vikt för studien är bland annat erkännandet av machokultur som ett problem på de skolor där vi utfört intervjuer, problematiken med arbetssätt samt präglandet av normer och värderingar hemifrån.

Black women are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease (CVD). While chronic stress has been identified as a key contributor to CVD risk, research has not identified the specific mechanisms through which stress influences CVD risk among Black women. Research suggests that in response to stress, Black women who internalize the SBW Schema engage in high effort coping, avoidant coping, postponement of self-care, and other maladaptive health behaviors and experience premature health deterioration. However, it is important to consider that internalization of the SBW Schema may exert differential effects on the physiological profiles of Black women due to varied interpretations of experiences filtered through the Schema and differences in emotion regulation. As emotion regulation has a robust impact on cardiovascular outcomes, individual differences in internalization of the SBW Schema may be explained by this related construct. Given that limited research has examined the impact of psychological factors associated with CVD risk in Black women, the current study examined relations between CVD risk, chronic stress, emotion regulation, and the Strong Black Woman (SBW) Schema. Hypotheses were: 1) internalization of the SBW Schema (i.e., higher levels of endorsement) and chronic stress are unique predictors of CVD risk, 2) the relation between internalization of the SBW Schema and CVD risk will be partially mediated by emotion regulation, and 3) the effect of chronic stress on CVD risk will be moderated by internalization of the SBW Schema. Results provided partial support for the first hypothesis and did not support the second and third hypotheses. Results of exploratory analyses revealed relationships among psychological variables, such that greater endorsement of SBW Schema characteristics (obligation to manifest strength, dedication to care, independence, and emotion suppression) was related to greater overall difficulties with emotion regulation. Additionally, greater dedication to care predicted lower CVD risk and greater emotional suppression predicted higher CVD risk. The relationship between emotional suppression and CVD risk was mediated by emotion regulation. Results stand to inform future research and culturally specific prevention strategies to decrease CVD risk in Black women.

The emergence in recent years of strong female musical artists asserting their sexuality as empowerment (Andsager & Roe, 2003; Gauntlett, 2002) has necessitated an evaluation of their depictions in music videos as perceived by contemporary target audiences. This study attempts to determine how viewers’ gender role identity, based upon gender schema theory (Bem, 1981; 1993) and measured through Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI), relate to perceptions of female pop and hip hop artists’ music videos. It was hypothesized that sex-typed respondents would perceive portrayals as traditional more than other groups, whereas cross-sex typed respondents would perceive empowerment more than others groups. A convenience sample of 177 female undergraduate students was used for this cross-sectional study. Results did not support the hypotheses. Though some of the traditional items were found significant, no other significant differences emerged. Overall, gender role identity was ultimately found to have little relationship to perceptions of music video portrayals.

Lesbian athletes face criticism and discrimination from coaches, fans, and society. Researchers have suggested that female sport is stigmatized due to perceived masculinity and homosexuality, causing athletes to focus on heterosexual and feminine behaviors. The dichotomy of athleticism and femininity in sports has been extensively studied in the heterosexual population. However, the impact of the overt discrimination and pressure to conform to societal standards of femininity and heterosexuality has not been studied in lesbians. Therefore, the purpose of this quantitative study utilizing survey design was to examine the relationship among sport participation, gender schema, athletic identity, and internalized homophobia. A network-based snowball sampling method was used to survey 226 lesbians, 18 years of age and older. Surveys issued via Internet included the Bem Sex Role Inventory, Athletic Identity Measurement Scale, and the Lesbian Internalized Homophobia Scale. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, t tests, and Pearson Correlation. No significant difference in sports participation was found in lesbians with different gender schemas. There was a significant difference in the athletic identity of participants who were more or less active in sports, but there was no significant difference in internalized homophobia for participants who were more or less active in sports. There was no relationship between athletic identity and internalized homophobia. This study contributes to the existing literature on women and sport. It promotes social change by further investigating the influence of gender schema, athletic identity, and internalized homophobia related to behaviors and attitudes in sports.

Research has unearthed an abundance of objectification and hypersexualization of female characters within video games. However, the recurring element of the damsel in distress trope is also harmful to the medium. This cliché of a helpless princess in need of a man to save her is a recurring element of The Legend of Zelda series. This experimental design tested the effects of a prototypical œsave the princess mission on players agreement to sexist statements on gender roles, objectification, and female dependency, and examined the factors of self-efficacy and gamer status as potential mediators. Participants played a modified version of a classic Legend of Zelda game, where the genders of the hero protagonist and damsel are manipulated. This 2 x 2 study included male and female heroes rescuing male and female victims in the four different cells. Immediately following the experiment, participants then took a post-test survey to gauge if there was any difference on their agreement to sexist statements. These results were also compared to their previous responses on their self-efficacy scores and their gamer status.

The goal of the present study was to examine the relationships between gender schema, level of cultural identification, and body dissatisfaction in African American men. The first hypothesis under study was that men with a low identification to African American culture would report higher dissatisfaction with their body than those with a high cultural identification. Secondly, it was hypothesized that men with a large discrepancy from their culture’s description of an “ideal man” would also report higher body dissatisfaction than those with low or no discrepancy. Lastly, it was hypothesized that an interaction between variables would occur and that men who were less identified with their African American culture and reported themselves as not matching their culture’s masculine ideal would have higher levels of body dissatisfaction than men who were highly identified with their African American culture and reported themselves as strongly matching their culture’s masculine ideal. Participants were 42 college and post-graduate African American males that were recruited from a Southern university. Participants were assessed using the Body Assessment (BA), Body Satisfaction Questionnaire (BSQ), Physical Appearance Comparison Scale (PACS), Physical Attractiveness Scale (PAS), Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS), and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). Results supported all three hypotheses: men lower in cultural identification with a high masculine discrepancy reported higher body dissatisfaction than those higher in cultural identification with a lower masculine discrepancy. The importance of these findings is that, as the idealized physical image of masculinity becomes more ubiquitous, it is likely that men who measure themselves against this ideal will have greater difficulty achieving self-acceptance and struggle for an unrealistic (and often unhealthy) level of control. Such a struggle for control could lead to engagement in behaviors that could potentially contribute to poor health such as pathological or disordered eating, excessive exercise, and abuse of performance-enhancing substances including food supplements and anabolic steroids. Limitations and suggestions for continued research are also discussed.

Human trafficking is a criminal act that occurs globally. It affects both women and men, but most studies have focused on female victims; few have explored trafficked men or their related health issues. Though there are many forms of trafficking, it is believed that most male victims are trafficked as forced labor. Using gender schema theory as a framework, this quantitative study examined archival data to identify the types of trafficking men are subjected to, their health ailments, and how these differ from the health ailments of trafficked women. Archival data from 124 individuals subjected to human trafficking in Florida were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis, one-way ANOVA, Mann Whitney U, and Fisher's exact tests. Findings indicated that males were more likely to have been labor trafficked compared to other forms of trafficking, and that labor trafficked persons were not more susceptible to health ailments than were sex trafficked persons. Also, there was a significant difference in health conditions between male and female victims, with females reporting more issues such as malnourishment, skin rash, and anxiety. These findings help to alter the misperception that men are traffickers only by recognizing them to be victims as well. Implications for social change include increased awareness of male trafficking in health care policies and human trafficking prevention efforts.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Emannuel Medeiros TRACOS DE PERSONALIDADE EM JOG.pdf: 775671 bytes, checksum: edf50e4a5ff1b5d2f1343182a713bec7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of present study was to examine the psychosocial identity of soccer players from specific positions. The research design was characterized as exploratory, cross-sectional, and comparative descriptive. The study was divided in two phases. On the first phase the aim was to describe the psychosocial characteristics of soccer players concerning: the gender schema; the idiocentric allocentric profile, and the subjective social status. On the second phase the aim was to compare the players psychosocial characteristics with their specific soccer positions, well as study it relationship of subjective social status with the factors of gender schemas of these athletes. On total 152 male athletes were evaluated with age varying between 14 and 20 years old. They were players at developmental categories from two professional soccer clubs in Santa Catarina. Questionnaires were used to determine the participants sociodemographic conditions, sport situations, the gender schema (IMEGA), and the allocentric idiocentric athletes` profile (IA Profile). In addition a subjective social status scale (MacArthur Scale of subjective Social Status, version for young people) was used to data collection. A mix of qualitative and quantitative data analysis was performed in order to examine the players` psychosocial identity from different soccer positions. According to the results, no significant differences between positions were observed concerning gender schema and A-I profile. Although is important mentioning that 60% of athletes were determined as isoesquematics, and 63 % were defined as isocentrics. Differences between positions were viewed in several factors, such as rationality, integrity, self-realization & competitiveness, emotional distance of team, and idiocentrism level. The differences on subjective social status were observed only in family`s social status on community, in which goalkeepers had higher status. Although among other situations of social status, no significant differences were observed, 99.4% and 97.6% of the athletes demonstrate dissatisfied with their subjective social status in the club and category respectively. Finally, the factors emotion, rationality, egocentrism, sensitivity, integrity, and audacity, that compound the gender schema, were related to subjective social status of players in different positions in both clubs and categories. Therefore, it is concluded that there is no common personality trait in relation to gender schemes and profile idiocêntrico allocentric that characterized the positions occupied by the players despite a predominance of isoesquematic and isocentric respectively players. Well as in respect to subjective social status also not a common trait of social status was found although most athletes present with dissatisfaction status. From these findings we emphasize the fact that all athletes with different psychosocial traits fit in various positions. Therefore, the different positions on soccer, that refer to typical actions during the game, are characterized by individuals with specifics gender schema, idiocentric allocentric profiles and subjective social status, although there is not a predominance of these characteristics among the positions. The data related to features in the personality of the players depending on the positions they occupy in the field in which certain characteristics become more evident than others. / O presente estudo objetivou analisar quais os traços de personalidade relacionados aos esquemas de gênero do autoconceito, perfil idiocêntrico-alocêntrico e status social subjetivo caracterizam as posições específicas em que atuam os jogadores de futebol de campo. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, transversal de cunho descritivo comparativo que primeiramente buscou descrever características psicossociais relacionadas aos esquemas de gênero do autoconceito, perfil idiocêntrico-alocêntrico e status social subjetivo de indivíduos envolvidos com a prática de futebol com vistas ao rendimento esportivo e comparar as características acima citadas no que diz respeito à posição que cada indivíduo ocupa em campo bem como verificar qual a relação do status social subjetivo com os fatores dos esquemas de gênero desses atletas. Foram coletadas informações referentes a situações sociodemográficas e esportivas dos atletas, bem como foram aplicados dois questionários sendo um sobre os esquemas de gênero (IMEGA) e outro sobre o perfil idiocêntrico-alocêntrico de atletas (Perfil I-A), além de uma escala de status social subjetivo (Escala MacArthur de Status Social Subjetivo versão para jovens). Foram avaliados 152 atletas do sexo masculino com idade entre 14 e 20 anos pertencentes às categorias de base de dois clubes de futebol profissional do estado de Santa Catarina. Foram realizadas análises descritivas, comparações e regressão com o intuito de observar quais traços de personalidade caracterizavam esses atletas nas diferentes posições de atuação em campo. De acordo com os resultados não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as posições no que diz respeito aos esquemas de gênero do autoconceito e perfil I-A, porém ressalta-se que em torno de 60% dos atletas são isoesquemáticos e 63% isocêntricos, respectivamente. Cabe destacar que ocorreram diferenças entre as posições nos fatores racionalidade, integridade, auto-realização e competitividade, distância emocional da equipe e nível de idiocentrismo. Quanto ao status social subjetivo observaram-se diferenças entre as posições somente na situação de status social da família na comunidade em que os goleiros apresentaram maior status. Apesar de entre as outras situações de status social não foram observadas diferenças significativas, 99,4% e 97,6% dos atletas se demonstram insatisfeitos com o seu status social subjetivo no clube e categoria respectivamente. Por fim, os fatores emotividade, racionalidade, egocentrismo, sensibilidade, integridade e ousadia que compõem os esquemas de gênero do autoconceito foram relacionados ao status social subjetivo dos jogadores das diferentes posições no clube e categoria. Sendo assim, conclui-se que não existe um traço comum de personalidade com relação aos esquemas de gênero e perfil idiocêntrico-alocêntrico que caracteriza as posições ocupadas pelos jogadores em campo apesar de um predomínio de jogadores isoesquemáticos e isocêntricos, respectivamente. Bem como, quanto ao status social subjetivo também não foi encontrado um traço de status social comum apesar de a maioria dos atletas se apresentarem com insatisfação do status. A partir dessas conclusões ressalta-se o fato de que todos os atletas com distintos traços psicossociais se encaixam nas mais variadas posições. Dessa maneira, as posições e de atuação em campo as quais remetem ações típicas durante o jogo, são caracterizadas por indivíduos com esquemas de gênero do autoconceito, perfil idiocêntrico-alocêntrico e status social subjetivo específico apesar de não haver um predomínio dessas características entre as posições. Esses dados remetem a particularidades na personalidade dos jogadores em função das posições que ocupam em campo em que determinadas características tornam-se mais evidentes do que outras.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka upplevda förväntningar för de två biologiska könen bland gymnasieelever. Syftet preciseras i tre frågeställningar vilka behandlar om och hur dessa förväntningar tar sig uttryck samt hanteringsstrategier och konsekvenser kopplade till dessa. För att undersöka detta genomfördes åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med gymnasieelever från tre olika län och tre olika inriktningar. Resultatet analyserades via en tematisk analys och mynnade ut i totalt åtta teman och 15 subteman vilka visade att de förväntningar som upplevdes bland eleverna kunde kategoriseras upp i beteende, utseende och känslomässiga förväntningar. Hanteringsstrategierna handlade om antingen anpassning eller normbrytande och i vissa fall båda två. Konsekvenserna innebar bland flera individer ett försämrat mående och oförmågan till att kunna vara sig själva. I diskussionen presenteras sammanfattningen att gymnasieflickor upplevs behöva vara tillgängliga för pojkarna på flera olika plan, samt den heteronormativitet som tydligt existerade bland gymnasiepojkarna. Studien kan hjälpa till att ge en förståelse för unga människors agerande och mående med könsrollsanknutna förväntningar som utgångspunkt.