Abstract General anaesthesia (GA) is a widely used sedation method in dentistry. It is usually used for patients with an extensive dental treatment need, most often related to dental caries, and limited coping skills to consider conventional dental care. These patients are often small children or persons with dental fear. Using dental general anaesthesia (DGA) is expensive, special equipment and trained staff are needed, and it is not without risks for patients. The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with children’s DGA. In addition to dental caries and dental fear, general health status, oral health behaviours, family-related factors, as well as dental attendance after DGA were in focus. The thesis is composed of five independent studies. There were three different study populations ‒ one in specialised and two in primary health care. There was also an age- and gender-matched comparison group for one of the study populations. Questionnaires were used in three of the studies, and two of the studies were based on patient files. According to the results, DGA is more common among medically compromised children than among healthy children. Medically compromised children have more often a history of DGA treatments compared with their healthy peers. Dental caries and dental fear were the main reasons for DGA in all of the studies. Dietary and drinking habits, as well as oral hygiene behaviours were distinctly poorer among children undergoing DGA than among those treated in a normal dental setting. A history of DGA in the family, a large number of siblings and male gender were important background factors associated with DGA. Patients treated under DGA were prone to miss or cancel their upcoming appointments. In conclusion, DGA is necessary in some cases, but it could be avoided if factors associated with DGA were taken into account in treatment plans. DGA in itself does not have an enhancing effect on oral health over the long term. / Tiivistelmä Yleisanestesia on hammashoidossa yleisesti käytetty sedaatiomenetelmä vaikeahoitoisille potilaille. He ovat usein pieniä lapsia, hammashoitopelkoisia tai sellaisia potilaita, joiden hoidontarve on liian laaja ja haastava tavanomaiseen hammashoitoon. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää lasten nukutushammashoitoon liittyviä tekijöitä. Karieksen ja hammashoitopelon lisäksi tutkimuksen kohteena oli yleisterveydellisiä seikkoja, suunterveystottumuksia, perheeseen liittyviä tekijöitä sekä hammashoitopalvelujen käyttö nukutushammashoidon jälkeen. Tämä väitöskirja koostuu viidestä erillisestä osajulkaisusta. Tutkimusjoukkoja oli kolme: yksi erikoissairaanhoidosta ja kaksi perusterveydenhuollosta. Yhdelle tutkimusjoukolle oli ikä- ja sukupuolivakioitu vertailuryhmä. Kyselylomakkeita käytettiin kolmessa osajulkaisussa ja kaksi osajulkaisua perustui potilaspapereihin. Nukutushammashoito oli yleisempää yleissairailla kuin terveillä lapsilla. Yleissairailla lapsilla oli myös useammin nukutushammashoitohistoriaa kuin terveillä lapsilla. Karies ja hammashoitopelko olivat pääsyyt nukutushammashoitoon kaikissa tutkimuksissa. Juoma- ja ruokatottumukset, kuten myös suuterveystottumukset, olivat selkeästi huonommat nukutushammashoidossa hoidetuilla lapsilla kuin niillä lapsilla, jotka hoidettiin normaalisti hereillä. Perheen nukutushammashoitohistoria, suuri määrä sisaruksia ja miessukupuoli olivat merkittäviä nukutushammashoitoon yhteydessä olevia tekijöitä. Nukutushammashoidossa hoidetut potilaat jättivät usein tulematta nukutushammashoidon jälkeisille hammashoitokäynneilleen tai peruivat aikansa. Nukutushammashoito on välttämätön tietyissä tilanteissa, mutta se voitaisiin välttää, jos siihen liittyviä tekijöitä huomioitaisiin paremmin hoitosuunnitelmissa. Nukutushammashoidolla sinänsä ei ole suunterveyttä parantavaa pitkäaikaisvaikutusta.

Befolkningen i Sverige består till cirka 17 procent av äldre individer över 65 år. Att åldras med hälsa är en central byggsten inom det hälsofrämjande arbetet. Vid kartläggning och undersökning av de äldstas hälsa, levnadsvanor och livsstil kan hälsofrämjande insatser tillämpas, riktade mot dess behov. Goda levnadsvanor kan främja hälsa och förbygga sjukdomar och funktionsnedsättningar. Syftet för uppsatsen var att redogöra för skillnader mellan levnadsvanor, kön och att vara ensamboende i förhållande till hälsa i den äldsta befolkningen 85-99 år. Detta är en epidemiologisk studie med en kvantitativ ansats som baseras på ett slumpmässigt urval på 480 personer över 85 år i Västmanlands län, varav 249 (52 %) personer svarade på enkäten. Materialet utgår från den nationella befolkningsenkäten Hälsa på lika villkor med tilläggsfrågor från enkäten Liv och hälsa. Kvinnor har ett sämre allmänt hälsotillstånd jämfört med män och de äldsta som är fysiskt aktiva har i större utsträckning ett bättre allmänt hälsotillstånd jämfört med de som är fysiskt inaktiva. Det allmänna hälsotillståndet påverkades inte om de var ensamboende eller av deras alkoholvanor. Det allmänna hälsotillståndet och levnadsvanorna påverkas av många faktorer som samvarierar. Resultaten ur denna studie kan användas genom att öka kunskapen om de äldstas hälsa och levnadsvanor. / The population of Sweden consists of about 17 percent of elderly individuals over 65. Aging with health is an important area in health promotion. By getting new information about the conditions of older peoples health, improved health promotion programs can be created, that are focusing on the elderly’s needs. Healthy lifestyles can prevent people to get diseases or disabilities. The purpose of this paper was to describe the differences between lifestyles, living alone and the general health in the oldest population 85-99 years. This is an epidemiological study with a quantitative approach based on a random sample of 480 people aged over 85 in Västmanland County, of which 249 (52%) people responded to the survey. The material is based on the national population survey Hälsa på lika villkor with additional questions from the survey, Liv och Hälsa. Women have a poorer general health compared to men. Physically active people have a better general health compared with individuals who are physical inactive. The general health was not affected if they were living alone or of theirs drinking habits. The general health and lifestyle habits are not affected by only one factor but several factors that correlates with each other. The results from this study can be used by increasing the knowledge of the oldest people’s health and lifestyles.

Befolkningen i Sverige består till cirka 17 procent av äldre individer över 65 år. Att åldras med hälsa är en central byggsten inom det hälsofrämjande arbetet. Vid kartläggning och undersökning av de äldstas hälsa, levnadsvanor och livsstil kan hälsofrämjande insatser tillämpas, riktade mot dess behov. Goda levnadsvanor kan främja hälsa och förbygga sjukdomar och funktionsnedsättningar. Syftet för uppsatsen var att redogöra för skillnader mellan levnadsvanor, kön och att vara ensamboende i förhållande till hälsa i den äldsta befolkningen 85-99 år. Detta är en epidemiologisk studie med en kvantitativ ansats som baseras på ett slumpmässigt urval på 480 personer över 85 år i Västmanlands län, varav 249 (52 %) personer svarade på enkäten. Materialet utgår från den nationella befolkningsenkäten Hälsa på lika villkor med tilläggsfrågor från enkäten Liv och hälsa. Kvinnor har ett sämre allmänt hälsotillstånd jämfört med män och de äldsta som är fysiskt aktiva har i större utsträckning ett bättre allmänt hälsotillstånd jämfört med de som är fysiskt inaktiva. Det allmänna hälsotillståndet påverkades inte om de var ensamboende eller av deras alkoholvanor. Det allmänna hälsotillståndet och levnadsvanorna påverkas av många faktorer som samvarierar. Resultaten ur denna studie kan användas genom att öka kunskapen om de äldstas hälsa och levnadsvanor. / The population of Sweden consists of about 17 percent of elderly individuals over 65. Aging with health is an important area in health promotion. By getting new information about the conditions of older peoples health, improved health promotion programs can be created, that are focusing on the elderly’s needs. Healthy lifestyles can prevent people to get diseases or disabilities. The purpose of this paper was to describe the differences between lifestyles, living alone and the general health in the oldest population 85-99 years. This is an epidemiological study with a quantitative approach based on a random sample of 480 people aged over 85 in Västmanland County, of which 249 (52%) people responded to the survey. The material is based on the national population survey Hälsa på lika villkor with additional questions from the survey, Liv och Hälsa. Women have a poorer general health compared to men. Physically active people have a better general health compared with individuals who are physical inactive. The general health was not affected if they were living alone or of theirs drinking habits. The general health and lifestyle habits are not affected by only one factor but several factors that correlates with each other. The results from this study can be used by increasing the knowledge of the oldest people’s health and lifestyles.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-07, Section: B, page: 3672. Adviser: Joseph H. Pleck. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-117) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.

The purpose of the present work was to study the psychological well-being of shift working single mothers in comparison with shift working cohabiting mothers, single mothers working regular hours and cohabiting mothers working regular hours. This was done using the four scales: Perceived stress, perceived social support, general health and satisfaction with life. The convenience sample consisted of Swedish care workers and nurses, who answered a questionnaire. The responses were tested through a 2 x 2 MANOVA. The results showed that there was a significant difference in psychological well-being between single and cohabiting mothers, but no difference among shift working and regular working mothers, and no interaction effects of the four scales on the four groups of mothers. While single mothers’ psychological well-being was worse than cohabiting mothers’, there was no significant difference among shift workers and regular day workers. The psychological well-being of shift working single mothers did not significantly differ from shift working cohabiting mothers, single mothers working regular hours and cohabiting mothers working regular hours. The results are discussed with respect to previous research and we concluded that among Swedish mothers, being a single mother can have more impact on well-being than working shifts.

The aim of my thesis was to examine people{\crq}s and professionals{\crq} opinions on introduction of the regulatory health fees. Within the scope of the two sub-targets, I tried to find out the amounts of the regulatory health fees acceptable for the citizens and something about the possibility to arrange a private health insurance. I briefly described the system of the public health insurance and I mentioned the system of the regulatory health fees and the annual protection limit in more detail in the theoretical part of the diploma thesis. In order to compile the thesis I used the method of questioning which I carried out by collecting data using a questionnaire and the method of the secondary analysis of data. Two statistics groups {--} general public and professionals from the South Bohemian Region - were defined for the research part. Based on the available literature, I established four hypotheses of which the first three were confirmed and the fourth one was disconfirmed by the research. The research revealed differences in opinions and perception of the regulatory health fees between the individuals and general public and professionals. The citizens{\crq} awareness {--} which still has its deficiencies as the questionnaire survey revealed {--} has definitely influence on the opinion on the regulatory health fees. The thesis could be used to increase the awareness of the system of the regulatory health fees and the annual protection limit, for lectures, eventually the respondents{\crq} replies and the research results could be taken into consideration when amending the existing Act No. 48/1997 Coll., on Public Health Insurance.

Objetivo. Este estudo pretende colaborar com a análise das relações entre a saúde bucal do trabalhador com o estado de saúde geral e com a capacidade para o trabalho em trabalhadores do setor administrativo de uma empresa privada de São Paulo. Método. Realizou-se um estudo transversal com os trabalhadores da empresa, onde foi aplicado a cada funcionário três questionários, o índice OHIP 14, que mede a qualidade de vida em saúde bucal auto-percebida, o questionário SF36, para medir o estado de saúde geral auto-percebido e o questionário que mede a auto percepção da capacidade para o trabalho (ICT) dos trabalhadores do setor administrativo de uma empresa privada de São Paulo. Resultados. A taxa de resposta dos trabalhadores da empresa ao questionário correspondeu a 75,20%. O escore OHIP 14 foi significativamente associado, dependente de outras variáveis, ao sexo, ao cargo e ao estado de saúde, nas dimensões de capacidade funcional, estado geral de saúde e saúde mental, e foi estatisticamente associado e independente de outras variáveis, à capacidade para o trabalho (ICT) e ao nível de escolaridade, avaliado através da análise de regressão múltipla. Conclusões. As melhores condições de saúde bucal auto-percebidas através do questionário OHIP 14 foram significativamente associadas, e de maneira independente de características demográficas ou funcionais, às melhores condições da capacidade do indivíduo para o trabalho (ICT) e aos maiores níveis de escolaridade, denotando a importância de ações preventivas em saúde bucal nas empresas, como por exemplo, ações em saúde bucal no programa de controle médico em saúde ocupacional (PCMSO), através da realização de exames odontológicos admissionais, periódicos e demissionais nos trabalhadores. / Objective: In this research, we intended to collaborate with the relationships of oral health with work ability and general health in a private company of São Paulo, Brazil. Method: For this, we applied self administered questionnaires to access oral health, (OHIP 14) questionnaire, general health, (SF36) questionnaire, work ability index (WAI) and demographic and occupational characteristics. Associations between variables were measured using Mann-Whitney and Kruskall-Wallis tests. A multiple regression analyses were realized by stepwise forward. Results: Oral health were significantly associated with work ability index of workers (p=0,02) and level education (p=0,01) and independent of social and demographic conditions, like demonstrated by multiple regression analysis. Conclusions: Independently of other characteristics, the better conditions of oral health were significantly associated with better conditions of work ability index. This provides evidence of the importance of considering oral health in periodically exams in companies, to maintain work ability of office workers.

Hur ungdomar som kommit till Sverige hanterar sin nya tillvaro är ettaktuellt studieområde. Tidigare forskning har visat att känsla avsammanhang (KASAM), subjektivt välbefinnande (SVB) och generellhälsa (GH) spelar in i ungdomars psykiska välmående. Syftet medstudien var att undersöka skillnader mellan svensktalande ocharabisktalande gymnasieelever, och deras upplevelser av KASAM, SVBoch GH. Även könsskillnader undersöktes. En tredeladenkätundersökning genomfördes på två gymnasieskolor i två småsvenska kommuner. Totalt deltog 145 elever, varav 71 vararabisktalande. Sjuttio av studiens deltagare var kvinnor. Resultatetvisade inte signifikanta skillnader mellan grupperna i KASAM somövergripande variabel eller GH. Signifikanta skillnader återfanns docki en delkomponent av KASAM, samt inom SVB. Könsskillnader kundeendast observeras i SVB, vilket gör att resultaten delvis strider mottidigare forskning. Sammanfattningsvis visade studien att eleversmående skiljer sig relativt lite åt oberoende av etnicitet eller kön. / The way in which adolescents’ migrating to Sweden handle their newenvironment is a relevant area of study. Prior research has suggested that Sense of Coherence (SOC), Subjective Well-being (SWB) and General Health (GH) play an important role in adolescents’psychological well-being. The aim of the present study was to exploredifferences in reported SOC, SWB and GH between Swedish speakingand Arabic speaking upper secondary school students. Genderdifferences were also evaluated. A three-part survey was conducted inorder to examine the area of study. A total of 145 students took part, ofwhich 71 was Arabic-speaking. Seventy participants were women. Theresults did not show any significant differences in SOC as a whole, norin GH. However, significant differences were observed in a subcomponentof SOC, as well as in SWB. Gender differences wereobserved only in SWB. Overall, the results challenged prior researchfindings. In conclusion, adolescents’ well-being does not differsubstantially, regardless of ethnicity or gender.

Background: Statistics reveal that approximately 10.7% of the global population have mental health disorders. In Sweden, 14% of persons with psychiatric diagnoses have had direct contact with a registered nurse. Based on studies, it is evident that registered nurses experience a lack of knowledge regarding psychiatric diagnoses, which negatively affects their ability to provide person-centered care. Furthermore, there is also a desire among registered nurses for increased knowledge regarding psychiatric diagnoses. The aim of this study was to explore how persons with psychiatric diagnoses experience care as a patient within general health care. Method: A literature review based on qualitative research results was performed and data were analyzed through a content analytical technique. It emerged three themes in the results: (1) Feeling subjected to prejudice, (2) Variations in the quality of support, and (3) Impression of the environment. The themes are presented with two sub-themes each. The participants’ experiences were mostly negative, grounded in discrimination, lack of support and knowledge from caregivers, and stressful surroundings. Conclusion: This study highlights persons with psychiatric diagnoses experiences within the general health care setting. Results can give an insight into how a registered nurse can provide a better person-centered. / Bakgrund: Statistik visar att ungefär 10,7% av världens befolkning har en psykiatrisk diagnos. I Sverige har 14% av personer med psykiatriska diagnoser haft direktkontakt med en grundutbildad sjuksköterska. Tidigare forskning visar att det finns en upplevd kunskapsbrist bland grundutbildade sjuksköterskor angående psykiatriska diagnoser, vilket påverkar deras förmåga att ge personcentrerad vård negativt. Forskning visar även på att det finns en önskan för utökad kunskap om psykiatriska diagnoser bland grundutbildade sjuksköterskor. Syfte: Att utforska hur personer med psykiatriska diagnoser upplever vård som patient inom allmän hälso-och sjukvård. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserade på kvalitativa forskningsresultat utfördes, och data analyserades med en innehållsanalytisk teknik. I resultatet framkom tre teman: (1) Känsla av att vara utsatt för fördomar, (2) Variationer i kvalitén av stöd, och (3) Intryck av omgivningen. Teman presenteras med två underteman var. Upplevelserna var mestadels negativa baserade på diskriminering, brist på stöd och förståelse, samt stressig miljö. Konklusion: Den här litteraturstudien belyser personer med psykiatriska diagnosers upplevelse av vård. Resultatet kan ge en inblick i hur en grundutbildad sjuksköterska kan ge personcentrerad vård.

Patienter med psykisk ohälsa löper större risk att drabbas av somatiska sjukdomar. Utvecklingen av psykiatrivården gör att allt fler patienter med psykisk ohälsa vårdas inom somatisk vård. Psykisk ohälsa är ett växande folkhälsoproblem. Personer med psykisk ohälsa är en stigmatiserad grupp både i samhället i stort och inom vården. Sjuksköterskan kommer med största sannolikhet att möta patienter med psykisk ohälsa i sitt arbete inom somatisk vård.Syfte: att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda patienter med psykisk ohälsa inom somatisk vård.Metod: litteraturstudie med nio kvalitativa artiklar och en mixed method som underlag. Artiklarna hittades i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Resultat: analysen resulterade i tre teman: upplevda känslor, påverkan av självbild och upplevd kunskapstörst. Arbetet med patienterna med psykisk ohälsa genererade mestadels negativa känslor och en negativ påverkan av sjuksköterskornas självbild. Kunskapsbehovet inom detta område upplevdes som stort.Slutsats: de negativa känslorna och den negativa påverkan på sjuksköterskornas självbild kan påverka sjuksköterskornas känsla av sammanhang negativt. Den brist på kunskap som sjuksköterskorna upplever har de själva ett ansvar att fylla. / Patients with mental ill-health run a greater risk of becoming physically ill. The development of psychiatric care brings an increasing number of patients with mental ill-health to be taken care of within somatic care. Psychiatric ill-health is a growing public health problem. Persons suffering from mental ill-health are a stigmatized group both within society and health care. General nurses will with all probability meet patients with mental ill-health in their work.Aim: to describe nurses’ experiences of caring for patients with mental ill-health within somatic care.Method: a literature review in which nine qualitative articles and one article with mixed method were used as base. The articles were found in the databases PubMed and CINAHL.Results: the analysis resulted in three themes: perceived emotions, influenced perception of self and perceived thirst for knowledge. The work with patients with mental ill-health generated mostly negative emotions and a negative perception of self among the nurses. The need for more knowledge within this area was perceived as substantial.Conclusion: the negative emotions and the nurses’ negative influence on the perception of self may influence the nurses’ sense of coherence in a negative way. The nurses have a responsibility for filling the lack of knowledge they experience.