This thesis deals with first aid knowledge among the general public. The theoretical part focuses on the basic aspects of first aid. The practical part is a survey of the results of the research, which are then evaluated and commented upon in the discussion. The research group consisted of people of working age. To obtain the data used quantitative research, carried out by polling, through a questionnaire. Based on its evaluation were confirmed or refuted in advance the hypothesis. These hypotheses were statistically verified. Research suggests that the level of knowledge of the general public is not sufficient.

Zur Therapie von Adipositas als weltweit wachsendes Gesundheitsproblem ist ein kaum zu überblickender Markt an Maßnahmen entstanden. Die unterschiedlichen Möglichkeiten rücken mehr in öffentliche Diskussion - auch aufgrund begrenzter finanzieller Ressourcen des Gesundheitssystems. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Studien aufgeführt, die sich mit der Einstellung der Allgemeinbevölkerung, medizinischen Personals sowie betroffenen Patienten bezüglich Therapiemöglichkeiten von Adipositas beschäftigen. Ergänzend dazu werden im Anschluss die Ergebnisse der Studie zur Wirksamkeitserwartung und Empfehlungsbereitschaft der deutschen Allgemeinbevölkerung bezüglich Gewichtsreduktionsmaßnahmen bei Adipositas vorgestellt. Als wirksamste Maßnahmen gelten weniger Essen und mehr Bewegung (Zustimmung 82% bzw. 98%). Die Mehrheit (57%) befindet operative Methoden, als wirksame Maßnahmen, doch nur 22% würden bariatrische Chirurgie weiterempfehlen bzw. selbst als Behandlung wählen. Die Zurückhaltung lässt sich erklären durch die allgemeine Sorge um Risiken und Komplikationen oder Unklarheit über die Kostenübernahme. Medikamente werden mit 12,5% am wenigsten als wirksam bewertet. Bei Überprüfung möglicher Einflussfaktoren zeigt die Kausalattribution signifikante Auswirkungen. Bei angenommenen internalen Ursachen erhöht sich die Wirksamkeitserwartung für konservative Maßnahmen; ein positiver Einfluss zeig sich bei operativen und medikamentösen Interventionen, wenn als Ursache von Adipositas eher genetische Faktoren vermutet werden. Wie wahrgenommene Wirksamkeit einer Maßnahme deren Akzeptanz determiniert und damit die Behandlungsentscheidung von Patienten und Ärzten beeinflussen kann, sollte Fokus weiterer Studien sein.:Tabellenverzeichnis VI Abbildungsverzeichnis VII Abkürzungsverzeichnis VII Bibliographische Beschreibung VIII 1 Einleitung 1 2 Theoretischer Hintergrund 3 2.1 Einführung in die Therapiemöglichkeiten von Adipositas 3 2.1.1 Definition und Klassifikation von Übergewicht und Adipositas 3 2.1.2 Indikationen und Therapieziele 3 2.1.3 Therapiemethoden 4 2.2 Stand der Forschung zur Einstellung der allgemeinen Bevölkerung, medizinischen Personals sowie betroffenen Patienten zur Behandlung von Adipositas 6 2.2.1 Systematik der Recherche 6 2.2.2 Ergebnisse 7 2.2.3 Diskussion und Zusammenfassung 24 3 Fragestellung 32 4 Methodik 33 4.1 Stichprobenbeziehung und Teilnehmer 33 4.2 Instrumente 34 4.2.1 Soziodemographische Erhebungen 34 4.2.2 Kausalattribution 34 4.2.3 Maßnahmen zur Gewichtsreduktion 35 4.3 Datenanalyse 35 5 Ergebnisse 37 5.1 Soziodemographische Merkmale 37 5.2 Häufigkeitsverteilung zur Wirksamkeitserwartung und Empfehlungsbereitschaft 39 5.3 Weitere bekannte Maßnahmen 40 5.4 Bivariate Analysen 40 5.5 Multivariate Analysen 42 6 Diskussion 47 7 Fazit 55 Literaturverzeichnis 57 A Materialien 61 B Statistischer Anhang 64 C Eigenständigkeitserklärung 78 D Lebenslauf 79 E Danksagung 81

The social services in Sweden currently face significant issues regarding recruitment and layoffs. A substantial portion of the public debate and media coverage casts a negative light on social services. The aim of this study is to examine the attitudes of future social workers towards social services as an employer. Furthermore, the study aims to investigate how social work students perceive and are influenced by both public perceptions and negative media coverage. This study is based on semi-structured interviews with six social work students in their seventh semester at Malmö University. Social interactionism is used as the theoretical framework for analyzing the collected data material. The data has been analyzed using thematic analysis. The results indicate that the majority of social work students hold a negative view of social services as a future employer. They also perceive public attitudes as primarily negative, with the negative media reporting having a significant role in shaping these negative perceptions of the social services. The results further demonstrate that social work students have adapted various behaviors to cope with the public attitudes both privately and professionally. A key finding is that social work students' prior experiences and associations with social services strongly influence their prospective choice of employer. The findings of this study show that social work students experience prejudice and a lack of understanding for their occupation. This perception is embedded in the public's ignorance and the media's negative coverage. The results suggest a need for increased awareness about the profession's nature and complexity among the general public.

The recent experience with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic has drawn attention to the need to better understand the public’s response to emergently released vaccines (ERV). This study applied a mixed methods approach to examine the causal pathways underlying the vaccination behaviour during a public health emergency. The integrated evidence from empirical and theoretical-based findings highlights a number of factors to consider in interventions to improve vaccination rates with an ERV. These factors include: 1) providing clear risk messages around the disease and the ERV, 2) improving accessibility to the vaccine, 3) encouraging primary healthcare providers to provide recommendations for vaccination, 4) implementing strategies to increase seasonal influenza vaccination prior to the next public health emergency, 5) developing strategies to target sub-populations more reluctant to accept an ERV. Developing theory-based interventions that are behaviour-specific may be more likely to result in behaviour change within the public in future emergency vaccination campaigns.

La mission éducative des musées auprès de la société en générale aujourd’hui est incontestable et les musées d’art contemporain sont des endroits importants de formation et de délectation. Cette recherche de maîtrise qui s’inscrit dans le cadre de la recherche Le grand public et l’art contemporain : du rejet au plaisir menée par A.M. Émond et C. Dufresne-Tassé de 2009 à 2014 identifie les sources de plaisir qui peuvent émerger chez les visiteurs de type grand public lors d’une visite à un musée d’art contemporain. Pour ce faire, nous avons analysé 30 discours de visiteurs de type grand public qui ont visité le Musée d’art contemporain de Montréal dans le cadre de la recherche d’Émond et de Dufresne-Tassé. La présente recherche de maîtrise privilégie l’approche qualitative, étant à la fois exploratoire, empirique et fondamentale. Nos résultats ont démontré l’existence de plaisirs qui émergent en fonction de trois grandes catégories (objet muséal, visiteur lui-même et impression générale) et qui se subdivisent en dix-huit sous-catégories. Nous avons décrit chacune de ces catégories et sous-catégories de plaisir à l’aide d’exemples extraits des discours des visiteurs. Cette recherche contribue à l’avancement des connaissances en fournissant aux musées d’art contemporain des indications sur la présence de diverses sources de plaisir dans l’appréciation des visiteurs lors de leur traitement de l’art contemporain. Ainsi, les secteurs éducatifs des musées pourront réinvestir ces résultats de recherche dans l’élaboration de stratégies éducatives muséales destinées à ce public non spécialiste. / Today, the educational role of museums in society as a whole is indisputable. Museums of contemporary art are important learning environments where a significant proportion of visitors can experience pleasure during their visit. Given the necessity of improving our understanding of this phenomenon, the present Master's level research has allowed us to identify, within the framework of the most recent research by A.M. Émond and C. Dufresne-Tassé entitled Le grand public et l’art contemporain: du rejet au plaisir, sources of pleasure which could emerge amongst visitors from the general public during a visit to the Montreal Museum of Contemporary Art. To do so, we analyzed 30 discourses of visitors from Émond and Dufresne-Tassé’s study. Our research favours the qualitative approach, being simultaneously exploratory, empirical and fundamental. Our results have demonstrated the existence of pleasures which emerge as a function of three broad categories (Museum Object, Visitors Themselves, General Impression) which can be subdivided into eighteen subcategories. We have described each of these categories and subcategories of pleasure with the aid of examples extracted from visitors' discourses. We believe that with our findings on the identification and importance of pleasure, educational sectors of art museums could benefit from our research in the development of educational strategies for a non-specialist public viewing contemporary art.

Notre recherche concerne les conditions d’acceptabilité de la parentalité dans deuxcirconstances : chez les personnes présentant des difficultés d’apprentissage qui souhaitent avoir un enfant et dans des conditions de procréation médicalement assistée post-mortem. Notre recherche est basée sur la Théorie Fonctionnelle de la cognition de Norman Anderson (1981). Concernant l’étude portant sur le désir de devenir parent chez des personnes atteintes d’un handicap mental : 304 participants ont jugé du degré d’acceptabilité de chacun des 60 scénarios proposés, résultant de la combinaison de cinq facteurs : « degré de retard mental », « entourage familial », « stabilité de la relation », « partenaire » et « attitude des parents ». Pour l’étude portant sur la parentalité en faisant appel à une procédure de procréation médicalement assistée post-mortem : 166 participants ont jugé du degré d’acceptabilité des 48 scénarios proposés. Ils résultent de la combinaison de quatre facteurs : « statut marital », « accord des beaux parents », « délai d’utilisation du sperme » et « souhait du conjoint ». Pour l’étude portant sur la parentalité des personnes présentant des difficultés d’apprentissage, il apparaît que les cinq facteurs manipulés jouent un rôle dans le jugement d’acceptabilité. Il s’agit par ordre croissant des facteurs : « entourage familial », « partenaire » « degré de retard mental », « stabilité de la relation» et « attitude des parents ». Concernant l’étude portant sur la parentalité dans des cas de procréation médicalement assistée postmortem, trois des quatre facteurs manipulés influencent le jugement d’acceptabilité des participants. Par ordre d’importance croissant, il s’agit des facteurs : « souhait du conjoint », « accord des beaux parents » et « statut marital ». Le facteur « délai d’utilisation du sperme » n’a pas eu d’effet significatif. / The purpose of this research is to assess the factors influencing the level of acceptability ofparenthood in two situations: people with learning disabilities who wish to have a child, and medically assisted post-mortem procreation. This study is based on the Functional Theory of Cognition of Norman Anderson (1981). Regarding the study on people with learning disabilities who wish to have child: 304 participants evaluated the acceptability of each of the 60 proposed scenarios resulting from a combination of five factors: "level of mental retardation", "family circle", "stability of the relationship", "partner" and "parents attitude". Concerning the study on parenthood via medically assisted post mortem procreation: 166 participants assessed the acceptability of the 48 proposed scenarios resulting from the combination of four factors: "marital status", "in-laws parent agreement", "sperm use period" and "wish of the spouse". Regarding the study on parenting for people with learning disabilities, it appears that all five factors play a role in the degree of acceptability: in ascending order "family circle", "partner", "degree of mental retardation", "stability of the relationship" and "parents attitude". Concerning the study of parenthood in cases of medically assisted post-mortem procreation; three of the four factors studied had an influence on the participants' acceptability. In order of importance, "wish of the spouse", "in-laws parents’ agreement" and "marital status" were mostly decisive. The "sperm use period" factor had no significant effect.

The recent experience with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic has drawn attention to the need to better understand the public’s response to emergently released vaccines (ERV). This study applied a mixed methods approach to examine the causal pathways underlying the vaccination behaviour during a public health emergency. The integrated evidence from empirical and theoretical-based findings highlights a number of factors to consider in interventions to improve vaccination rates with an ERV. These factors include: 1) providing clear risk messages around the disease and the ERV, 2) improving accessibility to the vaccine, 3) encouraging primary healthcare providers to provide recommendations for vaccination, 4) implementing strategies to increase seasonal influenza vaccination prior to the next public health emergency, 5) developing strategies to target sub-populations more reluctant to accept an ERV. Developing theory-based interventions that are behaviour-specific may be more likely to result in behaviour change within the public in future emergency vaccination campaigns.

Η παρούσα εργασία αποτελεί μια πρώτη προσπάθεια αξιολόγησης της απήχησης των υπηρεσιών Διατροφογονιδιωματικής στην Ελλάδα, που ακόμα είναι ελάχιστα αναπτυγμένες στην χώρα μας. Στόχος της είναι η κατανόηση των στάσεων και απόψεων του ελληνικού κοινού αναφορικά με τη σχέση γενετικής και διατροφής. Με τη μελέτη αυτή επιδιώκουμε επίσης να εκτιμήσουμε το επίπεδο γνώσεων και το ενδιαφέρον του ευρέος κοινού στους τομείς αυτούς και να σκιαγραφήσουμε τη διάθεσή τους να υποβληθούν σε γενετικές εξετάσεις με στόχο την συσχέτιση του γενετικού τους προφίλ με τη διατροφή τους και την ακόλουθη λήψη διαιτητικών συστάσεων. Για τους σκοπούς της έρευνας συντάχθηκε ένα Ερωτηματολόγιο με 16 ερωτήσεις κλειστού τύπου. Το δείγμα μας αποτέλεσαν 300 τυχαία επιλεγμένα άτομα στην πόλη της Πάτρας, που δέχτηκαν να απαντήσουν στο Ερωτηματολόγιο. Οι απαντήσεις μελετήθηκαν σε σχέση με το Φύλο, την Ηλικιακή Ομάδα και τον Δείκτη Σωματικού Βάρους των ερωτηθέντων, για να ελεγχθεί πιθανή επίδραση των παραγόντων αυτών στις απαντήσεις τους. Τα αποτελέσματά μας καταγράφουν ότι το ευρύ κοινό στην Ελλάδα εμφανίζεται να γνωρίζει τι είναι DNA και γενετικό υλικό καθώς και το ρόλο των γονιδίων στον καθορισμό της υγείας. Επίσης, φαίνεται να υπάρχει μια καλή θεώρηση της σχέσης μεταξύ διατροφής και υγείας. Υψηλό ποσοστό του κοινού εμφανίζονται ενήμεροι σχετικά με τα πιθανά οφέλη των γενετικών αναλύσεων, αν και το ποσοστό αυτό μειώνεται με την ηλικία. Τα δεδομένα μας έδειξαν ότι μόνο στο 9.7% από τους ερωτηθέντες έχει προταθεί να υποβληθούν σε μια γενετική εξέταση για τη σχέση γονιδίων και διατροφής, παρόλο που το 84% των συμμετεχόντων απάντησαν ότι θα ήταν διατεθειμένοι να το κάνουν. Ενδιαφέρον επίσης παρουσιάζει το γεγονός ότι η μεγάλη πλειοψηφία του κοινού προτιμά την παραπομπή ενός γιατρού για μια τέτοια εξέταση και πολύ λιγότερο τη συμβουλή ενός διατροφολόγου/διαιτολόγου. Συμπερασματικά, η μελέτη αυτή αποτελεί την πρώτη κριτική αξιολόγηση των απόψεων του ευρέος κοινού στην Ελλάδα όσον αφορά στις υπηρεσίες γενετικών εξετάσεων με στόχο συμβουλευτική διατροφής. Εφόσον δεν έχει διεξαχθεί άλλη τέτοια έρευνα, θεωρούμε ότι θα μπορούσε να χρησιμεύσει σαν πρότυπο για να μελετηθούν και άλλοι πληθυσμοί, και να στοχευθούν καλύτερα εκείνοι που: α) έχουν πραγματική ανάγκη τέτοιων αναλύσεων (πχ οικογενειακό ιστορικό παχυσαρκίας η καρδιαγγειακών νοσημάτων) και β) είναι επιστημονικά στοιχειωδώς ενήμεροι και φαίνονται διατεθειμένοι να υποβληθούν στις ανάλογες αναλύσεις (άρα έχουν εμπιστοσύνη στην αποτελεσματικότητά τους). / This research constitutes a first attempt to understand the general public’s knowledge concerning basic notions and services in genetics-based nutrition, as well as reveal their attitudes and perceptions on Nutrigenomics. With this research we also aspire to assess the level of knowledge an interest of the general public in this field and evaluate their willingness to undergo such genetic analyses, in order to correlate their genetic profile with their nutrition and receive dietary recommendations. For the purposes of this study, we designed a questionnaire of 16 questions and conducted a general public survey. Our sample consists of 300 participants, randomly chosen from the public, in the city of Patras in Greece. The answers were analyzed by grouping them according to Gender, Age group and the BMI of the participants, in order to check for potential influence of these factors on the answers. Our analysis indicated that the public in Patras appears quite knowledgeable concerning DNA and the role of the genome in determining overall health. Participants also have a good grasp of the relation of nutrition to health conditions. A large proportion of the general public is aware of the existence of gene-based disorders and the potential benefits of genetic testing, although this proportion declines steadily with age. Our data revealed that only 9.7% of respondents from the general public had been advised to take a genetic test in order to explore the relationship between their genes and their nutritional status. However, 84% of them would be willing to undergo nutrigenomic analysis to correlate their genetic profile with their diet. Interestingly, to do so, the vast majority of the general public would prefer referral from a physician than from a dietitian/nutritionist. Our study has provided the first critical evaluation of the views of the general public with regard to genetics and genetic testing services in Greece and, since no other such study has been conducted so far, it should serve as a model for replication in other populations, so that we could target the groups that a) are in need of such analyses due to family history of obesity or cardiovascular disease, and b) are fundamentally scientifically aware and seem willing to undergo such tests.

This thesis is an exploration of the general public's use and reflections on electronic identification (e-ID) tokens, in Sweden. Based on the researcher’s own experiences, the aim was to understand how the current e-ID scheme was enabling or obstructing the interaction with public agencies, etcetera. The thesis has a qualitative research design and is situated within the interpretivist paradigm. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews and the analysis of three documents, published by three different public agencies in Sweden. The data was analyzed through the vehicle of thematic analysis, which engendered four themes. These were 1. e-ID definitions, 2. the personal identity number as enabler and obstruction, 3. banks as the major e-ID issuer in Sweden and 4. security, skepticism and trust. The findings indicated that the e-ID was associated with convenience and security risks, which were brought up by the interviewees as well as the analyzed public reports. Furthermore, one of the public reports argued that the e-ID should be separated from the notion of having authority, through re- baptizing the Swedish term for e-ID, in Swedish 'e-legitimation' to electronic identity document ('elektronisk identitetshandling' in Swedish).

To meet the objectives set by the thesis it was needed to carry out structural analysis of the Integrated Rescue System. Based on this analysis, statistical survey using descriptive methods and mathematical statistics was conducted. Statistical survey is based on the results of the questionnaire survey carried out in two groups of respondents from both the general and professional public. The respondents were chosen as a representative sample of citizens of the district Strakonice, which was specified in a separate chapter. The presence of the normal distribution of knowledge in the general public was then verified, on the contrary, in the professional public the presence of Poisson distribution was surveyed. The difference in the level of knowledge between the two groups of respondents was determined. To achieve the set objectives of the research three hypotheses were established: H1. The empirical distribution of knowledge of the general public can be replaced by the normal distribution at the level of mathematical statistics. H2. The empirical distribution of knowledge of the professional public is more remote to the normal distribution due to a higher level of knowledge. H3. There is a statistically significant difference between the knowledge of both groups of respondents. All 3 hypotheses were verified and accepted, with a positive result confirming the established hypotheses. In the "Discussion", analysis of the obtained results and confirmation of the established hypotheses H1, H2 and H3, together with proposed measures that could increase knowledge of the IRS in both groups of respondents, is presented.